LAS 6938 Democracy in Latin America CPO 6307 Latin American Politics

Wednesdays, Periods 3-5 Grinter 376 University of Florida Spring 2012 Instructor Information Professor Joe Foweraker Bacardi Visiting Scholar Center for Latin American Studies University of Florida Office Location: Grinter 392 Office Hours: Office phone: (352) 273-4716 Email:

Course description The course will focus on three central and related research areas in the field of Latin American politics, namely the processes of democratization, the politics of the emerging democratic regimes, and the quality and configuration of the contemporary democratic governments. It is organized around concepts and categories from mainstream comparative politics, and comparative methods will be used throughout to clarify and analyse the main issues. Yet the course will also demonstrate the continuing relevance of the historical and cultural contexts of Latin American politics, and recurring analytical themes such as the role of the state or the rule of law - will be placed in context by reference to the politics of particular countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. In this way topical questions can be studied in relation to the enduring characteristics of the politics of the region. Course objective The course aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the contemporary democratic politics of Latin America. By the end of the course students will be able to describe the key features of democratic governments in Latin America; assess their main achievements and challenges; and place current political issues in a comparative and historical perspective. Course delivery and student assessment The course will comprise a combination of lectures, student presentations and literature reviews, group projects, and preparation of a final research paper. Assessment will be by classroom participation 20 per cent, student presentations and reviews 20 per cent, group projects 20 per cent, and the research paper 40 per cent. Presentations and projects apart, students are expected to prepare for class by reading on and around the topic for the week and reflecting critically on your reading.

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General readings There are a number of general texts that give a good account of recent and contemporary political developments in the region, for example: John Peeler (2009) Building Democracy in Latin America 3rd edition (Lynne Rienner) takes a thematic approach to democracy using basic concepts from political theory. Peter Smith (2005) Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective (OUP) delivers a rounded analytical overview. Joe Foweraker et al. (2003) Governing Latin America (Polity) provides a thematic and comparative account of the politics of the region. Larry Diamond et al. (eds.) (1999) Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America 2nd edition (Lynne Rienner) contains good country-by-country background and analysis. Thomas Skidmore and Peter Smith (2005) Modern Latin America 5th edition (OUP) comprises useful historical introductions to the different countries. In addition, many of the concepts, institutions and practices mentioned in the course may be explored in Barry Clarke and Joe Foweraker eds. (2001) Encyclopaedia of Democratic Thought (Routledge); while a synoptic inquiry into the conditions of democracy itself can be found in Robert Dahl (1998) On Democracy (Yale University Press). Original readings in democratic theory and inquiry can be found in R. Dahl, I. Shapiro and J. A. Cheibub (2002) Democracy Sourcebook (MIT Press).

Section 1: Genealogies of democracy in Latin America

January 11 Introduction: the idea and emergence of democracy

*Markoff, John (1999) Where and When Was Democracy Invented Comparative Studies in Society and History vol 41:4, October, pp. 660-690. *Drake, Paul (2009) Between Tyranny and Anarchy: A History of Democracy in Latin America, 1800-2006 Stanford, chapters 1 and 2, pp. 1-51. Posada-Carb, Eduardo (2008) Democracy in Jay Kinsbruner Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture Charles Scribner & Sons, Second Edition, pp. 768-791. Capoccia, Giovanni and Daniel Ziblatt (2010) The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond Comparative Political Studies, 48: 8/8, pp. 931-68. January 18 State formation and authoritarian constraints

*Lpez-Alves, Fernando (2011) Nation-states and national states: Latin America in comparative perspective, in Michael Hanagan and Chris Tilly (eds) Contention and Trust in Cities and States Amsterdam: Springer, pp. 113-128.

