STD 100 2006R APR1 Draft - 2011 04 11 - v4

Proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R
Advisory Public Review Draft

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ASHRAE Standard
Proposed Revision of Standard 100-2006, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings
Advisory Public Review (April 2011) (Complete Draft for Full Review)
This draft has been recommended for advisory public review by the responsible project committee. To submit a comment on this proposed addendum, go to the ASHRAE website at http://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/331 and access the online comment database. The draft is subject to modification until it is approved for publication by the ASHRAE Board of Directors and ANSI. The current edition of any standard may be purchased from the ASHRAE Bookstore @ http://www/ashrae.org or by calling 404-636-8400 or 1800-527-4723 (for orders in the U.S. or Canada). The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this public review document does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, or design, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims such. April 13, 2011. This draft is covered under ASHRAE copyright. Permission to reproduce or redistribute all or any part of this document must be obtained from the ASHRAE Manager of Standards, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Phone: 404-636-8400, Ext. 1125. Fax: 404-321-5478. E-mail: standards.section@ashrae.org. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta GA 30329-2305
BSR/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings (Advisory Public Review Draft)
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PURPOSE ......................................................................................................................... 3 SCOPE .............................................................................................................................. 3 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................. 3 COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 9 4.1 Compliance Process .................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Energy Management Program and Operations and Maintenance ............................ 9 4.3 Building Energy Use ............................................................................................... 10 5 ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 11 5.1 Establishing the Energy Management Plan ............................................................ 12 5.2 Building Energy Monitoring ................................................................................... 13 5.3 Energy Manager ...................................................................................................... 16 6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS .......................................... 17 6.1 Operations and Maintenance Requirements General........................................... 17 6.2 Building Envelope .................................................................................................. 18 6.3 Domestic Hot Water Systems ................................................................................. 19 6.4 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems ............................... 19 6.5 Refrigeration Systems ............................................................................................. 25 6.6 Lighting Systems .................................................................................................... 26 6.7 Controls Systems .................................................................................................... 28 6.8 Electric Power Distribution and On-site Generation Systems ................................ 29 7 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS AND TARGET REQUIREMENTS ................................. 30 7.1 Energy Use Baseline. .............................................................................................. 30 7.2 Energy Target. ........................................................................................................ 32 7.3 Comparing Performance. ........................................................................................ 37 8 ENERGY AUDIT REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 38 8.1 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings Without Targets .................................. 38 8.2 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings with Targets ........................................ 38 8.3 Energy Audit Levels ............................................................................................... 40 8.4 Building Audit Report ............................................................................................ 41 9 IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS .............................. 45 9.1 Developing and Implementing an Energy Efficiency Plan..................................... 45 9.2 Monitoring of Implemented EEMs ......................................................................... 47 9.3 Compliance: The energy auditor shall complete the compliance documentation as required in Section 4, Compliance Requirements. ............................................................. 48 10 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 48 NORMATIVE ANNEX A ...................................................................................................... 49 NORMATIVE ANNEX B ...................................................................................................... 50 NORMATIVE ANNEX C ...................................................................................................... 51 INFORMATIVE ANNEX D .................................................................................................. 65 INFORMATIVE ANNEX E................................................................................................... 79 INFORMATIVE ANNEX F ................................................................................................... 80 INFORMATIVE ANNEX G .................................................................................................. 81 INFORMATIVE ANNEX H .................................................................................................. 82
Proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings (Advisory Public Review Draft)
Note to Reviewers: This draft is available for comment according to ASHRAE procedures for an Advisory Public Review (APR). The purpose of an APR is to seek suggestions for new, unusual, or potentially controversial elements of the proposed standard that the project committee believes would benefit from increased public scrutiny prior to finalizing the draft for its first formal public review. To submit a comment on this proposed standard, go to the ASHRAE website at http://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/331 and access the online comment database. Apart from acknowledging receipt of each comment, communication with commenters by the authoring project committee is optional but may be undertaken to clarify a comment's intent or to invite further participation in the standards development process. Any comments received as a result of this APR are deemed to be supportive and do not need to be resolved. (This foreword is not a part of this standard but is included for information only.)
FOREWORD This proposed revision of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006 is part of ASHRAEs continuing program of updating its standards. The cognizant technical committee recognized that the standard needed revising to provide greater guidance and a more comprehensive approach to the retrofit of existing buildings for increased energy efficiency. This update also provided the opportunity to bring the standard in line with other published ASHRAE documents. This revised standard provides comprehensive and detailed descriptions of the processes and procedures for the energy efficiency improvements of existing residential and commercial buildings in order to achieve greater energy efficiency. The standard addresses major and minor modifications for both residential and commercial buildings. It addresses single and multiple activity buildings with variable occupancy periods (one shift, two shift, three shift) and it identifies an energy target for 53 building types (Per CBECS and RECS) in 16 climate zones/sub-zones. It also identifies energy efficiency requirements for buildings without energy targets (mostly industrial, agricultural, data centers and special laboratories) and provides multiple levels of compliance. The requirements do not cover the industrial or agricultural processes contained in buildings. Recognizing that the type of occupancy, operation and the use of a building plays a key role in its performance, the standard establishes the requirement for development of an Energy Management Plan and an Operation &Maintenance Plan. Included within the revised standards are criteria for Energy Use Surveys, Auditing, Implementation and Verification. Appendices are included for Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC) procedures as well as identification of potential Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM). This is an Advisory Public Review and so the project committee is seeking broad and general comments on the text of the standard, the concepts of requirements and opinions about the value of the standard. Throughout the text there are questions seeking your advice as reviewers of this draft document. Please look at these questions and add your thoughts, answers and comments in the ASHRAE comments data base as described in the instructions.
PURPOSE
1.1 This standard provides criteria that will result in energy efficiency in existing buildings. 1.2 This standard is directed toward a. Providing procedures and programs essential to energy efficient operation, maintenance, management and monitoring, b. Increasing the energy efficiency of the energy-using systems and components, and c. Upgrading the thermal performance of the building envelope.
SCOPE
This standard applies to existing buildings, portions of buildings, and building complexes, including the envelope and all systems in the building. This Standard excludes industrial and agricultural processes in buildings for which the energy use targets do not include those processes.
DEFINITIONS
Question #1 for Reviewers: Are there are any terms you find in the text that you feel should be defined and added to this definition Section? If so, please include the term and your suggested definition in a comment (submitted through the Online Comment Database). analog control: a control loop in which data is expressed or measured by means of one or more physical properties that can express any value along a continuous scale. All types of control systems may provide analog control. astronomic time switch: a device that controls the lighting based on the time of day or based on astronomical events such as sunset or sunrise, accounting for geographic location and day of the year. authority having jurisdiction (AHJ): the agency or agent responsible for enforcing this standard. baseline: the first year energy use intensity for the building at the beginning of the standard 100 process. binary control: a control loop in which there are only two states, for example on-off, or openclosed. All types of control systems can provide binary control. brightness controls: restriction or re-direction of light from windows and task lighting luminaires to maintain satisfactory illumination levels for the productive use of the lighted areas. building: a facility having one or more uses within continuous boundaries under one contiguous roof system, including mobile homes, manufactured homes and other factory-built buildings.
building manager: the person responsible for maintaining the building, its envelope, and its energy using systems. The building manager may also be the person responsible for expending funds on capital improvements to the building. building operator: the person or persons who have been assigned by the building manager to inspect, operate, and maintain the building systems and components that fall within the scope of this standard. Building Operator Tthe person or persons who haves the responsibility for ensuring the buildings systems are functioning in accordance with the current design intent and in an optimum manner with respect to energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality. building owner: the holder of the property title for the building and/or the land upon which the building sits. capital management plan: a financial plan to set aside capital to replace or upgrade building systems at the end of their useful life and/or to improve performance and energy efficiency. complex: a group of individual or interconnected buildings on contiguous property. conditional compliance: A compliance level between the completion of all EEMs required in Sections 7 and 8 and the verification of the energy savings. Conditional compliance expires one year following the completion of implementation. conditioned area: an area that is provided with heating and/or cooling capable of maintaining the temperature of the area between 10C (50F) and 30C (86F). conditioned floor area: the sum of the conditioned floor areas of all of the floors of the building, including basements, mezzanine and intermediate-floored tiers, and penthouses with at least 2.29 m (7.5 ft) of headroom height. The floor area is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings. crawl spaces: daylight harvesting: the automatic control of electric light levels whenever the amount of daylight in a space is sufficient for the task(s) being performed. daylight hours: the period from 30 minutes after sunrise to 30 minutes before sunset. dimmer: a device that varies the current through an electric light in order to control the level of illumination and the energy usage. direct digital control (DDC): a control system consisting of micro-processor based components that monitor and control building systems equipment through input devices (such as sensors) and output devices (such as switches and actuators). A type of control system in which a microprocessor based controllers directly controls equipment based on sensor inputs and programmed control sequences. discounted payback: the payback period that is calculated including the time value of money. Savings in years 2,3, etc. are reduced by a fixed percentage per year. The discounted payback is the initial cost of the investment divided by the discounted savings. The appropriate discount rate is determined by the facility owner to reflect the owners investment criteria. efficient use of non-renewable energy: the use of non-renewable energy in a manner that is--or is nearly--the most economical and least wasteful as determined by economic and engineering measurement. 4
energy accounting system: a system for measuring, collecting and documenting the buildings use of energy. energy auditor: see qualified energy auditor. energy balance: an analytical procedure wherein the sum of the estimated energy use for the end uses at a facility are compared with the historical energy consumption of the facility. An energy balance is considered complete when there is agreement between the estimated use and the historical billing data. energy efficiency measure (EEM): an action taken in the operation or equipment in a building that reduces the energy use of the building without negative impact within the building. energy manager (EM): the individual, identified by the building owner, who has responsibility for ensuring that energy use in the building is minimized without compromising the indoor environmental quality (building indoor air quality, thermal comfort, visual acuity and comfort, sound quality). The EM may be the building owner, the tenant, an employee of the owner or tenant, or a contractor retained by the owner or tenant. energy use intensity (EUI): an expression of building energy use in terms of net energy divided by gross floor area. Also known as energy utilization index. energy use target: the maximum allowable EUI that complies with Standard 100 for a specific building type in a specific climate zone. gross floor area for non-residential buildings: The sum of the floor areas of all the spaces within the building, including halls and other circulation areas, any common areas such as kitchens, break rooms, storage areas, equipment rooms, interior parking garages, administrative areas, elevators, stairwells, and atria (including only the base floor area that it occupies). Also included are basements, interior shafts (by floor), mezzanine and intermediate-floored tiers, and 7.50 ft. or greater head height penthouses. It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings. It excludes crawl spaces, covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces, pipe trenches, exterior terraces or steps, chimneys, roof overhangs, exterior parking garages, surface parking, and similar features. gross floor area for residential buildings: The sum of the floor areas of all the conditioned (heated and/or cooled) spaces within the building, including conditioned garages, basements, and attics. It is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings. It excludes crawl spaces, covered walkways, open roofed-over areas, porches and similar spaces, exterior terraces or steps and roof overhangs. high-efficacy lamp: compact fluorescent lamps, T-8 or smaller diameter linear fluorescent lamp, or lamp with a minimum efficacy of either 60 lumens per watt for lamps over 40 watts, 50 lumens per watt for lamps over 15 watts to 40 watts, or 40 lumens per watt for lamps 15 watts or less. HVAC system: the equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilating, or air conditioning to a building or portion of a building. industrial process: a systematic series of mechanical or chemical operations that produce or manufacture something. internal rate of return (IRR): the discount rate in a capital project that makes the net present value of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. The higher a project's internal rate 5
of return, the more desirable it is to undertake the project. IRR can be used to rank several prospective projects under consideration. lamp: a replaceable component of a luminaire such as an incandescent light bulb, which is designed to produce light from electricity. lighting schedule: a list that provides a count of all luminaires in the building, their lamps, fixture types and product information. luminaire: an electrical device used to create artificial light and/or illumination by use of an electric lamp: also known as a light fixture. maintain: the process required to keep equipment and components operating or functioning in accordance with manufacturers recommendations and industry standards over their service lives. It involves but is not limited to carrying out observation, lubrication, adjustment, calibration, testing, cleaning, replacement and repair at appropriate intervals as applicable to the specific equipment or component. motion sensor: an occupancy sensor used for exterior areas. multi-scene control: a lighting control device or system that allows for two or more pre-defined lighting settings, in addition to an all off setting, for two or more groups of luminaires to suit multiple activities in the space, and allows the automatic recall of these settings. net energy: the sum of the metered energy entering the building minus energy metered leaving the building. nighttime hours: the period from 30 minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunrise. non-renewable energy: energy other than renewable or recovered energy. non-residential building: as used in this standard, any building that does not match one of the types of residential buildings listed in the Table 7-1. occupancy sensor: a device that detects the presence or absence of people within an area and causes lighting, equipment, or appliances to be regulated accordingly. ongoing commissioning process: a process by which building parameters are continually monitored to ensure that there is no degradation in building performance. operations and maintenance plan: documentation of the operations and maintenance program. operations and maintenance program: an operations and maintenance concept or approach that defines how operations and maintenance will be performed for a specific building in terms of time and resource allocation. It documents the operations and maintenance objectives, establishes the criteria for evaluation, and commits the building operator and maintenance personnel to basic goals of performance (such as minimizing equipment failures, ongoing efficient operation and performing identified maintenance requirements). optimized bundle: a package of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) whose combined simple payback period (installed cost divided by annual energy cost savings) is the same as or less than the payback period required for compliance by buildings without targets, excluding measures whose simple payback period exceeds the life of the measure. optimized bundle: the largest group of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) with a combined simple payback of less than or equal to 5-years. 6
Exception A: A life cycle approach may be used if the IRR is greater than or equal to 20% using BLCC5 with defaults. Exception B: EEMs that have payback greater than the total life of the equipment may be excluded from the optimized bundle. Question #2 for Reviewers: The following is an alternate definition of optimized bundle. Which definition is, in your opinion, more accurate? optimized bundle: A collection of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that maximizes the energy savings at a facility, within the cost effectiveness criteria of the standard. It excludes any measure with a simple payback period that exceeds the life of the measure. A bundle of measures is optimized by including the maximum number of EEMs within the bundle, while still meeting the cost effectiveness criteria. The process for determining the optimized bundle may be an iterative one, due to interactive effects of individual EEMs. photosensor: - a device that detects the presence of visible light, infrared (IR) transmission, and/or ultraviolet (UV) energy. process system: a system used in support of a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process other than conditioning spaces and maintaining comfort and amenities for the occupants of a building. qualified energy auditor: a person having training and expertise in building energy auditing and is any one of the following: a) A licensed professional architect or engineer in the jurisdiction where the project is located b) An energy auditor/assessor/analyst certified by ASHRAE or AEE for all building types, BPI or RESnet for residential buildings c) A person qualified by the authority having jurisdiction. qualified person: a person having training and expertise in building energy use analysis and is any of the following: a. b. c. A licensed professional architect or engineer, or licensed contractor in the jurisdiction where the project is located Certified energy auditor or manager A person qualified by the AHJ.
recovered energy: energy reclaimed for useful purposes that would otherwise be wasted. renewable energy: energy obtained from sunlight, wind, earth, geothermal sources, or bodies of water. residential building: for the purposes of this standard, any building matching one of the descriptions for building types 49-53 in Table 7.1. service log: a log used to record service and maintenance work performed for a given piece of equipment that contains a date, the service technicians name, and a description of work performed. service log: a document in which service and maintenance work performed for a 7
given piece of equipment is recorded, and that contains a date, the service technicians name, and a description of work performed. time switch: a device that controls lighting, equipment or systems based on the time of day. topping cycle: a cycle that produces electricity and recovers waste heat (as opposed to bottoming cycle, in which waste heat is recovered to generate electricity). vacancy sensor: an occupant sensor for which the lights must be manually turned on but which automatically turns the lights off soon after an area is vacated. vacancy sensor: an occupancyt sensor for which the lights building systems must be manually turned on but the sensor automatically turns the lights building systems off soon after an area is vacated zone: a space or group of spaces within a building for which the heating, cooling, or lighting requirements are sufficiently similar that desired conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device.
COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Compliance Process To comply with this standard, a building or complex of buildings shall meet the requirements of Sections 4.2 and 4.3 and the results of the compliance process shall be recorded on Form A (refer to normative Annex C). A qualified person shall determine whether or not the building seeking compliance has an energy use target according to the requirements of Section 7. A flowchart showing the compliance process is provided in informative Annex E. 4.1.1 Complaince Paths There are two basic paths for a building owner to take in determining compliance. If the building seeking compliance is of a type which has an energy use target in Table 7.2, then compliance is as described in Section 4.3.1. If the building contains insufficient space areas which are listed in Table 7.1 to calculate an energy use target according to Section 7, then compliance is described in Section 4.3.2. In addition, a building can be granted Conditional Compliance following the completion of Section 4.3.1 or 4.3.2 which will be in effect for 15 months. Within 15 months, the building is re-evaluated for its energy use intensity and the conditional compliance either becomes full compliance or is revoked and the building does not comply with the standard. 4.1.2 Time Line The timeline for compliance is shown in normative Annex B. 4.1.3 Forms Compliance forms for reporting compliance to the AHJ are found in normative Annex C. 4.2 Energy Management Program and Operations and Maintenance 4.2.1 The qualified person determining compliance shall state in writing on Form A that the operating and maintenance requirements of Section 6 have been met for the previous year 4.2.2 The qualified person determining compliance shall state in writing on Form A that the Energy Management Program described in Section 5 is operational. 4.2.3 The qualified person determining compliance shall state in writing on Form A that the building seeking compliance complies with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1. 4.2.4 The qualified person determining compliance shall state in writing on Form A that the building seeking compliance is operated within the psychrometric operating envelope of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55. 4.2.5 The qualified person determining compliance shall state in writing on Form A that the building seeking compliance complies with the lighting level requirements of the IES LIGHTING HANDBOOK, 10th Edition, Section 3 Applications. 9
4.3
Building Energy Use
The qualified person determining compliance shall indicate on Form A if this compliance is: A) for the whole building or, B) for individual dwelling units or tenant spaces.
The building seeking compliance shall comply with either Section 4.3.1 or Section 4.3.2. 4.3.1 Buildings with Energy Use Targets A qualified person determining compliance shall conduct an energy survey according to Section 7, calculate the buildings energy use target, and verify whether or not the measured energy use intensity meets the energy use target. 4.3.1.1 If the buildings measured energy use intensity is equal to, or less than, the energy use target, then the building complies with the standard, and the qualified person shall submit verification of compliance to the AHJ. If the buildings measured energy use intensity is greater than the energy use target, then an energy audit shall be carried out according to Section 8, and EEMs that will reduce energy use to meet the energy target shall be implemented according to Section 9. Upon completion of the implementation of all required EEMs in Section 9, a building shall be granted Conditional Compliance.
4.3.1.2
Exception. No individual requirement need be met that would compromise the historical integrity of a building or part of a building designated by a government body for longterm preservation in its existing state (such as "historical monuments"). 4.3.1.3 Within 15 months of operation following implementation of all required EEMs in Section 9 the energy manager shall recalculate the building energy use intensity according to Section 5 and Section 7. If the buildings post-implementation measured energy use intensity is equal to, or less than, the energy use target, then the building complies with the standard, and the qualified person shall submit verification of compliance to the AHJ. Question #3 for Reviewers: Should a building owner submit a statement of compliance following the year of conditional compliance regardless of the existence of a target? If the buildings post-implementation measured energy use intensity is greater than, the energy use target, then the building does not comply with the standard and the conditional compliance is suspended until either:
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A. Additional EEMs are implemented to reduce the energy use intensity to below the energy use target or B. The authority having jurisdiction revokes conditional compliance. 4.3.2 Buildings without Energy UseTargets A qualified energy auditor shall conduct an energy audit according to Section 8. The entire optimized bundle of EEMs identified in Section 9.1.1.2 shall be implemented. Exception. No individual requirement need be met that would compromise the historical integrity of a building or part of a building designated by a government body for longterm preservation in its existing state (such as "historical monuments"). 4.3.2.1 Within 15 months following the completion of implementation of all required EEMs, building owners with Conditional Compliance shall submit verification of measured energy use intensity compared to the estimate of post-implementation measured energy use intensity to the AHJ. 4.3.2.2 If the measured energy use intensity is equal to, or less than, the estimated postimplementation energy use intensity, then the qualified person shall submit verification of compliance to the AHJ. 4.3.2.3 If the measured energy use intensity is greater than the estimated post-implementation energy use intensity then the conditional compliance is suspended until either: A) Additional EEMs are implemented to reduce the energy use intensity to below the estimated post-implementation energy use intensity, or B) Additional EEMs are implemented to reach seventy five percent of the estimated postimplementation savings, or C) The authority having jurisdiction revokes conditional compliance. Question #4 for Reviewers: the implications of non compliance is not addressed in the standard. The intent is to allow each adopter of the standard to determine implications. What are some of the purposes that you see for adoption of the standard?
5 ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Energy Management Plan documents how to maintain and improve the efficiency of the building energy usage and establishes strategies for reducing energy usage. This Section describes how to 1) create and maintain the Energy Management Plan, 2) implement the Energy Management Plan to maintain and improve the building energy efficiency, and 3) document the facilitys energy usage.
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5.1
Establishing the Energy Management Plan
This Section provides requirements for establishing and maintaining an Energy Management Plan. 5.1.1 The facility owner shall designate an Energy Manager to develop and maintain an energy management plan for the building. 5.1.2 The energy management plan shall incorporate the following: 5.1.1.1 An energy accounting system to record the energy use in accordance with Section 5.2. 5.1.1.2 In the initial year of certification, the facilitys energy utilization intensity (EUI) baseline as defined in Section 5.2. 5.1.1.3 Annual updates of the facilitys EUI as defined in Section 5.2. 5.1.1.4 Comparison of the facilitys annual EUI to the baseline and track (trend) of the facilitys performance over time. 5.1.1.5 Documentation of any changes to occupancy, hours of operation, production rates and energy using equipment during the year that would have caused change in annual EUI compared to baseline. 5.1.1.6 The facilitys annual energy performance goals. Buildings with target will use the target as the goal. Buildings without target will have energy manager and energy auditor set a target (see Section 7 for defined targets.) 5.1.1.7 Energy audit reports and recommended energy efficiency measures (EEMs). 5.1.1.8 List of EEMs that have been implemented and dates of implementation. 5.1.1.9 The identity of equipment for replacement with energy efficient and energy star equipment in case of failure. 5.1.1.10 Contact list of energy efficient equipment suppliers and manufacturers local representatives, energy auditors, energy manager, and building owner. 5.1.1.11 The current lighting schedule and the calculated lighting power density along with the potential savings from any potential energy efficiency measures such as those from Annex D Section 6 or Section 7. 5.1.1.12 The current Lighting Satisfaction Survey and Lighting Checklist as described in Appendix D of the ASHRAE Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings. 5.1.3 The energy manager shall provide a copy of the Energy Mangement Plan to the facilitys occupants and other stakeholders annually. 5.1.4 The building owner shall review and sign the energy management plan annually.
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5.2
Building Energy Monitoring
5.2.1 Building net energy use shall be monitored and recorded in accordance with following Sections. 5.2.1.1 Provide annual net energy consumption data for each building, including all forms of purchased and exported energy from at least 12 consecutive months of data. Refer also to Figure 5.1.: Net energy EUI = (1a+1b+1c+1d+1e) (3a+3b+3c+3d+3e) Figure 5.1. Net Energy Concept: Net Energy 5.2.2 Energy use data for each type of energy purchased or brought into the building shall be collected from utility or energy delivery bills (that must include the quantity energy or fuel delivered), or by monitoring local energy meters (either utility or owner-provided meters). 5.2.2.1 If the energy use data collected under 5.1.1 includes energy loads that are external to the building for which energy use compliance is required by this standard, then this external energy use shall be measured, and subtracted from the gross metered energy use when calculating annual net energy use. External energy use shall be measured in the same units as reported for gross energy use by a separate meter or estimated using a methodology that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 5.2.2.2 When an energy type is delivered in bulk to the building for storage prior to actual use (e.g. oil, solid fuels, biomass), the annual energy use for that energy type shall be calculated as follows: Annual Energy Use = A + B C (Equation 5.2.2.2) Where A = measured inventory of the energy type at the beginning of the 12-month period, converted to energy equivalent, refer to 5.2.3. B = the amount of the energy type delivered to the building during the 12month period, converted to energy equivalent, refer to 5.2.3. C = measured inventory of the energy type at the end of the 12-month period, converted to energy equivalent, refer to 5.2.3. 5.2.2.3 If the annual energy consumption of an inventoried energy type is less than twice its on-site storage capacity, then the inventory measurement accuracy and methodology shall be reported as part of the energy accounting system documentation. 5.2.3 Energy Conversion Factors. The energy content of different types of purchased energy shall be converted from the purchased unit to the standard energy unit. If conversion factors are not provided by the utility or fuel supplier, then the conversion factors in Table 5.2.3 shall be used.
Table 5.2.3, Energy Conversion Factors Coals KJ/kg Anthracite 30,000 Btu/lb 12,700
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Proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings (Advisory Public Review Draft) Semi-anthracite Low-volatile Bituminous Medium-volatile Bituminous High-volatile Bituminous A High-volatile Bituminous B High-volatile Bituminous C Sub-bituminous B Sub-bituminous C Fuel Oils #1 #2 #4 #5L #5H #6 Gas kJ/m3 Natural Gas Propane Electricity 38,400 kJ/L 25,500 kJ/kWh 3,600 Btu/ft3 1,030 Btu/US gal 91,600 Btu/kWh 3,412 31,600 33,400 32,600 32,100 29,100 25,600 21,000 19,800 kJ/L 37,600 38,700 40,700 41,300 41,800 42,900 13,600 14,350 14,000 13,800 12,500 11,000 9,000 8,500 Btu/US gal 135,000 139,000 146,000 148,000 150,000 154,000
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5.2.4 The energy accounting system shall: 5.2.4.1 Provide annual net energy consumption data for each building, including all forms of purchased energy from at least 12 consecutive months of data. Refer also to Figure 5.1. 5.2.4.2 Total net energy use shall be expressed as BTU per year (MJ per year). 5.2.4.3 Each non-residential buildings energy use intensity (EUI) shall be calculated as follows: EUI = annual net energy use, MJ / building gross floor area, m2 (SI) EUI = annual net energy use, Btu / building gross floor area, ft2 (IP) 5.2.4.4 Residential buildings EUI shall be calculated as follows: EUI = annual net energy use, MJ / building heated and/or cooled floor area, m2 (SI) EUI = annual net energy use, Btu / building heated and/or cooled floor area, ft2 (IP)
Figure 5-1 Net Energy Use Concept
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5.3
Energy Manager
The energy manager shall be responsible for technical, policy-related, planning and purchasing, and public relations. 5.3.1 The Energy Manager responsibilities shall include: 5.3.1.1 Implementing the results of energy audits and EEMs outlined in the Energy Management Plan. 5.3.1.2 Evaluating energy efficiency of proposed new construction, facility expansion, remodelling, or new equipment purchases. 5.3.1.3 Reviewing facility operation and maintenance procedures as defined in Section 6 for optimal energy management. 5.3.1.4 Adhering to energy management building codes and standards. 5.3.1.5 Reporting regularly to management and other stakeholders. 5.3.1.6 Informing occupants of the benefits of efficient energy use.
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6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

