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Objectives
Identify the role of the Network Layer, as it describes communication from one end device to another end device Examine the most common Network Layer protocol, Internet Protocol (IP), and its features for providing connectionless and best-effort service Understand the principles used to guide the division or grouping of devices into networks Understand the hierarchical addressing of devices and how this allows communication between networks Understand the fundamentals of routes, next hop addresses and packet forwarding to a destination network
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Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
IPv4
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, written in dotted decimal, and separated by periods.
5.1.1.1
The Network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.
Layer 3 uses 4 basic processes: 1.Addressing 2.Encapsulation 3.Routing Communication between The role of the router isrouting to select networks is called paths for and direct packets toward their destination. This process is known as routing. 4.Decapsulation
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Each route that a packet takes to reach the next device is called a hop. As the packet is forwarded, its contents (the Transport layer PDU), remain intact until the destination host is reached.
Compare role between Layer 3,4 Transport layer (OSI Layer 4): manages
the data transport between the processes running on each end host Network layer (OSI Layer 3): specify the packet structure and processing used to carry the data from one host to another host
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Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) AppleTalk Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
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5.1.2
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In a reliable protocol, the receiver confirms (ACK) the packet its received. Example: TCP.
In a best effort or non-reliable protocol, the receiver keeps silent instead. Example: IP, UDP.
Protocol: I do not have the mechanism to know if the packet is received. Sender: Ive sent the packet #n. Receiver: I keep silence upon receiving packets.
This is a classification of networking protocols. Non-reliable does not mean inaccurately data delivery.
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The routing performed by these intermediary devices only considers the contents of the packet header that encapsulates the segment.
5.1.6
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RFC 791
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Extra: Flags
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Extra: Protocols
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8 bits Specifies the level of importance that has been assigned by upper-layer protocol
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16 bits Specifies the length of the entire packet in bytes, including data and header
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3 bits The second bit specifies if the packet can be fragmented; the last
bit specifying whether the packet is the last fragment in a series of fragmented packets.
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Routing Loop ?
8 bits Specifies the number of hops a packet may travel. This
number is decreased by one as the packet travels through a router
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16 bits Helps ensure IP header integrity Not caculated for the encapsulation data
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Variable length Extra zeros are added to this field to ensure that the IP header is always a multiple of 32 bits.
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Networks can be grouped based on factors that include: Geographic location Purpose Geographic Ownership 5.2.1
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Improving Performance
5.2.2
Broadcast domain ?
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Lab 5.2.2
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5.2.3
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Address management: To expect each host to know the address of every other host would impose a processing burden on these network devices that would severely degrade their performance.
Hierarchical addressing
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If a large network has to be divided, additional layers of addressing can be created. Using hierarchical addressing means that the higher levels of the address are retained; with a subnetwork level and then the host level.
5.2.6
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Routing Protocols
Routing is an OSI Layer 3 function. Routing is the process of finding the most efficient path from one device to another.
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Each computer and router interface maintains an ARP table for Layer 2 communication. The ARP table is only effective for the broadcast domain (or LAN) that it is connected to MAC addresses are not logically organized, but IP addresses are organized in a hierarchical manner.
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Routed protocol: used at the network layer that transfer data from one host to another across a router. Routing protocols: allow routers to choose the best path for data from source to destination.
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Routing protocol
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Route command ?
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Routing table
Default route ?
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Default route
5.3.5.2
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Packet forwarding
5.3.7
Packet forwarding
5.3.7.1
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Packet forwarding
Using the Default Route 5.3.7.2
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Packet forwarding
5.3.7.3
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Lab 5.3.7.4
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Static Routing
5.4.2
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Dynamic Routing
5.4.3.1
Routing protocols are the set of rules by which routers dynamically share their routing information
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Lab 5.4.3.2
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Q&A
In a connectionless system:
The destination is not contacted before a packet is sent.
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Q&A
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Q&A
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Q&A
Q&A
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Q&A
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Q&A
Refer to the exhibit. All devices shown in the exhibit have factory default settings. How many broadcast domains are represented in the topology that is shown?
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Terminology
Broadcasts are contained within a network. In this context, a network is also known as a broadcast domain. For all other destinations, the hosts only need to know the address of an intermediary device, to which they send packets for all other destinations addresses. This intermediary device is called a gateway. The gateway is a router on a network that serves as an exit from that network. The number of bits of an address used as the network portion is called the prefix length. The router also needs a route that defines where to forward the packet next. This is called the next-hop address. If a route is available to the router, the router will forward the packet to the next-hop router that offers a path to the destination network. The default route is used when the destination network is not represented by any other route in the routing table. Hosts typically have an ARP table, which is a cache of IP/MAC address mappings. Hosts typically have an ARP table, which is a cache of IP/MAC address mappings. When you want to send a packet to a local host, your software looks up the IP in the ARP cache, gets the MAC address, constructs an Ethernet header with the correct source/destination MAC addresses, and sends that.
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Summary
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