Democracy in Latin America 3 *Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E, H., and Stephens, J. (1992) Capitalist Development and Democracy Cambridge: Polity Press Chp. 3 especially pp. 63-75. Whitehead, L. (1994) State development in Latin America since 1930 in L. Bethell (ed) The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. VI, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Linz, J. and Stepan, A. (1996) Stateness, Nationalism and Democratisation Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Tilly, C. (1990) Coercion, Capital and European States Oxford: Blackwell chps 4 & 7 Foweraker, J. and Landman, T. (2000) Citizenship Rights and Social Movements Oxford: Oxford University Press Chp. 1, esp. pp. 1-12 ODonnell, G. (1999) On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: a Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries in Counterpoints, 133-157 University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, IN Linz, J. and Stepan, A. (eds) (1978) The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press January 25 Latin America and the 3rd wave of democratization

*Diamond, L. (1999) The Third Wave of Democratization, in Diamond Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, Chp. 2 *Hartlyn, J. and Valenzuela, A. (1994) Democracy in Latin America since 1930 in L. Bethell (ed) The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol.. VI, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Foweraker, J. (2001) Waves of Democracy in Clarke, B. and Foweraker, J. Encyclopaedia of Democratic Thought London: Routledge Huntington, S. (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century Norman, OK and London: University of Oklahoma Press Huntington, S. (1996) Democracys Third Wave in Diamond, L. and M.F. Plattner (eds.) The Global Resurgence of Democracy 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press Smith, P. H. (1996) Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of US- Latin American Relations New York: Oxford University Press, especially Section II The Cold War February 1 Democratic transformation and transition

*Foweraker, J. (2001) Transformation, Transition, Consolidation: Democratization in Latin America in K. Nash and A. Scott (eds.) Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

Democracy in Latin America 4 *Mainwaring, Scott and Anbal Prez-Lin (2005) Latin American Democratization since 1978: Democratic Transitions, Breakdowns and Erosions in Frances Hagopian and Scott Mainwaring eds The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks Cambridge University Press Schmitter, P. C. (1995) Transitology: the Science or Art of Democratization? in Tulchin, J. S. and Romero, B. (eds.) The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Rustow, D. (1970) Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model Comparative Politics 2 O Donnell, G. (1999) Notes on the Study of Processes of Political Democratization in the Wake of the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State in ODonnell Counterpoints Notre Dame University Press February 8 Democratic transitions from above and from below

*Higley, J. and Gunther, R. (eds) (1992) Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chps 1& 12 *Foweraker, J. (1995) Theorizing Social Movements London: Pluto Press, Chps4&5 Levine, D. (1988) Paradigm Lost: Dependency to Democracy World politics 40: 3, 377-394 Collier, R. (1999) Paths towards Democracy: the Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America New York: Cambridge University Press, Chps 2 & 4 Diamond, L.(1996) Three Paradoxes of Democracy in Diamond and Plattner (eds.) The Global Resurgence of Democracy 2nd edition Foweraker, J. (1994) Popular Political Organization and Democratization: a Comparison of Spain and Mexico in Budge, I. and D. McKay (eds) Developing Democracy London: Sage Magaloni, Beatriz (2005) The Demise of Mexicos One Party- Dominant Regime: Elite Choices and Masses in the Establishment of Democracy in Hagopian and Mainwaring eds The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America Cambridge University Press Hagopian, F. (1990). Democracy by undemocratic means? Elites, political pacts and regime transition in Brazil. Comparative Political Studies. 23, 2, 147-170. Foweraker, J. (1987) Corporatist Strategies and the Transition to Democracy in Spain Comparative Politics 20.1 October

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Section 2: The politics of democracy in Latin America

February 15 Parties, electoral politics and party systems

*Mainwaring, S., and M. Torcal (2006) Party System Institutionalisation and Party System Theory after the Third Wave of Democratization in S. Katz & W. Crotty, Handbook of Political Parties London: Sage Publications, pp. 204-227. *Mainwaring, S., and E. Zoco (2007) Historical Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition: Electoral Volatility in Old and New Democracies Party Politics Vol. 13: 2, pp. 155-178. Remmer, K. (2008) The Politics of Institutional Change: Electoral Reform in Latin America, 1978-2002 Party Politics Vol. 14: January, pp. 5-30. Levitsky, S. and K. Roberts (2011) Latin Americas Left Turn: a framework for analysis in Levitsky and Roberts (eds.) The Resurgence of the Latin American Left Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Mainwaring, S. and Scully, T. R. (1995) Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America in Mainwaring and Scully (eds.) Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1-34 Morgenstern, S. and Javier Vzquez-DEla (2007) Electoral Laws, Parties, and Party Systems in Latin America Annual Review of Political Science 10: April, pp. 143-168 Luna, J. P. and D. Altman (2011) Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization Latin American Politics and Society, 53: pp. 128. Jones, M. (2004) Electoral Institutions, Social Cleavages, and Candidate Competition in Presidential Elections Electoral Studies 23, 1 March February 22 Executive-legislative relations and governability