Question #5 for Reviewers: This Section is a mandatory requirement in the standard. The concept of high quality O&M is considered to be a critical component of maintaining an energy efficient building. Is the scope and depth of requirement in this Section appropriate for this standard? 6.1 6.1.1 Operations and Maintenance Requirements General
Operations and Maintenance Program A formal, documented operations and maintenance program shall be established and implemented in order that the building (and its energy-using systems) will achieve its intended energy efficiency throughout its service life. The operations and maintenance program requirements apply to every building system and element covered in Sections 6.# through 6.#. The operations and maintenance program shall include an accurate operations and maintenance manual and a documentation record of all work performed. The operations and maintenance manual shall apply to building system energy-consuming equipment (reference the lists from 90.1 if applicable). The operations and maintenance manual shall start with any existing records, and as systems are revised and serviced, the manual shall be updated. The O&M requirements shall be re-evaluated when building use changes or other changes are made that negatively affect the facilitys operations. (a) A list of inspection and maintenance tasks, with detailed instructions that provide guidance to the personnel carrying out the work. (b) The frequency (by time interval, operating hours, or other relevant measure) with which every task shall be carried out. (c) A means for notifying O&M personnel when tasks are scheduled. (d) A means for documenting all tasks performed, including when and by whom. (e) A record of any problems identified when performing scheduled tasks that may need further investigation and corrective work. (f) A means of scheduling and performing diagnostic and corrective work on any problems identified during scheduled tasks. (g) A means for documenting all corrective work performed, including when and by whom. (h) Manufacturers operations and maintenance instructions shall be followed.
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.3.1 The operations and maintenance program shall consist of the following:
6.1.3.2
Access shall be provided to all equipment covered by the Operations and Maintenance Program for inspection, maintenance and repairs.
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6.1.4
The EM shall put in place a formal process to ensure that any tenant improvements involving a change in space usage or the relocation of partitions (including partial height partitions) do not increase the annual net energy use. Equipment and Component Replacement When HVAC, domestic hot water heating, appliances and refrigeration equipment is replaced, the replacement equipment shall meet the most stringent energy efficiency requirements in the federal equipment standards, the applicable building code or in the latest published edition of ASHRAE Std. 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings or ASHRAE Std. 90.2, Energy Standard for Residential Buildings. Exceptions to 6.2.5: Equipment that is intended for standby or emergency use only.
6.1.5 6.1.5.1
6.1.5.2
When lighting systems are being replaced (not just individual fixtures), the new lighting system shall meet the lighting power density requirements of one of the following:
a) The applicable energy code for the jurisdiction of the building, or b) ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard. 90.1 for buildings under its scope,or c) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2 for buildings under its scope. In addition, replacement of individual fixtures or lamps shall not increase the existing installed lighting power density. 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 Building Envelope Operations and maintenance requirements for the building envelop shall include all applicable items in Section 6.1, plus the following. The EM shall verify a building envelope inspection is performed at least once every three years. Corrective action shall be taken as needed, including addressing all items below. Seal all exterior joints in the building envelope, and all around penetrations of the building envelope by utility services Replace broken or missing windows Repair or replace exterior door weather stripping, threshold and door sweeps as needed Seal or cap obsolete shafts, chimneys, and other air chases Repair or replace existing door closers on exterior doors The EM shall develop, document and distribute procedures to building personnel for energy efficient operation of exterior doors, loading docks and operable windows.
6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 6.2.8
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6.3 6.3.1 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.2 6.3.2.1
Domestic Hot Water Systems General Requirements Operations and maintenance requirements for domestic hot water systems include all applicable items in Section 6.1, plus the following. Securely and visibly locate a list of operating parameters (e.g. temperature setpoints, pressures, operating schedule) at each piece of equipment. Hot Water Heaters Maintain proper combustion efficiency carry out efficiency tests at least annually, and calibrate burner so delivered efficiency meets manufacturer specifications.
Exception to 6.4.2.1 the input capacity of the heater is less than XX kW (YY Btu/hr) Question #6 for Reviewers: What is an appropriate heater capacity to exempt? 6.3.2.2 6.3.2.3 De-energize booster heaters when the serviced equipment is not in use or is in standby mode. Make allowance for warm-up time in heater schedule. Control the DHW heater so that DHW temperature is maintained between 49C (120F) and 52C (125F). Exception (a) to 6.4.2.3 Systems that are dedicated to serving equipment requiring higher water temperatures. Exception (b) to 6.4.2.3 Systems that utilize a water heater to meet both domestic hot water needs and space heating load. 6.3.2.4 Open the drain valve at the bottom of each storage type water heater sufficient to flush out solids deposits that may have accumulated in the tank at least once per year.
6.4 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems The scope of this subsection includes HVAC systems and components used to condition spaces within buildings. The operations and maintenance (O&M) requirements for these systems including their components shall minimize energy use over time, while providing heating, ventilation and cooling as needed for building operations and occupant needs. The O&M requirements for these systems shall be re-evaluated when building use or other changes are made that negatively affect the systems operations. 6.4.1 6.4.1.1 6.4.1.2 General Operations and maintenance requirements for HVAC systems include all applicable items in Section 6.1, plus the following. Each operations and maintenance task shall be performed in a safe and professional manner by qualified personnel. Tasks that require specialized expertise shall be performed by personnel with the requisite expertise, and certified where required by code or regulation. 19
6.4.1.3 6.4.1.4
Operations and maintenances tasks shall be performed bi-annually, unless otherwise noted in this standard, or as recommended by the manufacturer. Securely and visibly display a list of operating parameters (e.g. temperature setpoints, pressures, operating schedule) for each piece of equipment in the equipment room or the equipment location. For equipment located in other areas the list of operating parameters shall be located in a readily accessible location close to the equipment such as the unit control panel or at the equipment access point such as the roof hatch. For systems using refrigerant, maintain the refrigerant charge per the manufacturers requirements. Display and maintain a service log on each piece of equipment as a visible and waterproof document. The Energy Manager and/or building operator shall schedule, verify and record operations and maintenance evaluations of the HVAC systems, taking corrective action where indicated. Such evaluations shall include: Poll occupants and users of the HVAC systems for any observations or operational issues that have occurred. Physical inspection of the maintained systems and components. Analyze occupant complaints, and how these relate to system operation. Maintain the indoor environmental quality parameters that have been established for the building, including temperature, humidity, and ventilation. Maintain HVAC systems rooms and spaces for proper and safe service access. Relocate any material or debris impeding access to the HVAC equipment. Maintain service lighting. Maintain HVAC system schedules to meet current requirements including:
6.4.1.5 6.4.1.6 6.4.1.7
o Occupied mode o Unoccupied mode such as automatic shutdown, setup mode, setback mode o Start mode such as warm up mode, cool down mode, optimum start mode Maintain HVAC system electrical connections. Maintain equipment to avoid excessive mechanical noise and vibration. Maintain HVAC heat exchange surfaces for effective heat transfer. Maintain serviceable points of lubrication. Replace or clean filters in accordance with manufacturers recommended schedule or design pressure drop. Maintain HVAC system piping and duct systems against leakage. Maintain insulation on HVAC system piping and duct systems. 20
6.4.1.8 6.4.2
Maintain the steam water heating, hot water heating and chilled water cooling control valves against leakage a minimum of once every three years. Document periodic maintenance work and service work on service logs. Boiler systems This section covers the operation and maintenance of boilers, flues/vents, feed water equipment, piping, valves, steam traps, strainers, all fittings and components comprising the entire system. Operations and maintenance requirements for boilers systems include all applicable items in Section 6.1. plus the following: Boiler Burners
6.4.2.1 6.4.2.2
Maintain and record boiler efficiency. For boilers >= 400,000 BTUH design input at least once annually For boilers < 400,000 BTUH design input at least once every three years Maintain burners. Maintain combustion chamber to avoid incomplete combustion. Inspect combustion chamber against cracks, or deterioration. Maintain pilot and flame controls, flues, combustion air openings and safeties. Maintain boiler blowdown to ensure it is functional and not excessive. Boiler Controls Adjust controls to cycle the boiler system through an entire heating cycle and maintain proper operation. Maintain reset controls. Maintain heating operations so they do not result in short or rapid cycling the burners. Venting Maintain combustion and ventilation air openings. Maintain boiler vent discharge and intakes. Steam and Condensate Return Loop Maintain condensate return systems. Maintain feed water systems. Maintain pressure relief and venting. Maintain steam traps. Maintain water treatment. Hot Water Hydronic Loop 21
6.4.2.3
6.4.2.4
6.4.2.5
6.4.2.6
6.4.3
Maintain pump operation and sequencing. Maintain water systems makeup and relief. Maintain system water pressure. Maintain system free of leaks and entrained air. Maintain water treatment. Chilled water systems
This section covers the operation and maintenance of chillers, condensers, open and closed type cooling towers, pumps, valves, strainers, piping, and all fittings and components comprising the entire system. 6.4.3.1 6.4.3.2 Chillers Chilled Water System Controls Maintain refrigeration system for proper temperatures and pressures. Maintain controls to cycle the chilled water system through an entire cooling cycle and verify proper operation. Maintain flow controls, operating controls and safeties for proper operation. Maintain reset and head pressure controls for proper operation. Where cooling is provided by multiple units maintain proper sequencing to achieve maximum efficiency while meeting required load. Chilled Water Hydronic loop Maintain proper water temperatures during operation. Maintain proper pump operation and sequencing. Maintain proper system water pressure. Maintain the entire system including the distribution system is free of leaks and entrained air. Maintain water treatment. Cooling towers and condenser water loop Maintain proper water temperatures during operation. Maintain proper pump operation and sequencing. Maintain the entire system including the distribution system is free of leaks and entrained air. Maintain water treatment, bleed control and cycles of concentration. Maintain corrosion coupon consumption. Maintain cooling tower sump. 22
6.4.3.3
6.4.3.4
6.4.4
Maintain proper fan operation. Airside Heating, Cooling and Ventilating Systems
This section covers the operation and maintenance of airside heating, cooling and ventilating systems ducting, terminal units and components comprising the entire system. 6.4.4.1 Air Handling Systems Maintain all airflow components, including motors, dampers, and wheels. Maintain controls and proper sequence of operation. Maintain heat exchange devices including coils. Maintain damper systems. Heat Recovery Systems including ERVs and HRVs See Section 6.4.4.1 as applicable. Maintain controls and proper sequence of operation. Humidification Maintain fill and drain systems. Maintain water compartment for proper operation. Maintain sprayers and nozzles. Maintain sumps. Maintain control valve and steam traps. Perform heat exchanger testing on furnace heat exchangers at a minimum of once every three years per the AHRI Guideline X - for Induced Draft Furnace Heat Exchanger Inspection Review occupant hot/cold complaints and operator hot/cold observations. If the complaint is validated then do the following:
6.4.4.2
6.4.4.3
6.4.4.4
6.4.4.5
Check the HVAC system equipment operation; Review draft problems; Review zoning conflicts; Test the zone for good and stable temperature control; Measure the humidity level to verify it is below the Standard 55 upper dew-point limit of 62.2F (16.8C); Adjust diffusers, and other parts of heating and cooling distribution systems to minimize overheating and overcooling of rooms and zones Maintain economizer systems. Maintain dampers to move freely. 23
6.4.4.6
Maintain damper blades and side seals. Maintain wiring. Maintain controls including damper actuators, damper linkages and damper sequencing for proper operation. Unitary Systems and Air Handling Systems See Section 6.4.4.1 as applicable. Maintain system heating and cooling operation Maintain controls for proper sequence of operations. Maintain condensate drain pan and piping Maintain direct expansion cooling or heating. Refer to Section 6.5.2 for direct expansion refrigerant based systems. Evaporative Cooling Systems See Section 6.4.4.1 as applicable. Maintain proper fill and drain operation. Maintain water compartment moisture and air containment. Maintain sprayers, nozzles, evaporative media and water distribution components for proper operation. Maintain drains and clean sumps. Maintain proper system heating, heat recovery and cooling operation. Maintain controls for proper sequence of operations. Geo-thermal systems See Sections 6.4.4.1 and 6.4.4.7 as applicable. Maintain system heating and cooling operation. See Section 6.4.4.1 as applicable. Maintain system heating and cooling operation. Thermal Energy Storage Systems
6.4.4.7 6.4.5
6.4.4.8
6.4.4.9
6.4.4.10 Terminal systems
Scope includes: Thermal energy storage systems, ice-storage systems, phase-change storage systems, hot water storage systems, heat storage systems (e.g. using thermal mass) 6.4.5.1 6.4.5.2 Maintain all equipment in accordance with requirements for each type of equipment elsewhere in this section. Maintain proper operation per specific system sequence of operations. 24
6.5
Refrigeration Systems
The scope of sub-Section 6.5 includes the operation and maintenance of refrigeration systems and equipment that do not supply comfort cooling, such as: display case refrigeration systems, refrigerated warehouses, all medium and low temperature product refrigeration systems. 6.5.1 Operations and maintenance requirements for refrigeration systems include all applicable items in Section 6.1 plus the following. 6.5.2 Monitor refrigerating systems at regular intervals, determined by the type of system and historic leakage rates, to ensure that systems are well sealed, have the correct refrigerant charge, and are operating properly. Take the following actions as applicable: Do not permit release of refrigerant to the atmosphere during any operational or maintenance activity beyond deminimus amounts. Securely and visibly locate a list of operating parameters (e.g. temperature setpoints, pressures, operating schedule) at each piece of equipment. Check for refrigerant leaks, using industry standard procedures. Monitor and record all additions of refrigerant to, or removals from, the system, along with the reason for the action. Maintain the refrigerant charge within manufacturers specified range.
6.5.2.1 6.5.2.2 6.5.2.3 6.5.2.4 6.5.2.5 6.5.3 6.5.4
Maintain evaporator defrost system for proper operation. Retail store product display refrigeration systems. EM shall work with staff to ensure they know correct product loading practices for display refrigerators. Avoid uneven loading, overloading, blocked air curtain, or blocked return air path. In stores which are not open 24 hours/day, maintain the use of night covers for display cases and refrigerators to minimize ambient air infiltration. Maintain doors including hinges, gaskets and closures. Maintain evaporator and condenser coils. Maintain evaporator drains line(s). In freezers, maintain the drain line heat tape to operate properly, and maintain the drain line insulation in good condition. Maintain the defrost operation, including frequency. Schedule defrost to avoid activation during peak demand periods. Maintain the interior of refrigerated enclosures for punctured or broken panels, and breaches around pipe or wiring penetrations; maintain vapor barrier integrity. Encourage users to turn lights off whenever nobody is in the room.
6.5.4.1
6.5.4.2 6.5.5
Walk-in Coolers and Freezers
6.5.5.1 6.5.5.2 6.5.5.3 6.5.5.4 6.5.5.5 6.5.5.6 6.5.6
Ice-Making Machines 25
6.5.6.1 6.5.6.2 6.5.6.3 6.5.6.4 6.5.7
Maintain water system, reservoir and evaporator coil for scale or mineral build-up and proper operation. Maintain strainer, inlet water valve screen and float valve for proper operation. Maintain air filter, condenser coil and condenser fan. Maintain the bin ice control for proper operation, including drain and water overflow. Maintain refrigeration systems in accordance with 6.5.2. The EM shall work with the users so that product is located to permit air circulation, particularly near walls and ceiling. Examine walls and ceiling monthly for evidence of frost build-up. Locate the source, and make repairs to correct the source. Maintain doors, rollers, door travel, and threshold as needed to minimize door leakage. Maintain the interior of refrigerated enclosures for punctured or broken panels, and breaches around ducts, pipe or wiring penetrations; maintain vapor barrier integrity. Lighting Systems
Refrigerated Warehouses
6.5.7.1 6.5.7.2 6.5.7.3 6.5.7.4 6.5.7.5
6.6
The Operations and Maintenance Plan shall include a lighting systems section. The lighting systems plan shall consist of the requirements listed in Sections 6.6.1 through 6.6.6. which shall be implemented at the time of compliance with this section and at three year intervals thereafter. 6.6.1 Lighting Controls the EM shall inventory and verify correct operation, programming and placement of all lighting controls. Lighting controls that have been disabled shall be repaired and made functional. The following functional testing shall be performed on dimmers, multi-scene controls, occupancy sensors, time switches or photosensors, if present: o dimmers shall reduce light levels but not eliminate light upon activation without flicker across the full range of control. o For spaces having multi-scene controls, program lighting scenes shall be functional as appropriate for the present usage or space configuration. o occupancy sensors shall turn lights off after the space is vacated for a repeatable time period, and do not turn the lights on unless the space is reoccupied. o time switches shall turn off lights according to a consistant schedule or according to an astronomical schedule. o photosensor controls shall be calibrated to control electric light levels based on the amount of usable daylight in the space. 6.6.2 Luminaire Integrity the EM shall survey all existing luminaires and create an as-built lighting schedule. The EM shall calculate and document the lighting power density and compare 26
with any previous lighting power density calculation such as from original design documents or from previous lighting schedules. Continued compliance with this section requires that the lighting power density shall not increase with time. 6.6.3 Opportunities for Energy Savings the EM shall evaluate the current lighting schedule for opportunities for energy savings through implementation of energy efficiency measures such as those listed in Annex D Sections 6 or Section 7 and prepare an estimate of the reduction in the lighting power density to include in the Energy Management Plan (see Section 5.1.1.11). Question #7 for Reviewers: Should an evaluation of the lighting system savings potential be a mandatory provision of the standard due to the historically short payback periods for lighting upgrades? 6.6.4 Occupant Training - the EM shall train occupants in the best use and adjustment of the lighting systems including lighting controls. Such training shall include issues of enhancing visual performance, reducing energy use and the costs of disabling or overriding the lighting controls. Electronic communication or printed material shall be provided to the occupants that explains the system.
6.6.5 Lighting Maintenance - the Operations and Maintenance Plan shall specify the following: o Replacement of failed lamps and ballasts. o Replacement of failed luminaires. o Periodic cleaning of all optical surfaces including lenses, reflectors, louvers and shielding mechanisms as well as lamps. Cleaning shall be performed whenever lamps or ballasts are replaced and at least once every three years. o Any lamp or ballast replacement within the existing luminaires in a space shall not increase the installed interior lighting power density of the space unless the previous light levels were less than the IES recommended levels specified in the IES Handbook or IES Recommended Practices for that space type. If the exact space type cannot be found, then the space type with the closest functional activities shall be used. o For exterior residential lighting all replacement lamps shall be high efficacy lamps unless controlled to automatically limit power use to less than 2,200 total hours of full power operation per year. o Exterior lighting for non-residential: Except for signage, turn off all exterior lighting during daylight hours. Lighting power to all signage and landscape lighting shall be reduced by at least 30% between one hour after closing to one hour before opening and from midnight until 6am for 24 hour operations. 6.6.6 Interior Lighting in Non-residential Buildings The EM shall conduct a Lighting Satisfaction Survey and review the Lighting Checklist as described in Appendix D of the ASHRAE Performance Measurement 27
Protocol for Commercial Buildings and include the results in the Energy Management Plan. (See Section 5.1.1.12)
6.7 6.7.1
Controls Systems
General The scope of this sub-section includes all types of control and energy management systems and components used to control condition spaces within buildings. The operations and maintenance (O&M) requirements for these systems including all their components shall minimize energy use over time, while providing control of equipment and systems as needed for building operations and occupant needs. The O&M requirements for these systems shall be re-evaluated when building use or other changes are made that negatively affect the systems operations. All equipment shall be maintained according to manufacturers instructions. Each operations and maintenance task shall be performed safely and in accordance with good trade practice by qualified personnel. Tasks that require specialized expertise shall be performed by certified or qualified personnel. Operations and maintenances tasks shall be performed bi-annually, unless otherwise noted in this standard, or as recommended by the manufacturer. The Energy Manager and/or building operator shall schedule and verify bi-annual evaluations of the control systems. System evaluations shall include: 6.7.2.1
6.7.2
6.7.2.2 6.7.2.3
Reviewing recorded trouble calls and occupant complaints; analyzing how these relate to control operation. Physically inspecting maintained systems and components. Checking that all setpoints are correct per efficiency requirements, design or owners needs. Checking seasonal control changes are adjusted. Check that time of day and holiday schedules are set properly. Checking operation and verifying accuracy of all space and air handling sensors at least once every three years. Checking if controls are overridden or in manual operation. 6.7.2.4 6.7.3 6.7.3.1 6.7.3.2 6.7.3.3 6.7.3.4 Correct all issues found during the control system evaluations. Check for properly operating receivers controllers and transducers. Calibrate if required. Check for oil in the air lines. Check filters on air dryer; clean or replace as necessary. Check condenser coil on the air dry; clean as necessary. 28 Pneumatic controls (including pneumatic sensors and actuators)
6.7.3.5 6.7.3.6 6.7.3.7 6.7.3.8 6.7.3.9
Check pressure reducing valves (PRV or regulator) operation. Calibrate if required. Check for leaks in air storage tank. Check tank condensate drain operation. Check thermostat for proper operation. Calibrate if required. Check system for leaks in the high pressure lines.
6.7.3.10 Check compressor run time; it should run less than 50% of the time. 6.7.3.11 Correct all issues found during the pneumatic control system evaluations. 6.7.4 Analog controls Check operation of differential pressure gauges operation. Check differential pressure switches operation. Check air pressure switches operations. Check thermostat operation. Check transformer input and output voltages. Check systems back-up batteries. Correct all issues found during the analog control system evaluations. Check control system computer to identify where the system is working per the design sequence of operation and if devices reading are in range. Check systems back-up batteries. Check the ventilation operation. Check if outdoor devices has adequate enclosures or if the enclosures are in good conditions. Verify input and output transformer voltages Correct all issues found during the DDC system evaluations. Correct all issues found during the DDC system evaluations. Electric Power Distribution and On-site Generation Systems 6.7.4.1 6.7.4.2 6.7.4.3 6.7.4.4 6.7.4.5 6.7.4.6 6.7.4.7 6.7.5 6.7.5.1 6.7.5.2 6.7.5.3 6.7.5.4 6.7.5.5 6.7.5.6 6.7.5.7 6.8 6.8.1 6.8.2
Direct digital controls (DDC) (including electronic sensors and actuators)
Verify the last calibration report of CO2 sensors. Calibrate at least once a year.
Operations and maintenance requirements for electric power distribution and on-site generation systems include all applicable items in Section 6.1. plus the following. General: This section covers aspects of O&M for the building electrical power system that relate to the facilitys energy efficiency. 29
6.8.3 6.8.4 6.8.5
Each piece of on-site electrical generation equipment or built-up system shall be maintained to manufacturers instructions. Metering and Sub-metering: Meters and sub-meters owned by the facility shall be calibrated at least once every 5-years per manufacturers instructions. On-site Electricity Generation Fuel-fired Co-generation: A monthly record of cogeneration operating hours and heat recovery shall be maintained and reported annually. Annual energy generated and useful heat recovered shall be compared to the design estimates for these values. Photovoltaic Systems
6.8.5.1
6.8.5.2
PV system performance shall be reported on an annual basis. The annual output shall be compared against the systems designed output or output during previous operating periods. Shortfalls in annual system performance shall be analyzed for cause and possible system defect with troubleshooting and corrective work as necessary. 6.8.5.3 Fuel Cells: Fuel cell performance shall be reported on a monthly basis. Shortfalls in monthly system performance shall be analyzed for cause and possible system defects, and troubleshooting and corrective work shall be performed as necessary.
7 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS AND TARGET REQUIREMENTS

7.1 Energy Use Baseline.
Compliance with this section requires the reporting of net annual energy used for a building per unit of gross floor area in commercial buildings or per conditioned floor area of residential buildings. The energy manager shall report the energy use intensity and energy use target on Form A. 7.1.1. Collect building energy use data and report this information using Form 7.1. These forms are mandatory components of compliance reporting and must be provided to the authority having jurisdiction. Net annual energy use is twelve consecutive months within the last 18 months of building energy use data. Refer to 5.2, Building Energy Monitoring, for details of the collection and recording of building energy use data. 7.1.2 Report Building Characteristics. The following basic characteristics shall be reported on Form 7.1 7.1.2.1 A building identifier (optional) and a building address, including city, state, country, and zip code.
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7.1.2.2. The ASHRAE climate zone as found on the map in Annex F. [Do we need a formula for net energy?] The diagram now goes in Section 5 so reference needs updating.]] 7.1.2.3 The start and end dates of the 12-month data measurement period. 7.1.2.4. The conditioned floor area of the building or the gross building space in square feet (square meters) shall be reported as defined in Section 5.2.4.3 or 5.2.4.4. 7.1.2.5. The number of conditioned floors, with subtotals of above-grade and belowgrade floors. 7.1.2.6 The occupancy schedule for building activities. 7.1.2.7. Building type, which relates to the activity(ies) carried out in the building. 7.1.2.7.1. Select building type(s) from among the types of commercial and residential buildings listed in Table 7.1 (see informative appendix 7A for detailed description.) If the entire building is used for a single activity, users shall assign the entire building to the appropriate building type. 7.1.2.7.2. Multiple Activity Buildings: Some buildings have multiple activities, e.g., a combination of warehouse and office, or warehouse and retail, or education and office, etc. For a multiple activity building, if 75% or more of the gross floor area has one activity, the building type for that dominant activity may be listed for the whole building. Alternatively, the user can list the actual areas used for each activity. If there is no activity greater than 75% of gross floor area, the user shall list activity and corresponding floor area for each activity that occupies more then 10% of the buildings gross floor area. Spaces with activities not listed in Table 7.1 and with total area less than 10% of the gross building floor area in mixed use or single use buildings may be excluded by separately metering energy use in these areas. 7.1.2.7.3 Vacant Buildings. Net annual energy use for 100% vacant buildings shall be reported for 12 consecutive months during the most recent 18-month period when the building was occupied. If the building was not occupied during 12 consecutive months of the most recent 18, the building will use the non-target building compliance given in Section 4. 7.1.2.6.3.1. Vacant Building Areas: If the total floor area of a non-heated and noncooled vacant part of the building is smaller than 30% of the gross building floor area, then it shall be excluded from the gross building floor area. 7.1.2.6.3.2. Vacant Building Areas: If the vacant part of the building is heated and/or cooled and the building energy use data for a recent 12 consecutive month period when the building was occupied is not available, the building shall be treated as occupied. 31
Vacant portions of the building shall be listed as vacant with dates of vacancy during last 18 months. 7.1.3. The energy manager shall report the energy use intensity and energy use target on Form 7.2.
Table 7.1. Building Types Derived From CBECS and RECS* No. Commercial Building Type No. Commercial Building Type 1 Admin/professional office 28 Preschool/daycare 2 Bank/other financial 29 Other classroom education 3 Government office 30 Fast food 4 Medical office (non-diag) 31 Restaurant/cafeteria 5 Mixed-use office 32 Other food service 6 Other office 33 Hospital/inpatient health 7 Laboratory 34 Nursing home/assisted living 8 Distribution/ship center 35 Dormitory/fraternity/sorority 9 Non-refrig warehouse 36 Hotel 10 Convenience store 37 Motel or inn 11 Convenience store+gas 38 Other lodging 12 Grocery/food market 39 Vehicle dealership/showroom 13 Other food sales 40 Retail store 14 Fire/police station 41 Other retail 15 Other public order/safety 42 Post office/postal center 16 Medical office (diagnostic) 43 Repair shop 17 Clinic/other outpatient health 44 Vehicle service/repair shop 18 Refrigerated warehouse 45 Vehicle storage/maintenance 19 Religious worship 46 Other service 20 Entertainment/culture 47 Strip shopping mall 21 Library 48 Enclosed mall 22 Recreation Residential Building Type 23 Social/meeting 49 Mobile home 24 Other public assembly 50 Single family-detached 25 College/university 51 Single family-attached 26 Elementary/middle school 52 Apartment building (2-4 units) 27 High school 53 Apartment building (5+ units) *CBECS: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 2003 RECS: Residential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 2005
7.2 Energy Target. Compliance with this standard requires that normalized building annual net energy consumption shall be less than or equal to the target energy use intensity (EUI) value for the appropriate building activity(ies)/type(s) and in the building climate zone as calculated per Section 7.2.1for single use buildings and as calculated in Section 7.2.2 for multi-use buildings. 32
Exception to 7.2. There are some building activities/types for which there are currently no benchmark data to yield an appropriate target. Examples might include data centers, food processing buildings, industrial (process-dominated) buildings, and research facilities. The buildings with activities not listed in Table 7.1 are non-target buildings and compliance is specified in Section 4.
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Table 7.2. Energy Use Intensity Targets