*Foweraker, J. (1998) Institutional Design, Party Systems and Governability Differentiating the Presidential Regimes of Latin America British Journal of Political Science 28: 651-676 *Mainstrendet, L. and E. Berntzen (2008) Reducing the Perils of Presidentialism in Latin America through Presidential Interruptions Comparative Politics 41: 1, 83-101 Llanos, M., and L. Mainstrendet (eds) (2010). Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America. Causes and Outcomes of Executive Instability in Developing Democracies. London: Palgrave Macmillan Mejia Acosta, A. and J. Polga-Hecimovich (2011) Coalition Erosion and Presidential Instability in Ecuador Latin American Politics and Society 53, 87111.

Democracy in Latin America 6 Mainwaring, S. (1993) Presidentialism, Multipartism and Democracy: the Difficult Combination Comparative Political Studies 26, 198-228 Linz, J.J. (1994) Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does it make a Difference? in Linz, J. J. and Valenzuela, A. The Failure of Presidential Democracy: the Case of Latin America Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Mainwaring, S. and Shugart, M. S. (eds.) (1997) Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Jones, M. P. (1995) Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press February 29 Populism versus party systems?

*Weyland, K. (2001) Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics Comparative Politics 34: 1 *Tanaka, Martin (2006) From Crisis to Collapse of the Party System and Dilemmas of Democratic Representation: Peru and Venezuela in Scott Mainwaring et al. eds The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes Stanford University Press Mayorga, Rene Antonio (2006) Outsiders and Neopopulists: the Road to Plebiscitary Democracy in Scott Mainwaring et al. eds The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes Stanford University Press Madrid, R. (2008) The Rise of Ethnopopulism in Latin America World Politics 60: 3, pp. 475-508. Levistky S. & Cameron, M. (2003) Democracy Without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimoris Peru Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 45 No 3 Roberts, Kenneth M. (2003) Social Correlates of Party System Demise and Populist Resurgence in Venezuela Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 45 No 3 Fall Levitsky, S (2005) Crisis and Renovation: Institutional Weakness and the Transformation of Argentine Peronism in S. Levitsky and V. Murillo (eds) Argentine Democracy: the Politics of Institutional Weakness Penn State University Press ODonnell, G. (1994) Delegative Democracy Journal of Democracy 5: 55-69 March 7 March 14 SPRING BREAK: NO CLASS Populist political projects, right and left

*Navia, Patricio and Ignacio Walker (2010) Political institutions, populism and democracy in Latin America in Mainwaring and Scully eds Democratic Governance in Latin America Stanford

Democracy in Latin America 7 *Weyland, Kurt (1996) Neopopulism and neoliberalism in Latin America: unexpected affinities Studies in Comparative International Development 31: 3, 1-31 Kay, B. H. (1996) Fujipopulism and the Liberal State in Peru, 1990-1995 Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 38: 4 Roberts, K. (1995) Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case World Politics vol. 48, no.1 Cohaghan, Catherine M. (2011) "Ecuador: Rafael Correa and the Citizens' Revolution in S. Levitsky and K. Roberts (eds.) The Resurgence of the Latin American Left Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Etchemendy, Sebastian and Candelaria Garay (2011) Argentina: Left Populism in Comparative Perspective 2003-2009 in S. Levitsky and K. Roberts (eds.) The Resurgence of the Latin American Left pp. 283-305 Lopez Maya, Margarita (2011) Venezuela: Hugo Chavez and the Populist Left in S. Levitsky and K. Roberts (eds.) The Resurgence of the Latin American Left Corrales. Javier and M. Penfold (2011) Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chvez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela Washington: Brookings Institution Press, Chps. 1 and 6. Ellner, S. (2003) The Contrasting Variants of the Populism of Hugo Chavez and Alberto Fujimori Journal of Latin American Studies 35: 1, 139-162 Panizza, F. (2000) Neopopulism and its limits in Collors Brazil Bulletin of Latin American Research 19:2, special edition on populism, 177-192 March 21 Imperfect rule of law