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Commercial Building Type Admin/professional office Bank/other financial Government office Medical office (non-diag) Mixed-use office Other office Laboratory Distribution/ship center Non-refrig warehouse Convenience store Convenience store+gas Grocery/food market Other food sales Fire/police station Other public order/safety Medical office (diagnostic) Clinic/other outpatient health Refrigerated warehouse Religious worship Entertainment/culture Library Recreation Social/meeting Other public assembly College/university Elementary/middle school High school Preschool/daycare Other classroom education Fast food Restaurant/cafeteria Other food service Hospital/inpatient health Nursing home/assisted living Dormitory/fraternity/sorority Hotel Motel or inn Other lodging Vehicle dealership/showroom Retail store Other retail Post office/postal center Repair shop Vehicle service/repair shop Vehicle storage/maintenance Other service Strip shopping mall Enclosed mall Residential Building Type Mobile home SF-detached SF-attached Apartment building (2-4 units) Apartment building (5+ units) 1A 39 55 49 33 45 38 178 12 6 135 108 112 34 66 60 33 50 69 23 23 61 26 28 28 62 38 45 49 25 261 141 77 142 84 40 50 55 53 49 28 49 43 28 33 14 60 59 56 1A 38 28 32 47 32 2A 40 57 50 34 46 39 176 16 8 146 118 122 37 65 59 32 48 68 23 23 61 26 27 28 61 37 45 48 25 268 145 79 143 83 43 51 53 50 50 29 50 42 28 33 14 60 59 56 2A 40 30 34 50 34 2B 39 56 49 33 45 38 171 16 8 135 109 113 34 63 57 32 49 66 22 22 59 25 26 27 60 36 44 46 25 263 141 77 140 81 42 48 52 50 49 28 49 41 27 32 14 58 58 55 2B 40 30 34 50 34 EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/sf-yr) ASHRAE Climate Zone 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 42 33 39 33 46 40 40 48 42 54 59 46 55 47 65 56 57 68 59 76 52 41 48 42 57 49 50 60 52 67 35 28 33 28 39 34 34 41 36 46 48 38 45 39 53 46 47 56 48 62 40 32 37 32 44 38 39 47 40 52 175 147 165 159 194 173 179 209 187 232 20 11 18 14 27 23 22 36 30 49 10 5 9 7 13 11 11 17 14 24 152 127 139 141 166 150 157 178 162 193 122 102 112 114 133 121 126 144 130 156 127 106 116 118 138 125 131 149 135 161 38 32 35 36 42 38 40 45 41 49 64 54 61 59 71 64 66 77 69 85 59 49 55 53 65 58 60 70 63 78 32 30 32 27 32 30 28 30 30 31 48 45 48 40 48 46 42 46 45 47 68 57 64 62 75 67 69 81 72 90 23 19 22 21 25 23 23 27 25 30 23 19 21 21 25 23 23 27 24 30 60 50 57 55 67 60 61 72 64 80 26 22 24 24 29 26 26 31 28 34 27 23 26 25 30 27 28 32 29 36 28 23 26 25 31 27 28 33 30 37 62 45 58 50 72 60 65 78 65 90 37 30 35 32 41 36 36 42 37 46 46 33 42 37 52 44 47 57 48 66 48 39 45 41 52 46 47 54 47 60 25 18 24 21 29 25 26 32 27 37 277 237 266 253 305 280 284 332 301 364 150 126 143 137 166 151 156 179 163 195 82 69 78 75 91 83 85 98 89 107 141 134 138 130 143 129 135 139 126 142 83 69 78 75 91 82 84 99 88 109 47 31 43 40 58 48 54 65 55 75 52 47 49 48 55 52 52 57 55 61 51 48 50 46 52 50 48 53 50 56 49 46 48 44 49 48 46 50 48 53 53 38 48 42 60 52 52 68 58 78 30 21 27 24 34 30 30 39 33 45 52 37 48 42 59 52 52 67 58 78 42 35 39 38 46 41 43 50 45 56 28 23 26 25 31 28 28 33 30 37 32 27 31 29 36 32 33 39 35 43 14 12 13 13 16 14 14 17 15 19 59 50 56 54 65 59 60 71 63 78 62 46 57 51 71 62 63 82 70 94 59 44 54 49 68 59 60 78 67 90 ASHRAE Climate Zone 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 45 30 41 38 54 45 51 62 52 71 33 22 30 28 40 34 38 46 38 52 38 25 35 32 46 39 43 53 44 60 56 37 51 47 68 57 64 77 65 89 38 25 35 32 46 39 43 53 44 60 6B 47 67 59 40 55 46 211 40 19 179 144 149 45 78 71 30 45 82 28 28 73 31 33 33 78 41 57 53 32 333 181 99 130 100 66 59 52 50 69 40 69 51 34 39 17 71 84 80 6B 62 46 53 78 53 7 58 82 72 49 67 56 249 60 29 208 168 174 53 92 84 31 46 96 33 32 86 37 39 39 99 49 72 63 40 393 213 116 144 118 85 65 57 55 87 50 86 60 40 46 20 84 106 101 7 80 60 69 101 68 8 81 115 101 69 94 78 331 113 54 263 212 219 66 122 111 35 52 128 43 43 114 49 51 52 147 72 107 93 60 497 268 146 166 156 119 75 69 66 124 71 124 79 53 61 27 112 151 144 8 112 83 96 140 96
49 50 51 52 53
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Footnote: Energy Use Intensity Targets listed in Table 7.2. were derived from CBECS 2003 and RECS 2004 data and represent the 25th bottom (low energy) percentile of energy use by each building category. The median numbers for each building category from CBECS and RECS data representing all buildings in the building category across all climatic conditions were extrapolated to 16 DOE climate zones using multipliers generated through simulation of representative building for each group of building categories. Refer to informative Annex C. 7.2.1. Energy Use Intensity Targets for single activity/type buildings shall be calculated per EUI = S EUIt where EUIt is the energy use intensity value for the appropriate building activity(ies)/type(s) and in the building climate zone shown in Table 7.2 and S is a normalization factor adjusting for building hours of operation. There is no normalization factor for weather. Question #8 for Reviewers: We did not include weather normalization because of small differences in annual energy use varying from year to year and the differences can be bigger from locations within the climate zone. Do you think that weather normalization should be a requirement for calculating the energy use target?
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Table 7.3 EUI Multipliers for Different Operating Shifts

Operating Shift Multipliers Weekly Hours N o . 50 or less 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 51 to 167 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 No . 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Operating Shift Multipliers Weekly Hours 50 or less 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0 51 to 167 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
Building Activity/Type
168 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.0 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3
Building Activity/Type Preschool/daycare Other classroom education Fast food Restaurant/cafeteria Other food service Hospital/inpatient health Nursing home/assisted living Dormitory/fraternity/sorority Hotel Motel or inn Other lodging Vehicle dealership/showroom Retail store Other retail Post office/postal center Repair shop Vehicle service/repair shop Vehicle storage/maintenance Other service Strip shopping mall Enclosed mall
168 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
1 Admin/professional office 2 Bank/other financial 3 Government office 4 Medical office (non-diag) 5 Mixed-use office 6 Other office 7 Laboratory 8 Distribution/ship center 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 Non-refrig warehouse Convenience store Convenience store+gas Grocery/food market Other food sales Fire/police station Other public order/safety Medical office (diagnostic) Clinic/other outpatient health Refrigerated warehouse Religious worship Entertainment/culture Library Recreation Social/meeting Other public assembly College/university Elementary/middle school High school
Residential Building Activity/Type 49 50 51 52 53 Mobile home SF-detached SF-attached Apartment building (2-4 units) Apartment building (5+ units) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
7.2.1.1. Authorities having jurisdiction can adopt the less stringent energy use intensity targets provided in Table B of Informative Appendix 7B adjusted using normalization 36
factor from Table 7.3. Special energy target requirements for federal buildings are listed in Appendix 7C 7.2.1.2. Buildings with more than 50% of the building floor area devoted to activities that do not have an energy use intensity target shall use the non-target building compliance in Section 4. 7.2.2 Calculating the target for a building that has multiple activities (mixed uses). 7.2.2.1 Buildings which have more than one activity (mixed-use building) and each activity is less than 75% of the gross floor area must calculate the target using the method in Section 7.2.2.2. Exception to 7.2.2.1a. Spaces in mixed-use buildings with activities not listed in Table 7.1 and having a total combined area less than 10% of the gross building floor area can be excluded by separately metering the energy use of the spaces. Exception to 7.2.2.1b. If the area of the building that does not have a activity listed in Table 7.1 is greater than 10% but not more than 50% of the building gross floor area in total, the target for the non-target portion of the building can be equal to the weighted average target based on the floor area for the rest of the building, or the alternate compliance path can be used for the entire building. 7.2.2.2 Targets for buildings with mixed uses shall be determined by weighted averages for building areas with single activities if the activity exceeds 10% of the total building floor area per the following: EUImixed = A1 S1 EUI1 + A2 S2 EUI2 + .+ Ai Sj EUIi ++ An Sn EUIn Where: Ai is percentage of the gross floor area, EUIi - Target Energy Use Intensity (from Section 7.2.1. or as determined by AHJ) and Si - normalization factor adjusting for building hours of operation for a part of the building with a single activity (i). 7.3 Comparing Performance. Compare building energy use intensity using the data from the Form X with the target energy use intensity (EUI) listed in Table 7.2 for single use buildings or calculated in accordance with Section 7.2.2.2 for mixed use buildings. 7.3.1. If the building meets the target, complete the compliance forms for buildings with targets (Section 4). 7.3.2. If the building energy use intensity exceeds the target, the building needs to undergo retrofit and implement Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) to improve its energy performance in order to be in compliance with this standard. Proceed to Section 8 outlining requirements for energy audit to develop EEMs. 37
8 ENERGY AUDIT REQUIREMENTS

8.1 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings Without Targets 8.1.1 Overall Process: An energy audit shall be conducted for all buildings not having an energy target. The energy audit shall be completed by a qualified person practicing within their field of competency. The energy audit shall be a Level 2 audit (as defined in Section 8.3.2) and shall not be required to cost more than 10% of the buildings annual energy expenditure. If the scope of a Level 2 audit would result in an audit cost that exceeds 10% of the buildings annual energy expenditure, the scope of that audit may be limited to meet the cost cap. Exception: Buildings that have completed an energy audit within the previous 3 years may use the results of the previous audit, provided that 1) the scope of the energy audit meets the requirements of this section and 2) there have been minimal changes to the systems within the audit scope. 8.1.2 Following the completion of the energy audit, the project will select and implement energy efficiency measures per the requirements of Section 9 Implementation. The scope of the energy audit shall include the following required end uses as applicable to the building: Envelope Lighting Cooling Heating Ventilation and exhaust systems Air distribution systems Heating, chilled, condenser and domestic water systems Refrigeration, except for food processing refrigeration Power generation equipment Uninterruptible power supplies and power distribution units People moving systems The following end uses are not included in this Standard: Industrial processes Agricultural processes Irrigation
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2
Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings with Targets 8.2.1 Buildings That Meet Targets 38
Buildings that meet their EUI targets under Section 7 are not required to perform an energy audit. 8.2.2 Buildings that Dont Meet Targets Overall Process: An energy audit shall be conducted for all buildings that do not meet their energy use target. The energy audit shall be at an audit level specified by the energy auditor to be sufficient to identify and evaluate the EEMs required to meet the building energy use target. The energy audit shall be completed by a qualified person practicing within their field of competency. The energy auditor may refer to the list of EEMS in Annex D. The building owner seeking compliance shall begin the process by completing either a Level 1 or a Level 2 energy audit (as defined in this Section ). After the completion of the audit, the applicant must calculate an adjusted EUI for the building, based on the estimated energy savings and the historical energy use of the building. This adjusted EUI is then compared to the energy use target for the building. If the adjusted EUI is less than the energy use target, the applicant shall proceed with implementation (see Section 9). If the adjusted EUI is greater than the energy use target, a more rigorous energy audit investigation is required to identify additional energy efficiency measures. This process is repeated until the adjusted EUI is less than the energy use target, and the project proceeds to implementation. Calculation of the adjusted EUI is shown in the equation below: EUIadj = (Energyhist Energysaved) / GSF where: Energyhist Energysaved GSF = Historical Annual Energy Use (kBTU) = Annual Energy Savings (kBTU) = Gross Square Footage
Following the completion of an energy audit that has identified measures sufficient to meet the buildings Energy Use Target, the applicant shall select and implement energy efficiency measures per the requirements of Section 9 Implementation. Exception: Buildings that have completed an energy audit within the previous 3 years may use the previous energy audit to identify energy efficiency measures for implementation, provided that the scope of the energy audit meets the requirements of this section and there have been minimal changes to the systems within the audit scope. In this case, the same comparison of adjusted EUI to energy use target shall be made by 39
the applicant. If the EEMs identified in the audit are 1) still applicable, 2) have not been implemented, and 3) provide for an adjusted EUI that is less than the energy use target, these measure shall be implemented by the facility, and the project shall follow the procedures in Section 9 Implementation. If the identified EEMs do not result in an adjusted EUI less than the energy use target, a new energy audit shall be conducted as described above in this section. 8.3 Energy Audit Levels 8.3.1 Level 1 Audit This section outlines the requirements for Level 1 and Level 2 Energy Audits by market segment. 8.3.1.1 Non-residential Buildings Non-residential buildings shall comply with level of effort prescribed for a Level 1 Walk-Through Analysis in the ASHRAE publication Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. 8.3.1.2 Residential Buildings Residential buildings shall complete either; An online home energy audit using the Department of Energys Home Energy Saver Pro website (http://hespro.lbl.gov/pro/); OR An in-home energy survey audit per Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) National Standard for Home Energy Audits;
http://www.resnet.us/standards/National_Energy_Audit_Standard.pdf
8.3.2
Level 2 Audit 8.3.2.1 Non-residential Buildings Non-residential buildings shall comply with level of effort prescribed for a Level 2 Energy Survey and Engineering Analysis in the ASHRAE publication Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. 8.3.2.2 Residential Buildings Residential buildings shall perform a home energy audit comparable to the level of effort defined by either: Comprehensive Home Energy Audit according to the RESNET National Standard for Home Energy Audits; OR
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Building Performance Institutes Home Energy Auditing Standard (BPI-101-201x). 8.4 Building Audit Report This section prescribes the overall approaches and methods to be used in the energy audit report for audits completed under 8.1 or 8.2 above. 8.4.1 Audit Results The energy audit report shall define the actions necessary for the building owner to achieve the energy and cost savings that are recommended in the report. Energy audit results shall be presented in a summary table that includes at a minimum an estimate of each of the following: A list of recommended EEMs that, if implemented, will either meet the energy target for the site if it has a target, or, if it does not have an energy use target, will meet the economic criteria set by the standard in Section 9. The energy savings associated with each recommended energy efficiency measure expressed in the cost units used on the owners energy bills, and the units used for comparison with the energy use target. The estimated (modeled) utility cost savings associated with each recommended energy efficiency measure. The estimated cost of implementation for each recommended EEM. The costs of implementation shall include the required monitoring of energy savings per the requirements of Section 9 Implementation. The simple payback period or Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for each recommended EEM or bundles of EEMs. The simple payback of the optimized bundle of EEMs that achieved the energy use target for the facility (if applicable). Measure order When considering multiple energy efficiency measures with interactive effects, the order of analysis shall start with load reduction measures and proceed through distribution systems, then plant and heat rejection systems.
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8.4.2
Interactive effects Energy savings analysis shall include interactive effects of EEMs in the optimized bundle. Optimized Bundling The energy efficiency measures recommended in the energy audit report shall consist of an optimized bundle of energy efficiency measures. Financial analysis Financial analysis shall be made using current utility rate charges for the site. For customers that are charged based on time-of-use or peak demand (kW), cost analysis of those energy efficiency measures shall include appropriate treatment of the costs savings associated with the measures and reflect peak demand or time-of-use cost savings. 8.4.4.1 Non-Federal Facilities The minimum financial criteria required for reporting include the following: Energy efficiency measure implementation cost Energy cost savings based on current utility rates Maintenance and operation cost savings (or penalties) EEM simple payback EEM measure life U.S. Federal Facilities Federal Facilities shall follow the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC) Program.
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
End Use Analysis The energy audit shall include an end use analysis that compares the estimated energy use of the facility to historical utility consumption. The intent of this requirement is to ensure that estimates of the base case end use energy estimates and potential energy savings estimates in the energy audit report are reasonable. 8.4.5.1 Level 1 Requirements The analysis shall demonstrate that the sum of base case end use energy estimates total no more than the historical energy consumption for the end use at the site. This shall be done by completing the following: 1) The historic energy use shall be apportioned into each of the end uses such as HVAC, lighting, domestic hot water and plug loads. 2) The energy auditor shall verify that each EEM savings estimate is reasonable in comparison to the energy energy consumption of that end use based on energy consumption survey data or experience with similar sites. 42
End use analysis shall be conducted for all fuel types at the site (e.g. electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, etc.) for which energy efficiency measures are identified. For example, if the audit identifies lighting retrofit opportunities, the energy auditor shall compare the identified energy savings for those opportunities with the base case energy use of the facility and demonstrate that they make up a reasonable fraction of the historical electricity consumption at the site. 8.4.5.2 Level 2 requirements The energy auditor is required to estimate the energy use of all end uses that individually comprise more than 5% of total historical building energy use. The energy estimates for these end uses shall be summed and compared to historical energy consumption for the facility. The sum of the base case end use energy estimates must be between 90% to 100% of the historical energy use at the site. This comparison shall be conducted separately for each fuel type (e.g. electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, etc.) for which energy efficiency measures are identified. Correction for historical weather for the base year vs. average weather used in baseline estimates may be used if there are significant differences between the two. The same energy use estimates that comprise the end use analysis shall also be used as the basis for energy savings calculations. The energy auditor shall verify that each EEM savings estimate is reasonable in comparison to the energy energy consumption of that end use based on energy consumption survey data or experience with similar sites. The energy auditor shall verify that the combined savings from multiple EEMs shall take into account interactive effects among measures. Miscellaneous plug loads may be estimated on average equipment power density and building area. Question #9 for Reviewers: Should this be in the text or the appendix? Should the example be made more complete by adding the following? "For example, in a typical 20,000 sq. ft. office building, the energy auditor might expect to provide base case electrical energy estimates for lighting, computer energy use, supply air fans, and air conditioning compressors. If a kitchen exhaust fan comprises only about 2% of the annual electrical energy use of the facility, 43
it may be grouped into a category of miscellaneous end uses. If the historical annual electricity consumption at the site was 300,000 kWh, the sum of the estimates for base case energy use must be within 5%, or 15,000 kWh of the historical energy use." 8.4.6 Baseline The baseline for energy and cost savings estimates shall be taken to be the condition of the existing building at the time of the initial comparison with the building target, or at the time of the initial required audit. The energy savings estimates shall be calculated as the difference between the energy use of proposed systems and the baseline energy use estimates of those systems.
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9 IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

Question #10 for Reviewers: We have few requirements for commissioning in this section. Should there be a specific requirement for commissioning the EEMs that are required? 9.1 Developing and Implementing an Energy Efficiency Plan
9.1.1
Requirements. Buildings that have an energy target shall comply with the requirements of Section 9.1.1.1. Buildings that do not have an energy target
shall comply with the requirements of Section 9.1.1.2. All buildings shall write an energy efficiency plan. The energy efficiency plan shall include, at a minimum, the following: a. Operation and maintenance plan as defined in Section 6 b. A capital improvement plan for buildings component replacement that affect energy use as described in this section c. Ongoing commissioning plans except for individual dwelling units d. Training plan except for individual dwelling units e. Implementation plan for EEMs
9.1.1.1 Buildings With Targets. For buildings having energy targets, EEMs identified from the energy audit shall be implemented in order to meet the buildings energy target. Develop a written plan for maintaining the buildings EUI at or below the target. 9.1.1.2 Buildings without Targets. Buildings that do not have an energy target shall implement the EEMs identified from the energy audit as follows: a. For non-Federal buildings that do not have targets, the optimized bundle of EEMs shall use all EEMs with a combined simple payback less than or equal to 5-years. Exception A: A life cycle approach may be used with optimized bundle consisting of projects with an internal rate of return (IRR) greater than or equal to 20% using BLCC5 with the current BLCC5 defaults.
45
Exception B: EEMs that have payback greater than the total life of the equipment shall be excluded from the optimized bundle. b. Federal buildings shall follow the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC) Program, and the optimized bundle of EEMs shall use all EEMs with a savings to investment ratio (SIR) greater than 1.0. BLCC5 is a free market tool http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/news/news_detail.html?news_id=718. Implementation of EEMs shall be completed within four years from the application of compliance. 9.1.2 Capital Improvement Plan. The energy efficiency plan shall be integrated into an overall capital improvement plan for the building. Payback analysis shall be included in the capital improvement plan so that costs and benefits of ownership of new equipment are evaluated. The sequence in which measures are implemented shall be evaluated so that sequentially implemented EEMs are evaluated to take into account previously implemented EEMs. a. Training of Building Staff. An ongoing written training plan shall be implemented. Building occupants and staff shall be trained, at a minimum, as established by the operations and maintenance procedures defined in Section 6. Exception: Individual dwelling units. b. Multiple Buildings. For multiple building campuses having multiple buildings connected through one billing meter, a multiple building plan shall be implemented to coordinate EEM implementation among the buildings and measurement of the EUI of the campus.
c. Implementation and Commissioning of EEMs. EEMs shall be implemented and

commissioned. Commissioning protocols shall be consistent with ASHRAE Guideline 14 and the IPMVP. The energy auditor shall review the commissioning report and certify that the EEMs are functioning as intended.
46
d. Energy Efficiency Priorities. A written implementation plan shall be established to prioritize a list of EEMs to be implemented. The implementation plan shall be integrated with the capital improvement plan for the building. e. Implementation Plan. For buildings that do not meet Standard 100, an Implementation Plan shall be developed. The plan should include specific goals, targeted at meeting Standard 100, in steps as needed. For buildings that do not have a target, an alternative, prescriptive path is followed and the Standard is met when the prescriptive requirements have been met. The plan shall consist of: Operations and maintenance Retro-commissioning this includes a savings analysis Energy efficiency measures
And consider opportunity points including: 8.1.2 Life cycle equipment replacement Tenant improvement Major renovation
The energy efficiency plan should be integrated into the overall capital improvement plan for the
building. Measures with high capital cost will require more detailed analysis to ensure that the investment is worthwhile. Life cycle costing should be included for capital intensive measures. This permits the evaluation to consider the total costs and benefits of ownership of new equipment, not just first cost. Implementation can begin slowly and build on initial successes.
9.2
Monitoring of Implemented EEMs 9.2.1 Monitoring of Implemented EEMs for Buildings with Targets. Upon implementation of EEMs, the buildings EUI shall be monitored until one full years data demonstrates that energy targets have been met. 9.2.2 Monitoring of Implemented EEMs for Buildings without Targets. Upon implementation of EEMs, the affected end use systems shall be monitored 47
to verify EEM energy savings. The energy auditor shall review the results of the EEM energy monitoring and certify that the energy savings of the package of EEMs meets or exceeds 75% of the energy savings projected in the energy audit as required. 9.3 Compliance: The energy auditor shall complete the compliance documentation as required in Section 4, Compliance Requirements.
10
REFERENCES
A. AHRI Guideline X - for Induced Draft Furnace Heat Exchanger Inspection B. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 C. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2010 D. ASHRAE Performance Measurement Protocols for Commercial Buildings
48
NORMATIVE ANNEX A
Table C Alternative Energy Intensity gy y Targets g
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Commercial Building Type Admin/professional office Bank/other financial Government office Medical office (non-diag) Mixed-use office Other office Laboratory Distribution/ship center Non-refrig warehouse Convenience store Convenience store+gas Grocery/food market Other food sales Fire/police station Other public order/safety Medical office (diagnostic) Clinic/other outpatient health Refrigerated warehouse Religious worship Entertainment/culture Library Recreation Social/meeting Other public assembly College/university Elementary/middle school High school Preschool/daycare Other classroom education Fast food Restaurant/cafeteria Other food service Hospital/inpatient health Nursing home/assisted living Dormitory/fraternity/sorority Hotel Motel or inn Other lodging Vehicle dealership/showroom Retail store Other retail Post office/postal center Repair shop Vehicle service/repair shop Vehicle storage/maintenance Other service Strip shopping mall Enclosed mall Residential Building Type Mobile home SF-detached SF-attached Apartment building (2-4 units) Apartment building (5+ units) 1A 47 67 59 40 55 46 216 15 7 163 132 136 41 80 73 41 61 84 28 28 74 32 33 34 75 46 55 59 31 318 172 94 172 102 49 60 67 64 60 34 59 52 35 40 17 73 72 68 1A 46 34 39 58 39 2A 49 69 61 42 56 47 214 19 9 177 143 148 45 79 72 39 59 83 28 28 74 32 33 34 74 45 54 58 30 325 176 96 174 101 52 62 64 61 61 35 61 51 34 40 17 72 71 68 2A 49 36 42 61 41 2B 48 68 59 41 55 46 207 20 10 164 132 137 41 76 70 39 59 80 27 27 71 31 32 33 73 44 53 56 30 319 171 93 170 98 51 59 64 61 59 34 59 50 33 38 17 70 70 67 2B 48 36 41 61 41 EUIs by Building Type by Climate Zone (kBtu/sf-yr) ASHRAE Climate Zone 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 50 40 47 40 55 48 49 58 51 65 72 56 67 57 79 68 70 83 72 92 63 50 59 51 69 60 61 73 63 81 43 34 40 34 47 41 42 50 43 55 58 46 54 47 64 55 57 68 59 75 49 38 45 39 53 46 47 56 49 63 212 178 200 193 235 210 217 254 227 281 24 13 22 17 33 27 26 43 36 60 12 6 10 8 16 13 13 21 18 29 185 154 169 172 201 182 191 217 196 235 149 124 136 138 162 146 154 175 158 189 154 128 140 143 168 151 159 181 164 196 47 39 43 43 51 46 48 55 50 59 78 66 74 71 87 77 80 93 84 104 71 60 67 65 79 71 73 85 76 94 39 36 39 32 38 37 34 37 36 38 58 55 59 49 58 55 51 55 54 57 82 69 78 75 91 81 84 98 88 109 28 23 26 25 31 28 28 33 30 37 28 23 26 25 31 27 28 33 30 37 73 61 69 66 81 72 75 87 78 97 32 26 30 29 35 31 32 38 34 42 33 28 31 30 36 33 34 39 35 44 34 28 32 31 37 33 34 40 36 45 76 54 71 61 87 73 78 95 79 110 45 37 42 39 49 43 44 51 45 56 55 40 52 45 64 53 57 69 58 80 58 48 54 50 64 56 57 66 58 72 31 22 29 25 36 30 32 39 32 45 336 288 323 307 371 340 344 403 366 441 183 153 173 166 201 184 189 218 197 237 100 84 95 91 110 100 103 119 108 130 171 162 168 158 174 156 164 169 153 173 100 84 94 91 111 99 102 120 107 133 58 38 53 49 70 59 66 79 67 91 63 57 59 59 66 63 63 70 67 74 62 58 61 56 63 60 58 64 61 68 59 55 58 54 60 58 55 61 58 65 64 46 58 51 72 63 63 82 71 95 37 26 33 29 41 36 36 47 41 54 64 45 58 51 72 63 63 82 71 94 51 43 48 46 56 50 52 61 54 67 34 28 32 31 38 34 35 40 36 45 39 33 37 36 44 39 40 47 42 52 17 14 16 16 19 17 17 20 18 23 72 60 68 65 80 71 73 86 77 95 75 56 69 62 87 75 77 99 85 115 72 53 66 59 83 71 73 95 81 109 ASHRAE Climate Zone 3A 3B 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 54 36 50 46 66 55 62 75 63 86 40 27 37 34 49 41 46 55 47 64 46 31 42 39 56 47 53 64 54 73 68 45 62 58 83 69 77 94 79 107 46 31 42 39 56 47 53 64 54 73 6B 57 81 72 49 66 55 256 49 24 217 175 181 55 94 86 37 55 99 34 33 88 38 40 41 94 50 69 64 38 405 219 120 158 121 80 71 64 61 84 48 84 61 41 47 21 87 102 97 6B 76 56 65 95 65 7 70 100 88 60 81 68 302 73 35 253 204 211 64 111 102 37 56 117 40 39 104 45 47 48 120 59 88 77 49 477 259 141 174 143 103 79 70 66 105 60 105 72 48 56 24 102 128 122 7 97 72 83 122 83 8 98 140 123 84 114 95 402 137 66 319 257 266 81 148 135 42 64 156 53 52 138 60 62 64 178 87 130 113 73 603 325 178 201 190 145 91 83 80 151 86 150 96 64 74 32 136 183 175 8 136 101 116 171 116
49 50 51 52 53
49
NORMATIVE ANNEX B
4.1.2 Timeline
Compliance shall be deemed to be valid for the number of years indicated in the table below, beginning with the date of the signature on Form A in Annex C.
Event Application of compliance Develop Implementation Plan (For projects without building targets) Implement and commission EEM's per the Implementation Plan Milestone Time 0 0-4 Years 0-4 Years "When there is no target for a building type, compliance with the standard shall occur when the building owner and/or building manager has/have implemented the optimized bundle of energy efficiency measures recommended by the level 2 audit which has a simple payback of 5 years or less or as determined by the AHJ. 7-30.'"Implementation of EEMs shall be completed within four years from the application of compliance." Reference: Minutes for SPC 100, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings, Thursday, April 22, 2010. Reference: "Section 8: Implementation and Verification Requirements Flow Chart." Reference
(For projects with building targets) Collect and use postretrofit utility data to develop a new EUI. Conditional Compliance
1 year after implementation of all EEMs. 0-1 year after completion of all EEMs
Reference: "Definitions" " A compliance level between the completion of all EEMs required under Sections 7 and 8 and the verification of savings. Conditional Compliance shall expire one year following the completion of implementation." Reference: "Section 4.6: Verification Compliance." "One year following the completion of implementation of all required EEMs, building owners with "A building which provides compliance shall remain compliant for a period of five years beginning from the date of the validation."Minutes for SPC 100, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings, Thursday, April 22, 2010.
Verification of Compliance: Completion of Section 4 Compliance Forms
1 year after completion of all EEMs
Compliance Period
Five years after validation of compliance
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NORMATIVE ANNEX C
Form for Section 4.1.3 Form A - Compliance with Standard 100 Name of Project Street Address City State Zip Code
Name of Person Requesting Compliance Street Address City Telephone No. State Zip Code
Name of Any Additional Person or Persons Establishing Compliance
Street Address City Telephone No. State Zip Code
This compliance is for A)Whole Building or B) individual dwellings or tenant spaces. List Dwelling units or Tenants space names below
Whole Building
Dwelling or Tenants
List the building type(s) as defined in Form 7.1.2 of this standard with the percent of floor area for each:
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List the Energy Utilization Intensity Target for this building (From the formula in Section 7, if none enter NONE) List the Actual EUI for this building (From the formula in Section 7) List the Year of the collected data
Have the Energy Management requirements of Section 5 been met? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Have the operation and maintenance requirements of Section 6 been met? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Does this building comply with the requirements of Standard 62.1? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Does this building comply with the requirements of Standard 55? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Does this building comply with the lighting level requirements of the IES LIGHTING HANDBOOK, 10th Edition, Section 3 Applications? [ ] Yes [ ] No Date the Level I Audit was completed. (N/A if none required) Date the Level II Audit was completed. (N/A if none required) Have all EEMs required by Section 8 been implemented? Have the requirements of Section 9 been completed? [ ] Yes [ ] No [ ] Yes [ ] No
We state that this building complies with ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100: Signature of person for whom compliance was determined: ______________________________________ Date:__________________
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Signature of person or persons determining compliance: ______________________________________ Date:__________________
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Form 7.1. Building Characteristics