*G. ODonnell (2000) The (Un)rule of Law and Polyarchies in Latin America in J. Mendez et al. (eds.) The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press *Foweraker, Joe and Roman Krznaric (2002) The Uneven Performance of the Democracies of the 3rd Wave: Electoral Politics and the Imperfect Rule of Law in Latin America Latin American Politics and Society Vol.. 44 (3) Zakaria, F. (1997) The Rise of Illiberal Democracy Foreign Affairs Nov/Dec, 22-43 Brinks, Daniel (2006) The Rule of (Non) Law. Prosecuting Police Killings in Brazil and Argentina in Gretchen Helmke and Steven Levitsky eds. Informal institutions and democracy Baltimore, pp. 201-27 Pereira, Anthony (2008) Public Security, Private Interests, and Police Reform in Brazil in Peter Kingstone and Timothy Power, eds. Democratic Brazil Revisited Pittsburgh

Democracy in Latin America 8 Landman, T. Violence, Democracy, and Human Rights in Latin America in Desmond Arias and D. Goldstein (eds) Violent Democracies in Latin America, pp. 226-241. ODonnell, G. (1999) Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies in Schedler, A., Diamond, L., and Plattner, M. (eds.) The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Moreno, E., Crisp, B. F., and Shugart, M. S. (2003) The Accountability Deficit in Latin America in Mainwaring, S. and Welna, C. (eds.) Democratic Accountability in Latin America Oxford: Oxford University Press

Section 3: The quality of democratic government in Latin America

March 28 Inequality, social exclusion and legitimacy

*Vilas, C. M. (1997) Participation, Inequality and the Whereabouts of Democracy in Chalmers, D. et al. (eds.) The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-42. *ODonnell, G. (1999) Illusions about Consolidation in ODonnell, G. Counterpoints, 175-194 Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press Kaufman, Robert R. (2009) The Political Effects of Inequality in Latin America: Some Inconvenient Facts Comparative Politics 41: 3, pp. 359-379. ODonnell, G. (2004) Human Development, Human Rights and Democracy in sODonnell G., Cullell J. V., Iazzetta O. M. (eds.) The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications, 9-92 Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press Dahl, R. Development and Democratic Culture in L. Diamond et al. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies Vol.. 1 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press Whitehead, L. (1992) The Alternatives to Liberal Democracy: a Latin American Perspective in Held, D. (ed) Prospects for Democracy, special edition of Political Studies 40 Gerardo Munck Democratic consolidation in Barry Clarke and Joe Foweraker (eds.) (2001) Encyclopaedia of Democratic Thought London: Routledge April 4 Citizenship rights and social mobilization

*Harvey, N. (1998) The Right to Have Rights in Harvey, N. The Chiapas Rebellion: the Struggle for Land and Democracy Durham NC: Duke University Press, 6-35 *Foweraker, J. (2005) Toward a Political Sociology of Social Mobilization in Latin America in Wood, C. and Roberts, B. R. (eds) (2005) Rethinking Development in Latin America Pennsylvania: Penn State Press