7.1.2.1 Building identifier _____________________________________________________________________ Address______________________________________________________________________________ City, State, Country, Zip (mail ) Code_________________________________________________________ Gross Floor Area________________________________________________________________________ Conditioned Floor Area___________________________________________________________________ Primery year of Construction__________________________________and a building address, including city, state, country, and zip code. ASHRAE climate zone as found on the map in Annex F. Start energy measurement date__________________________________ End energy measurement date__________________________________ (12 month data measurement period) The conditioned floor area of the building, sq ft or m2_________________ the gross building floor area in square feet (square meters) must be reported as defined in Section 5.2.4.3 or 5.2.4.4. The number of conditioned floors, with subtotals of above-grade and belowgrade floors The occupancy schedule for building activities. 50hrs/week or less 51 to 167 hrs/week 168 hrs/week Building type, which relates to the activity (ies) carried out in the building. Percent of total floor area of this activity (must add to 100)
7.1.2.2. 7.1.2.3
7.1.2.4.
7.1.2.5. 7.1.2.6
7.1.2.7.
Building Activity/Type Admin/professional office Bank/other financial Government office Medical office (non-diag) Mixed-use office Other office Laboratory Distribution/ship center Non-refrig warehouse Convenience store Convenience store+gas Grocery/food market Other food sales Fire/police station Other public order/safety Medical office (diagnostic) Clinic/other outpatient health Refrigerated warehouse Religious worship
Percent floor area
Building Activity/Type Preschool/daycare Other classroom education Fast food Restaurant/cafeteria Other food service Hospital/inpatient health Nursing home/assisted living Dormitory/fraternity/sorority Hotel Motel or inn Other lodging Vehicle dealership/showroom Retail store Other retail Post office/postal center Repair shop Vehicle service/repair shop Vehicle storage/maintenance Other service
Percent floor area
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Entertainment/culture Library Recreation Social/meeting Other public assembly College/university Strip shopping mall Enclosed mall Residential Building Activity/Type Mobile home SF-detached SF-attached
Form 7.2 Energy Use Reporting

Fuel type
1 1a 1b Electricity Gas Natural Gas Other (explain) Fuel Oils #1 #2 #4 #5L #5H #6 1c Steam Hot Water Chilled Water 1d Bulk Fuel Coals Anthracite Semi-anthracite Low-volatile Bituminous Mediumvolatile Source of Energy Energy Use Numerical Value (during the 12 months period) Conversion multiplier to kBTU (kWh) Energy, kBTU (kWh)
Energy Delivered to Site
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Fuel type
Bituminous High-volatile Bituminous A High-volatile Bituminous B High-volatile Bituminous C Subbituminous B Subbituminous C Propane Bio-mass Other (explane) 1e Waste Streams Hot water Cold Water 3 3a 3b 3c Hot water from SWH system Electricity from solar/wind Waste Stream Hot water Cold water 3d 3e Electricity from co-generation Hot water from co-generation
Source of Energy
Energy Use Numerical Value (during the 12 months period)
Conversion multiplier to kBTU (kWh)
Energy, kBTU (kWh)
Energy Exported from Site
Total Net Energy (Refer to Figure 5.1). kBTU (kWh) (rows 1- rows 3) Energy Use intensity = Total Net Energy / (conditioned [gross] building floor area) kBTU/sq ft (kWh/m2) Building Energy Target kBTU/sq ft (kWh/m2)
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BASIC BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
Building ID Start Date _________________________________________________ _______________________ Address End Date _________________________________________________ _______________________ City, State, Country, ZIP (Mail) Code ____________________________________________________________________________ Gross Floor Area1 ____________________________________________________________________________ Number of Conditioned ________________ Above Grade ________________ Below Grade ________________ Primary year of Construction2 Secondary __________________________________ _______________________
BUILDING TYPE3 (Percent of Gross Floor Area) Office
Owner Occupied Leased 1-5 Tenants Leased 5+ Tenants Bank / Financial Courthouse Other Define_______________
Health Care
Nursing Home / Assisted Living Psychiatric Clinic / Outpatient Active Treatment Hospital Other Define_______________
Retail Hotel / Motel
Motel (No Food) Hotel Hotel / Convention Other Define_______________
Dry Cleaning / Laundromat Supermarket / Food Market General Merchandise Shopping Mall w/o Tenant Loads Shopping Mall w/o Tenant Loads Lighting Loads Shopping Mall Specialty Shop Bakery Other Define_______________
Apartment
General Occupancy Seniors Only Dorm / Fraternity / Sorority Other Define_______________ 57
Education
Primary Pre-School / Daycare Secondary College / University Other Define_______________ Restaurant Full Service Fast Food Take Out Lounge Other Define_______________
Assembly
Theatre Library Convention Center Museum / Gallery Church / Synagogue Arena / Gym Arena / Rink Nightclub Other Define_______________
Food Services
Other
Laboratory Warehouse Warehouse Refrigerated Recreation / Athletic Facility Post Office / Center Transport Terminal Multi- Use Complex Other Define_______________
Auto Services
Service / Repair Sales Other Define_______________
Public Order
Jail / Penitentiary Fire / Police Station
1 See Section 3 for definition of gross floor area. 2 The MEDIAN YEAR for construction of at least 51% of the conditioned space. 3 BUILDING TYPE: determine building type and then enter the percent of gross floor area for each sub-area or sub-type, dividing common areas between major sub-areas or sub-types.
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ENERGY PERFORMANCE SUMMARY Source of Energy Data Energy Use Numerica l Value Conversion Energy, Multiplier kBtu/yr to kBtu (kWh/yr) (kWh) Energy Cost, ($)
Energy Type
Units
1. Electricity Purchased 2. Natural Gas 3. Steam 4. Hot Water 5. Chilled Water 6. Oil # ______ 7. Propane 8. Coal 9. Thermal On Site Renewable 10. Other 11. Electricity On Site Generated 12. Thermal or Electricity Exported A: Total Energy1 Sum of 1 to 11 minus 12 Net Energy2 B: C: Sum of 1 to 11 minus 9 and solar PVgenerated kWh in 11 1. The Total Energy is the sum of all energy used in the building, plus on-site generated electricity from renewable sources or from sources other than fuels covered in items 2-8,
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minus exported energy. Under a net metering agreement, the electric utility meter may record the purchased energy minus the exported energy. 2. The Net Energy is the sum of the purchased energy minus sold or exported energy (thus accounting for both on-site generated energy used in the building and energy exported from the site).
Energy and Cost Indices Total Energy Index (A / Gross Floor Area) Net Energy Index (B / Gross Floor Area) Energy Cost Index (C / Gross Floor Area)
kBtu/ft2-yr (kWh/m2*yr) kBtu/ft2-yr (kWh/m2*yr) $/ft2-yr ($/m2*yr)
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Compliance Form - Standard 100 Section 8 Energy Audit Requirements Energy Audit Requirements - Buildings Without Energy Use Targets Project Name Address City Person Requesting Compliance Building Description The following summarize the results of the energy audit at the site.
State
Zip
Annual Energy and Cost Savings Measure Number Measure Description Electricity Savings (kWh) Gas/Fuel Savings (kBTU) Other Cost or Fuel Savings (_____) Total Cost Savings Measure Cost
Provide Either (SPB or IRR): Simple Internal Rate of Payback - SPB Return (IRR) (yr)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TOTALS (Recommended Measures)
The recommended measures must contain an optimized bundle of measures that meets the cost effectiveness criteria (Simple payback < 5 or IRR>20%). We affirm that the above table summarizes the results from an energy audit that: meets the requirements of ASHRAE Level 2 Audit. OR was cost-capped at 10% of the annual energy expenditures. Signature of person determining compliance:
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Proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings (Advisory Public Review Draft) Compliance Form - Standard 100 Section 8 Energy Audit Requirements End Use Analysis Requirements - Level 1 Complete the following tables OR attach a report summarizing same (such as DOE-2 BEPS) Add Additional sheets as necessary for other fuel sources. Electric End Uses (list base case energy use estimates of all identified EEMs) Base Case Consumption Estimate [kwh] End Use Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Historical Annual Electricity Consumption Compute % of historical
Fuel or Other End Uses (list base case energy use estimates of all identified EEMs) Base Case Consumption Estimate [kBTU]
% of total
End Use Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Historical Annual Fuel/Other Consumption (kBTU) Compute % of historical
% of total
We affirm that the estimated base case energy use for the end uses at the site are less than or equal to the annual historical energy consumption.
Signature of person determining compliance:
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Proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings (Advisory Public Review Draft) Compliance Form - Standard 100 Section 8 Energy Audit Requirements End Use Analysis Requirements - Level 2 Complete the following tables OR attach a report summarizing same (such as DOE-2 BEPS) Add Additional sheets as necessary for other fuel sources. Electric End Uses (list base case energy use estimates of all end uses that comprise > 5% of annual site use) Base Case Consumption Estimate [kwh] End Use Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Historical Annual Electricity Consumption Compute % of historical
Fuel or Other End Uses (list base case energy use estimates of all identified EEMs) Base Case Consumption Estimate [kBTU]
% of total
End Use Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Historical Annual Fuel/Other Consumption (kBTU) Compute % of historical
% of total
We affirm that: All end uses that comprise > 5% of the annual historical energy use are included in this analysis The total energy use of base case energy use is between 90% and 100% of historical consumption. The same base case energy use was used to determine estimated energy savings for the site.
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Building Type Code Energy Use Target Pre-audit Building Energy Use Intensity (EUI) Building Gross Square Footage Annual Energy Savings (Identified EEMs) Adjusted Energy Use Intensity (EUIadj) Confirm that EUIadj < Energy Use Target prior to implementation (total energy savings of optimized bundle, expressed in same units as EUI) (from compliance section)
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INFORMATIVE ANNEX D
Energy Efficiency Measures 1. Building Envelope 1.1. Walls 1.1.1. Insulate walls. Retrofit insulation can be external and internal. 1.1.1.1. External post insulation makes large savings possible, as this type of insulation contributes not only to a reduction of the heat loss through large wall surfaces, but also eliminates the traditional thermal bridges where floor and internal wall are anchored in the exterior wall. 1.1.1.2. Internal insulation is typically done when external insulation is not allowed (e.g., for historical buildings). 1.1.2. Insulate cavity walls using spray-in insulation. 1.1.3. Consider converting internal courtyard into an atrium to reduce external wall surface. 1.2. Roofs 1.2.1. Use cool roof (high-reflectance roofing material) with reroofing projects. 1.2.2. Determine roof insulation values and recommend roof insulation as appropriate. 1.2.3. Insulate ceilings and roofs using spray-on insulation. 1.2.4. Where appropriate, exhaust hot air from attics. 1.3. Floors 1.3.1. Insulate floors. 1.3.2. Insulate floors using spray-on insulation. 1.3.3. Insulate basement wall with a slab over unheated basement. 1.4. Windows 1.4.1. Replace single-pane and leaky windows with thermal/ operable windows to minimize cooling and heating loss. 1.4.2. Install exterior shading such as blinds or awnings to cut down on heat loss and to reduce heat gain. 1.4.3. Install storm windows and multiple glazed windows. 1.4.4. Use tinted or reflective glazing or solar films. 1.4.5. Adopt weatherization/fenestration improvements. 1.4.6. Consider replacing exterior windows with insulated glass block when visibility is not required but light is required.
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1.4.7. Landscape/plant trees to create shade and reduce air-conditioning loads. 1.5. Doors 1.5.1. Prevent heat loss through doors by draft sealing and thermal insulation. 1.5.2. Install automatic doors, air curtains, or strip doors at high-traffic passages between conditioned and unconditioned spaces. 1.5.3. Use self-closing or revolving doors and vestibules if possible. 1.5.4. Install high-speed doors between heated/cooled building space and unconditioned space in the areas with high-traffic passages. 1.6. Install separate smaller doors for people near the area of large vehicle doors Air Leakage (see Appendix E) 1.6.1. Seal top and bottom of building. 1.6.2. Seal vertical shafts, stairways, outside walls and openings. 1.6.3. Compartmentalize garage doors, mechanical and vented internal and specialpurpose rooms. 1.7. Moisture Penetration 1.7.1. Reduce air leakage. 1.7.2. Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings and roofs. 2. HVAC Systems 2.1. Ventilation 2.1.1. Reduce HVAC system(s) outdoor air flow rates when possible. Minimum outdoor air flow rates should comply with ASHRAE 62.1 or local code requirements. 2.1.2. Reduce minimum flow settings in single-duct and dual-duct VAV terminals as low as practical to meet ventilation requirements. 2.1.3. Minimize exhaust and makeup (ventilation) rates when possible by complying with the most stringent federal, state, and/or local code requirements. 2.1.4. Use operable windows for ventilation during mild weather, when available (Natural Ventilation) when outdoor conditions are optimal. Confirm that the facility has been designed for Natural Ventilation and the control strategies are available to operate the facility in the natural ventilation mode. 2.1.5. Eliminate outside air ventilation during unoccupied building morning warm-up. 2.1.6. Convert mixing air supply system into displacement ventilation system to create a temperature stratification in spaces with high ceilings and predominant cooling needs. 2.1.7. Consider replacement of all-air HVAC system with a combination of a dedicated outdoor air system coupled with radiant cooling and heating systems. 2.1.8. Convert constant volume central exhaust system into a demand-based controlled central exhaust system when possible.
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2.1.9. Convert HVAC systems to provide ventilation in accordance with ASHRAE 62.1 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure. Heating and Cooling Systems 2.2. HVAC Distribution Systems 2.2.1. Convert a constant air volume system ((CAV, including dual duct, multizone, and constant volume reheat systems) into a variable air volume system (VAV) with variable speed drives (VFDs) on fan motors. A VAV system is designed to deliver only the volume of air needed for conditioning the actual load. 2.2.2. Control VAV system VFD speed based on the static pressure needs in the system. Reset the static pressure set point dynamically, as low as is practical to meet the zone set points. 2.2.3. Reset VAV system supply air temperature set point when system is at minimum speed to provide adequate ventilation. 2.2.4. If conversion to VAV is impractical for CAV systems, reset supply air temperatures in response to load. Dynamically control heating duct temperatures as low as possible, and cooling duct temperatures as high as possible, while meeting the load. 2.2.5. Use high-efficiency fans and pumps; replace or trimming impellers of existing onesif they have excessive capacity relative to peak demand. 2.2.6. Install higher efficiency air filters/cleaners in HVAC system. Size ducts and select filter sizes for low face velocity to reduce pressure drop where available space permits. 2.2.7. Insulate HVAC ducts and pipes, particularly where they are outside the conditioned space. 2.2.8. Check for air leaks in HVAC duct systems, and seal ductwork as indicated. . 2.2.9. Rebalance ducting and piping systems. 2.2.10. Provide cooling effect by creating air movement with fans. 2.2.11. Select cooling coils with a face velocity of 300350 fpm (1.51.75 m/s) range to reduce the air pressure drop across the cooling coil, and increase the chilled water system temperature differential across the system. 2.2.12. Replace standard fan belts with fan belts designed for minimum energy losses, such as cog belts. 2.2.13. Eliminate or downsize existing HVAC equipment in an existing building or group of buildings when improvements in building envelope, reductions in lighting or plug loads, and other EEMs that reduce cooling or heating loads have been implemented. 2.2.14. Eliminate HVAC usage in vestibules and unoccupied spaces. 2.2.15. Minimize direct cooling/heating of unoccupied areas by system zone controls, occupancy sensors or by turning off fan coil units and unit heaters 2.2.16. Replace forced-air heaters with low- or medium-temperature hydronic radiant heaters.
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2.2.17. Replace inefficient window air conditioners with high efficiency (i.e. high SEER rating) modular units or central systems. 2.2.18. Employ heat recovery from exhaust air and processes for pre-heating or precooling incoming outdoor air, or supply air. 2.2.19. Install transpired air heating collector (solar wall) for ventilation air preheating. 2.2.20. Modify controls and/or systems to implement night pre-cooling to reduce cooling energy consumption the following day. 2.2.21. Use waste heat (e.g., hot gas, return air heat, return hot water) as an energy source for reheating for humidity control (often air is cooled to dewpoint to remove moisture and then must be reheated to desired temperature and humidity). 2.2.22. Avoid temperature stratification with heating, either by proper air supply system design or by using temperature destratifiers (e.g. ceiling fans). 2.2.23. In humid climates, supply air with a temperature above the dew point to prevent condensation on cold surfaces. 2.2.24. Insulate fan-coil units and avoid their installation in unconditioned spaces. 2.2.25. Clean heat exchangers (to maintain heat exchange efficiency) in the evaporators and condensers of refrigeration equipment on a seasonal basis. 2.2.26. Use high efficiency dehumidification systems based on either dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) or variable air volume (VAV). 2.2.27. Identify if there are any rogue zones (i.e. zones that determine the cooling or heating demand on the entire system) in a multiple-zone air-handling system, and modify them to eliminate their negative impact. 2.2.28. Modify supply duct systems to eliminate duct configurations that impose high friction losses on the system. 2.2.29. Retrofit multiple-zone VAV systems with DDC controllers at the zone level, and implement supply air duct pressure reset to reduce supply air duct pressure until al least one zone damper is nearly wide open. 2.2.30. Eliminate duplicative zone controls (e.g. multiple thermostats serving a single zone with independent controls) 2.2.31. Convert 3-pipe heating/cooling distribution systems to 4-pipe or 2-pipe systems. Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling through mixed returns. 2.2.32. Convert steam or compressed air humidifiers to ultrasonic or high pressure humidifiers. 2.2.33. Replace mechanical dehumidification with desiccant systems using heat-recovery regeneration. 2.2.34. Consider small unitary systems for small zones with long or continuous occupancy. Avoid running large distribution systems to meet needs of small, continuously-occupied spaces.
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2.2.35. Install thermostatic control valves on uncontrolled or manually-controlled radiators. 2.2.36. Replace unitary systems with newer units with high efficiency and high SEER ratings 2.2.37. Install evaporative pre-cooling for DX systems 2.2.38. Install or air-side heat recovery for systems using 100% makeup air (e.g. runaround piping or energy exchange wheels). 2.3. Building Automation and Control Systems 2.3.1. Create building/air-conditioned space zones with separate controls to suit solar exposure and occupancy. 2.3.2. Use night setback, or turn off HVAC equipment when building is unoccupied. 2.3.3. Install occupancy sensors with VAV system: set back temperatures and shut off boxes. 2.3.4. Install system controls to reduce cooling/heating of unoccupied space. 2.3.5. Lower heating and raise cooling temperature setpoints to match ASHRAE Standard 55 Comfort Range 2.3.6. Install an economizer cycle with enthalpy switchover 2.3.7. Schedule off-hour meetings in a location that does not require HVAC in the entire facility. 2.3.8. Adjust hot water and chilled water temperature to develop peak-shaving strategies based on an outside air temperature reset schedule. 2.3.9. Adjust housekeeping schedule to minimize HVAC use. 2.3.10. Install programmable zone thermostats with appropriate deadbands. 2.3.11. Use variable speed drives and direct digital controls on water circulation pump and fan motors and controls. 2.3.12. Reduce operating hours of complementing heating and cooling systems Ensure proper location of thermostat to provide balanced space conditioning. 2.3.13. Implement an energy management system (EMS) designed to optimize and adjust HVAC operations based on environmental conditions, changing uses, and timing. 3. Refrigeration 3.1. Reduce Loads 3.1.1. Install strip curtains or automatic fast open & close doors on refrigerated space doorways. 3.1.2. Replace open refrigerated cases with reach-in refrigerated cases. 3.1.3. Replace old refrigerated cases with new high-efficiency models (improved glazing, insulation, higher efficiency motors, reduced anti-sweat requirements) 3.1.4. Replace worn door gaskets
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3.1.5. Replace broken or missing auto-door closers 3.1.6. Check defrost schedules and avoid excessive defrost 3.1.7. Repair/install refrigeration piping insulation on suction lines 3.1.8. Install humidity responsive anti-sweat heating (ASH) controls on refrigerated case doors. 3.1.9. Install refrigerated case, walk-in or storage space lighting controls (scheduled and/or occupancy sensors) 3.1.10. Install night covers to reduce infiltration in open cases 3.1.11. Install low/no ASH refrigerated case doors 3.1.12. Replace lights with LED strip lights with motion sensors in refrigerated cases and spaces. 3.1.13. Increase insulation on walk-in boxes and storage spaces that have visible moisture or ice on walls, corners, etc. 3.2. Improve system operating efficiency 3.2.1. Clean condenser coils 3.2.2. Check the refrigerant charge and add when needed. 3.2.3. Reclaim heat from hot gas line for domestic water heating or space heating 3.2.4. Install floating head pressure controls, adjustable head pressure control valve and balanced port expansion valves for DX systems. 3.2.5. Install floating suction pressure controls on DX systems. 3.2.6. Install evaporator fan motor variable speed drives and controllers in walk-ins and refrigerated storage spaces. 3.2.7. Replace single-phase, less than 1 HP evaporator fan motors with electrically commutated motors. 3.2.8. Replace 3-phase evaporator and condenser motors with premium efficiency motors. 3.2.9. Replace single compressor systems with multiplex systems and control system. 3.2.10. Install mechanical sub-cooling. 3.2.11. Install mechanical unloaders on appropriate multi-plex reciprocating semihermetic compressors 3.2.12. Install VFD on ammonia screw compressor 3.2.13. Install high specific efficiency (BTU/watt) condenser 3.2.14. Install hybrid air-cooled/evaporative-cooled condenser 4. Water Systems 4.1. Domestic Hot Water Systems 4.1.1. Lower domestic water setpoint temperatures to 120 F 4.1.2. Install point of use water heaters. 4.1.3. Install water heater blankets on water heaters. 4.1.4. Install automatic flue dampers on fuel-fired water heaters
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4.1.5. Insulate hot water pipes. 4.1.6. Use heat pump water heaters. 4.1.7. Reclaim heat from waste water, refrigeration system, cogeneration, or chillers. 4.1.8. Install solar heating where applicable. 4.1.9. Dishwashers, replacement: Install low-temperature dishwashers that sanitize primarily through chemical agents rather than high water temperatures. 4.1.10. Dishwashers, retrofit: Install electric eye or sensor systems in conveyor-type machines so that the presence of dishes moving along the conveyor activates the water flow. 4.1.11. Reduce operating hours for water heating systems. 4.1.12. Install gray water heat recovery from showers, dishwashers, washing machines. 4.1.13. Install low flow dishwashing pre-wash spray nozzles 4.1.14. Replace out-dated laundry equipment with newer models 4.2. Water Conservation 4.2.1. Replace faucet (with units that have infrared sensors or automatic shutoff). 4.2.2. Install water flow restrictors on shower heads and faucets. 4.2.3. Install covers on swimming pools and tanks. 4.2.4. Install devices to save hot water by pumping water in the distribution lines back to the water heater so hot water is not wasted. Install industrial waste/sewage metering. 4.2.5. Install water metering. 4.2.6. Landscape irrigation: Install irrigation timers to schedule sprinkler use to offpeak, night, or early morning hours, when water rates are cheaper and water used is less likely to evaporate. 4.2.7. Landscape irrigation: Use low-flow sprinkler heads instead of turf sprinklers in areas with plants, trees, and shrubs. 4.2.8. Landscape irrigation: Use sprinkler controls employing soil tensiometers or electric moisture sensors to help determine when soil is dry and to gauge the amount of water needed. 4.2.9. Landscape irrigation: Use trickle or subsurface drip irrigation systems that provide water directly to turf roots, preventing water loss by evaporation and runoff. 4.2.10. Install low-flow toilets and waterless urinals 4.2.11. Use water reclamation techniques. 5. Energy Generation and Distribution 5.1. Boiler System 5.1.1. Install air-atomizing and low NOx burners for oil-fired boiler systems. 5.1.2. Install automatic boiler blow-down control. 5.1.3. Install flue gas analyzers for boilers. 5.1.4. Install an automatic flue damper to close the flue when not firing.
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5.1.5. Install turbulators to improve heat transfer efficiency in older fire tube boilers. 5.1.6. Install lowexcess air burners. 5.1.7. Install condensing economizers. 5.1.8. Install electric ignitions instead of pilot lights. 5.1.9. Install an automatic combustion control system to monitor the combustion of exit gases and adjust the fuel-air ratio to reduce excess combustion air. 5.1.10. Install isolation valves to isolate offline boilers. 5.1.11. Maintain insulation on heat distribution system. Replace insulation after the system repair and repair damaged insulation. 5.1.12. Provide proper water treatment to reduce fouling. 5.1.13. Replace central plant with distributed satellite systems. 5.1.14. Downsize boilers with optimum burner size and forced draft (FD) fans. 5.1.15. Operate boilers at their peak efficiency; shut down large boilers during summer and use smaller boilers. 5.1.16. Install expansion tank on hot water systems that are properly sized for the system. 5.1.17. Heat recovery through de-superheating. 5.1.18. Preheat combustion air, feed water, or fuel oil with reclaimed waste heat from boiler blowdown and/or flue gases. 5.1.19. Boilers: Install automatic controls to treat boiler makeup water. 5.1.20. Adjust boilers and air conditioner controls so that boilers do not fire and compressors do not start at the same time, but satisfy demand. 5.1.21. Clean boiler surfaces regularly to reduce scale and deposit which will improve heat transfer. 5.1.22. Replace non-condensing boilers with condensing boilers (1520% compared to new standard). 5.1.23. Prevent dumping steam condensate to drain. 5.1.24. Survey and fix steam/hot water/condensate leaks and failed steam traps. 5.1.25. Convert steam system to low-temperature sliding temperature hot water system. Install complementing steam boilers where needed. 5.1.26. Improve boiler insulation. It is possible to use new materials that insulate better and have lower heat capacity. 5.1.27. Check steam trap sizes to verify they are adequately sized to provide proper condensate removal. 5.1.28. Consider opportunities for flash steam use in low-temperature processes. 5.1.29. Consider pressuring atmospheric condensate return systems to minimize flash losses. 5.1.30. Consider relocation or conversion of remote equipment such as steam-heated storage.
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5.1.31. Evaluate potential for cogeneration in multi-pressure steam systems presently using large pressure-reducing valves. 5.1.32. Install steam metering and monitoring systems. 5.1.33. Investigate economics of adding insulation on presently insulated or uninsulated lines. 5.1.34. Review mechanical standby turbines presently left in the idling mode. 5.1.35. Review operation of steam systems used only for occasional services, such as winter-only tracing lines. 5.1.36. Review pressure-level requirements of steam-driven mechanical equipment to consider using lower exhaust pressure levels. 5.1.37. Survey condensate presently being discharged to waste drains for feasibility of reclaim or heat recovery. 5.1.38. Reduce boiler operating pressure to minimize heat losses through leakage. 5.2. Chiller System 5.2.1. Chiller retrofits with equipment that has high efficiency at full and part load. 5.2.2. Cooling tower retrofits including high-efficiency fill, VSD fans, fiberglass fans, hyperbolic stack extensions, fan controls, VSD pump drives, and improved distribution nozzles. 5.2.3. Install economizer cooling systems (HX between cooling tower loop and chilled water loop before the chiller. 5.2.4. InInstall evaporative-cooled evaporative pre-cooled or water-cooled condensers in place of air-cooled condensers. 5.2.5. Isolate offline chillers and cooling towers. 5.2.6. Reduce over-pumping on chilled water systems. 5.2.7. Replace single compressor with multiple different-size staged compressors. 5.2.8. Install two-speed, mechanical unloading or VFD on compressor motors. 5.2.9. Use of absorption chiller when there is cogen system, waste heat or solar thermal available. 5.2.10. Install double-bundle chillers for heat recovery. 5.2.11. Free cooling cycle by piping chilled water to condenser during cold weather. 5.2.12. Prevent chilled water or condenser water flowing through the offline chiller. Chillers can be isolated by turning off pumps and closing valves. 5.2.13. Equipment cooling: Control makeup water and reduce blowdown by adding temperature control valves to cooling water discharge lines in equipment such as air compressors and refrigeration systems. 5.2.14. Evaporative cooling systems: Install drift eliminators or repair existing equipment.
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5.2.15. Evaporative cooling systems: Install softeners for makeup water, side-stream filtration (including nano-filtration, a form of low-pressure reverse osmosis), and side stream injection of ozone. 5.2.16. Evaporative cooling systems: Install sub-meters for makeup water and bleed-off water for equipment such as cooling towers that use large volumes of water. 5.2.17. Evaporative cooling systems control cooling tower bleed off based on conductivity by allowing bleed off within a high and narrow conductivity range. This will achieve high cycles of concentration in the cooling system and reduce water use in cooling tower. 5.2.18. Clean evaporator and condenser surfaces of fouling. 5.2.19. Optimize plant controls to raise evaporator temperature as high as possible while meeting loads of the system. Also optimize condenser water temperature control to achieve best combination of chiller and tower efficiency. 5.2.20. Optimize multiple chiller sequencing. 5.2.21. Control crankcase heaters off when not needed. 5.2.22. 5.2.23. Raise evaporator or lower condenser water temperature. 5.2.24. Optimize multiple chiller sequencing. 5.2.25. Use two-speed or variable-speed fan instead of water bypass to modulate the cooling tower capacity. 5.2.26. Balance water flow in the chilled water system. 5.2.27. Use variable frequency drives (VFDs) for the primary chilled water pumps above 5 HP (3.7 kW). Consult chiller and tower manufacturers specifications to set appropriate minimum flow limits. 5.2.28. Apply cooling loadbased optimization strategies 5.2.29. Install water source heat pumps (WSHPs) to augment the capacity of the hot water boiler and to reduce the cooling load on the existing chiller systems when heat is required. 5.2.30. 5.2.31. Trim impellars on all condenser water and chilled water pumps that are oversized. 5.2.32. Replace all pump and fan motors with premium efficiency motors. 5.3. 4.4 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps 5.3.1. Install cool storage to reduce peak demand and lower electric bills. 5.3.2. Install hot water storage to shave peaks of hot water usage or to store reclaimed energy from combined heat and power systems or waste heat from chillers for later use. 5.3.3. Install add-on heat pumps.
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5.3.4. Install secondary pumping systems. 5.3.5. Install VFDs on secondary pumps and replace most 3-way valves with 2-way valves. 5.3.6. With cool storage and VFDs on fans and pumps, consider use of low temperature chilled water to reduce fan and pump energy. 5.3.7. Replace air conditioning and heating units with heat pumps. Consider geothermal heat pumps. 5.3.8. Electric heater replacement on standby generators with a heat pump. 5.3.9. Replace electric water heaters with heat pump water heaters.
6. Non-residential Lighting 6.1. General 6.1.1. Check the current Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommended light levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than when the original lighting system was designed. Use these current recommended light levels to help shape all future lighting decisions including those enumerated here. 6.2. Daylighting 6.2.1. Replace existing fenestration (toplighting and/or sidelighting) with dual-glazed low-e glass wherever possible to reduce thermal gain. 6.2.2. Evaluate opportunities for daylight harvesting. Measure light levels on a day with a clear sky both with the electric lighting turn on and turned off. If daylighting provides sufficient light level then install dimming controls (and appropriate ballasts if the lighting system is fluorescent or HID) to reduce the use of electric lighting. See ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Section 3.2 for definition of daylighted areas. [should we include it in our definitions?] 6.2.3. Install interior and/or exterior shading as appropriate to reduce solar heat gain and cut down on heat loss. 6.3. Luminaire Upgrades 6.3.1. Replace incandescent lamps in existing luminaires with more efficacious sources such as halogen, integrally ballasted compact fluorescent, solid state (LED), or metal halide retrofit lamps. Alternatively, replace incandescent and halogen luminaires with luminaires using these sources. 6.3.2. Upgrade T12 fluorescent luminaires with more efficacious sources such as highperformance T8 or T5 systems by: i) replacing lamps and ballasts, ii) utilizing luminaire up-grade kits, or iii) installing new luminaires. 6.3.3. If the lighting system is already a high-performance fluorescent system, consider replacing the lamps with reduced wattage lamps (where appropriate). 6.3.4. For fluorescent lighting, install high-performance electronic ballasts that are multi-level or continuously dimmable with the appropriate controls.
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6.3.5. Replace mercury vapor or probe-start metal halide HID luminaires with pulse start metal halide or high-performance T8 or T5 fluorescent luminaires. 6.3.6. Upgrade task and display lighting, including lighting in refrigeration and freezer cases, to more efficacious sources such as LED. 6.4. Signage 6.4.1. Evaluate upgrading standard fluorescent or neon signage with more efficacious sources such as high-performance T8 or T5 fluorescent systems or solid state (LED) systems. 6.4.2. Upgrade all exit signs to solid state (LED) exit signs. Supplemental lighting may need to be added if the existing exit sign also provided general lighting. 6.5. Lighting controls 6.5.1. Reduced lighting usage through management and controlled systems in general, consider bringing the lighting control protocols for the building up to 90.1-2010 (Section 9.4.1) standards; this includes the following. 6.5.1.1. Reduce operating hours for lighting systems through the use of controls and building management systems. This includes the use of shut-off controls such as timeclocks. 6.5.1.2. Use reduced lighting levels, including off, when spaces are unoccupied, during nighttime hours, for restocking, cleaning and security. Whenever possible move restocking and cleaning operations to daytime. 6.5.1.3. Use occupancy, vacancy, or motion sensors. Wherever applicable, these sensors should either be manual-on or turn lighting on to no more than 50% of lighting power. 6.5.1.4. Use controls to allow for multi-level or dimming control of the lighting in the appropriate spaces. [find a reference for appropriate space types] 6.5.2. Re-circuit or re-zone lighting to allow personnel to only turn on zones based on use rather than operating the entire lighting system. 6.5.3. Install personal lighting controls so individual occupants can vary the light levels within their spaces. 6.5.4. Consider installation of lighting systems that facilitate load shed requests from the electric utility or energy aggregator. 6.5.5. Evaluate turning emergency lighting off or to a lower level when a building or portion of a building is completely unoccupied without sacrificing safety requirements. Exterior Lighting 6.6. 6.6.1. Use automatic controls that can reduce outdoor lighting levels or turn them off when either sufficient daylight is available or when not needed. 6.6.2. Reduce power levels or turn exterior signage off when appropriate.
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6.6.3. When selecting new outdoor luminaires, consider the amount of backlight, uplight and glare delivered by each luminaire type to improve functionality and minimize environmental impact. See the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) TM-15. Luminaire Layout 6.7. 6.7.1. Consider using lower levels of general illumination overall and then supplement with task lighting where needed. 6.7.2. Consider new layouts that may maximize efficiency and reduce the total connected lighting load. Consider plug and play systems to provide flexibility as space use changes. 6.8. Other 6.8.1. Implement a plan to recycle lamps, ballasts and luminaires removed from the building.
7. Residential Lighting 7.1 General 7.1.1 Replace incandescent lamps with halogen, integrally ballasted compact fluorescent or solid state (LED) retrofit lamps in existing luminaires. 7.1.2 Select lamps that deliver the appropriate color temperature of light. Color temperature indicates the color appearance of the light produced by the lamp. Halogen lamps are a more energy efficient form of incandescent technology and will deliver light similar to incandescent lamps. Linear fluorescent, compact fluorescent and solid state (LED) lamps are available in a variety of color temperatures. Lamps with color temperatures of 2700K and 3000K will deliver the most incandescent-like light. Lamps with a color temperature of 3500K deliver a neutral, white light. Lamps with color temperatures of 4000K and higher will deliver cooler, white light; the higher the color temperature number, the cooler the light. 7.1.3 Select lamps appropriate for use in enclosed luminaires, outdoor applications, cold temperature applications and with dimming controls. Check the packaging or manufacturer's website for guidance. 71.4 Utilize energy efficient technologies such as fluorescent, compact fluorescent or solid state (LED) in applications with the longest operating times. 7.1.5 Use a whole-home lighting control system [MJ to add more here] 7.2 Interior 7.2.1 Replace "on/off" switches with dimming controls appropriate for the light source. 7.2.2 Upgrade T12 fluorescent luminaires to high-efficiency T8 or T5 systems by replacing lamps and ballasts or installing new luminaires. Ballasts should be FCC rated for residential use. 7.2.3 Evaluate replacing incandescent and halogen luminaires with dedicated compact fluorescent or solid state (LED) luminaires. 7.2.4 When replacing fluorescent ballasts or installing new fluorescent luminaires, evaluate using electronic, dimming ballasts with the appropriate dimming controls. 7.2.5 Evaluate adding daylight sensing controls for general illumination lighting in rooms with windows or skylights. Use in combination with dimming systems so the electric light level can be adjusted based on the amount of daylight available.
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7.2.6 Install vacancy sensors to automatically turn off lighting in closets, storage, work rooms, garages and exterior buildings when the space has been vacated for 15 minutes. 7.2.7 Add task lighting that utilizes energy efficient technologies such as fluorescent and solid state (LED) and reduce or eliminate overhead lighting. 7.3 Exterior 7.3.1 Install time clocks and/or motion sensors to control outdoor lighting. 8. Electric Systems, Motors 8.1. 8.2. Install energy-efficient transformers. Use infrared camera to indentify high-heat-loss transformers. 8.3. Install electrical meters for sub-metering lighting, elevators, plug loads and HVAC equipment. 8.4. 8.5. Reduce demand charges through load shedding, operational changes, and procedural changes. 8.6. Replace oversized electric motors with right-sized or slightly over-sized motors. 8.7. Replace existing 3-phase, 1 HP and greater electric motors with premium-efficiency motors (often a better choice than rewinding motors). 8.8. Replace existing 1-phase, 1Hp and less motors with electrically-commutated motors.
9. Appliances 9.1. Install appliances (clothes washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, freezers, refrigerators, room air cleaners and purifiers, office equipment, and televisions ) that are certified as Energy Star compliant. 9.2. Reduce plug loads, using devices to shut off equipment not being used (use occupancy sensors or timers). 9.3. Install vending machine controllers.
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INFORMATIVE ANNEX E
Standard 100 Revision Flow Chart
Standard 100 Seek Compliance
Compliance Requirements Section 4
Implement Mandatory Operations and Maintenance Section 6
Complete Compliance Forms for Buildings with Targets Section 4
Standard 100 Compliance
Complete Compliance Forms for Buildings w/o Targets Section 4
Verify Energy Savings Section 8
YES
Savings meet Target?
Identify Building Type, Climate Zone and Collect Energy Use Data, Section 5
YES Does Building Meet Energy Target? Sect. 5 NO Prioritize, Implement & Commission EEMs Section 8
Prioritize, Implement & Commission EEMs Section 8
Standard 100 Non-Compliance
Is there a Target for Building type? Section 5
Conduct Energy Audit Section 7 YES NO Conduct Energy Audit Section 7
NO
Copyright ASHRAE 04-23-2010