Democracy in Latin America 9 Joe Foweraker (2001) Grassroots Movements and Political Activism in Latin America: a Critical Comparison of Chile and Brazil Journal of Latin American Studies 33: 4 Lucero, J. A. (2008) Struggles of Voice: The Politics of Indigenous Representation in the Andes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, Chps. 1 and 2. Yashar, Deborah (2006) Indigenous Politics in the Andes: Changing Patterns of Recognition, Reform and Representation in Scott Mainwaring et al. eds The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes Stanford _____________ (2005) Questions, Approaches, Cases in Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: the Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge Cambridge University Press Keck, M. and Sikkink, K. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics Ithaca: Cornell University Press Foweraker, J. (1998) Ten Theses on Women in the Political Life of Latin America in Rodrguez, V. E. (ed) Women's Participation in Mexican Political Life Boulder CO: Westview Foweraker, J. (1997) Popular Mobilization and Political Culture in Mexico in Pansters, W. (ed) Citizens of the Pyramid. Essays on Mexican Political Culture Thela Publishers, Amsterdam April 11 EITHER Economic development and comparative democratic performance *Mainwaring, S. and Perez-Linan, A. (2003) Level of Development and Democracy: Latin American Exceptionalism, 1945-1996 Comparative Political Studies 36: 9, 1031-1067 *Landman, T. (1999) Economic Development and Democracy: The View from Latin America Political Studies 47: 4, 607-626. Foweraker, J. and Krznaric, R. (2000) Measuring Liberal Democratic Performance: an Empirical and Conceptual Critique Political Studies Vol. 48:4, September A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J A Cheibub and F Limongi (1996) What Makes Democracies Endure? Journal of Democracy Vol.7 No.1 (January) Burkhart, R. E. and Lewis-Beck, M. (1994) 'Comparative Democracy: the Economic Development Thesis', American Political Science Review, 88 (4): 903-10. Foweraker, J. and Landman, T. (2004) Economic Development and Democracy Revisited: Why Dependency Theory is not Yet Dead Democratization 11: 1 Exogenous v. endogenous approaches to the quality of democracy

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Joe Foweraker and Roman Krznaric (2003) Differentiating the Democratic Performance of the West European Journal of Political Research vol. 42 (3) OR Constitutional design and attempts to re-found the republic *Cameron, M. A. and Sharpe, K. E. (2010) Andean Left Turns: Constituent Power and Constitution-Making in Maxwell A. Cameron and Eric Hershberg (eds.) Latin Americas Left Turns: Politics, Policies and Trajectories of Change Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers *Kennemore, Amy & Gregory Weeks (2011) Twenty-First Century Socialism? The Elusive Search For A Post-Neoliberal Development Model In Bolivia And Ecuador Bulletin of Latin American Research Vol. 30: pp. 267281. Yashar, Deborah (1999) Democracy, Indigenous Movements, and the Postliberal Challenge in Latin America World Politics 52:1, 76-104 Corrales, Javier (2011) Why Polarize? Advantages and Disadvantges of a RationalChoice Analysis of Government-Opposition Relations in Venezuela in Jonathan Eastwood and Thomas Ponniah eds. Revolution in Venezuela Harvard University Press Conaghan, Catherine M. (2008) Ecuador: Correa's Plebiscitary Presidency Journal of Democracy 19: 2, pp. 46-60. Eaton, Kent (2006) Decentralizations Non-democratic Roots: Authoritarianism and Subnational Reform in Latin America Latin American Politics and Society 48: 1 Barczack, Monica (2001) Representation by Consultation? The Rise of Direct Democracy in Latin America Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 43 No 3 Fall Joe Foweraker and Todd Landman (2002) Constitutional Design and Democratic Performance Democratization 9: 2 April 18 Oligarchy, democracy and the idea of the polity

*Inglehart, R. and M Carballo (1997) Does Latin America Exist? (And is there a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 30 No.1 (March): 34-46 *Desmond Arias, Enrique and Daniel M. Goldstein Violent Pluralism: Understanding the New Democracies of Latin America and Conclusion: Understanding Violent Pluralism in E. Desmond Arias and D. M. Goldstein (eds) Violent Democracies in Latin America, pp. 1-33, 242-263.

Democracy in Latin America 11 Corrales, Javier (2010) The Repeating Revolution: Chavezs New Politics and Old Economics in Kurt Weyland et al. eds. Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings Cambridge University Press Panizza, F. (2000) Beyond Delegative Democracy: Old Politics and New Economics in Latin America Journal of Latin American Studies 32: 2, 737-763 Helmke, Gretchen and Steven Levitsky (2006) Introduction (eds) Helmke and Levitsky Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Hagopian, F. (1996) Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil Cambridge: Cambridge University Press April 25 Presentations of research papers and course review