This is a working draft document intended for review only by the cognizant ASHRAE groups and other designated reviewers and is not for distribution to any private interests, individuals or third parties that are not designated as ASHRAE reviewers for this document. This document may not be distributed whole or in part in either paper or electronic form outside of the PC without the express permission of the MOS and shall include a statement indicating such. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this draft document does not constitute endorsement, warranty or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims such.
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INFORMATIVE ANNEX F
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INFORMATIVE ANNEX G Simple Payback and Life Cycle Cost Analysis

General For small buildings, and efficiency improvement measure with a payback period of under three years, simple payback period is probably adequate to make decisions. For Federal Buildings and for larger buildings or buildings with longer payback periods, more sophisticated financial analyses are advisable. Life cycle costing (LCC) is used to evaluate the total cost of ownership of energy efficiency measures. LCC accounts for factors such as the time value of money, escalation of energy costs over time, annual maintenance costs, component replacement costs and the useful life of the equipment. Other factors that may also be considered include temporary disruption of building operations. Simple Payback Simple Payback can best be described by the equation:
Simple Payback Period = Total Project Cost/Annual Changes in Cash Flow Annual changes in cash flow typically reflect the energy savings resulting from the energy efficiency measure under consideration.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Life cycle cost analysis provides a means to establish the worth of a particular project and is generally required to appropriately allocate limited funding. In line with typical capital investment considerations, the future benefit of investment should outweigh the initial cost. The evaluation tool which yields the most comprehensive analysis is called Life Cycle Cost Analysis which takes all capital, energy and operating costs into account over the useful life of a facility or EEM .
Life cycle cost analysis should follow the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Life Cycle Cost Manual or the Building Life Cycle Cost (BLCC) computer program. Both can be accessed from the FEMP web site www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/lifecycle.html
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INFORMATIVE ANNEX H Building Energy Modeling

General For larger more complex buildings computerized Energy Modeling can be a valuable tool in simulating the annual energy use of a building and in analyzing alternative Energy Efficiency Measures or for Optimizing Energy Efficiency Bundles. The tool can also help prioritize investment strategies and identify the most cost effective measures.
Data from the existing building can be used to develop the baseline Reference Building Model and that model validated against current annual utility costs. The validated model can then be modified to reflect proposed Energy Efficiency Measures either individually or collectively in order to create the Proposed Building Model. Unless specifically impacted by the proposed EEMs, the Proposed Building Model should be identical to the Reference Building Model for all elements including building classification, location, utility rate structure, annual weather data, design day weather data, internal design conditions - summer and winter, form, shape, orientation, envelope, infiltration, interior lighting, HVAC Systems, ventilation requirements, receptacle load, process loads, occupancy and operating schedule. The models can be documented by reports generated by the modeling software by manually completing the compliance forms from the Standard 90.1 2007 Users Manual or on equivalent forms. Simulation software varies in sophistication and detail, from the quick view programs such as eQuest (DOE-2) www.doe2.com BLAST, or manufacturers software such as HAP, or Trace. More complex analysis can be achieved using programs like Energy Plus. The list of approved software is available from DOE at www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/qualified_software/ . The Standard 90.1 Users Manual compliance forms can be downloaded from ASHRAE at www.ashrae.or/technology. Utility rate structures and tariffs are published by the Energy Information Agency www.eia.doe.gov/ The energy simulations of the Reference Building and the Proposed Building Models must use the same annual hourly weather file and that file must represent a typical weather year for the current building location. The weather file should be selected from the climate zone that most closely represents the typical weather conditions at that location. Many simulation programs provide specially formatted versions of the TMY2 or other similar weather files for use with their programs. Sources of typical weather year files are listed below.
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Versions 2004, 2007 and 2010) provides background modeling and simulation guidance in Appendix G Performance Rating Method. Energy Model shall be developed by qualified professionals, meeting the minimum eligibility requirements under the ASHRAE Building Modeling Certification Program.
83

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Proposed ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2006R

Advisory Public Review Draft

Building Energy Use

5 ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Establishing the Energy Management Plan

Building Energy Monitoring

Figure 5-1 Net Energy Use Concept

6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 6.2.8

6.3 6.3.1 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.2 6.3.2.1

6.4.1.5 6.4.1.6 6.4.1.7

6.4.4.10 Terminal systems

6.5.2.1 6.5.2.2 6.5.2.3 6.5.2.4 6.5.2.5 6.5.3 6.5.4

Walk-in Coolers and Freezers

6.5.5.1 6.5.5.2 6.5.5.3 6.5.5.4 6.5.5.5 6.5.5.6 6.5.6

6.5.6.1 6.5.6.2 6.5.6.3 6.5.6.4 6.5.7

6.5.7.1 6.5.7.2 6.5.7.3 6.5.7.4 6.5.7.5

6.7.3.5 6.7.3.6 6.7.3.7 6.7.3.8 6.7.3.9

Direct digital controls (DDC) (including electronic sensors and actuators)

6.8.3 6.8.4 6.8.5

7 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS AND TARGET REQUIREMENTS

Table 7.2. Energy Use Intensity Targets

Table 7.3 EUI Multipliers for Different Operating Shifts

8 ENERGY AUDIT REQUIREMENTS

9 IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

c. Implementation and Commissioning of EEMs. EEMs shall be implemented and

Verification of Compliance: Completion of Section 4 Compliance Forms

1 year after completion of all EEMs

Five years after validation of compliance

Name of Any Additional Person or Persons Establishing Compliance

Street Address City Telephone No. State Zip Code

Have the Energy Management requirements of Section 5 been met? [ ] Yes [ ] No

Signature of person or persons determining compliance: ______________________________________ Date:__________________

Form 7.1. Building Characteristics

Percent floor area

Percent floor area

Form 7.2 Energy Use Reporting

Energy Delivered to Site

Energy Use Numerical Value (during the 12 months period)

Conversion multiplier to kBTU (kWh)

Energy, kBTU (kWh)

Energy Exported from Site

BASIC BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

Retail Hotel / Motel

Motel (No Food) Hotel Hotel / Convention Other Define_______________

General Occupancy Seniors Only Dorm / Fraternity / Sorority Other Define_______________ 57

Service / Repair Sales Other Define_______________

Jail / Penitentiary Fire / Police Station

kBtu/ft2-yr (kWh/m2*yr) kBtu/ft2-yr (kWh/m2*yr) $/ft2-yr ($/m2*yr)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TOTALS (Recommended Measures)

Signature of person determining compliance:

Signature of person determining compliance:

Compliance Requirements Section 4

Implement Mandatory Operations and Maintenance Section 6

Complete Compliance Forms for Buildings with Targets Section 4

Standard 100 Compliance

Complete Compliance Forms for Buildings w/o Targets Section 4

Verify Energy Savings Section 8

Savings meet Target?

Prioritize, Implement & Commission EEMs Section 8

Standard 100 Non-Compliance

Is there a Target for Building type? Section 5

Signature of person or persons determining compliance: ____________________ Date:

kBtu/ft2-yr (kWh/m2yr) kBtu/ft2-yr (kWh/m2yr) $/ft2-yr ($/m2*yr)