EXPERIMENT 8

Determination of the Solubility Product Constant of Calcium Hydroxide

Cruz, S.M.M, Zaragosa, Z.G.C Institute of Chemistry, College of Science University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Abstract Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a sparingly soluble salt. It partially dissociates into calcium and hydroxide ions until it reaches equilibrium. In the equilibrium between the solid and its ions, a ratio between the activities of the products and that of the reactants forms and is called the solubility product. In the study, the solubility product and the factors affecting the solubility product were determined by titrating solutions with varying ionic strengths using hydrochloric acid in order to determine the amount of hydroxide ions dissociated from calcium hydroxide. The study yielded an increasing trend in the presence of diverse ions and yielded a smaller solubility product in the presence of a common ion. The study yielded an experimental value of 1.83x10-6 for the solubility product of calcium hydroxide in a deionized solution which has a 66.7% difference from the theoretical solubility product of calcium hydroxide. The study was successful qualitatively but quite a failure quantitatively due to deviations caused by different errors.
Keywords: Sparingly soluble, solubility product, diverse ions, common ion effect, deionized, titrating Introduction In a solution, the solute is defined as the substance being dissolved and the solvent is the one that dissolves the solute. The process involved in dissolving the solute in a solvent is known as dissolution. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given volume of a solvent is known as solubility. The solubility of a solute is a property resulting from the equilibrium between the rate of dissolution of the solute and its rate of crystallization. The dissolution and recrystallization of a hypothetical solid species (AmBn) can be written in an equilibrium reaction such that the solid species is in equilibrium with its constituent ions that are present in an aqueous solution (c.eqn.1). The equilibrium constant for this equilibrium reaction is known as the solubility product constant (Ksp). The solubility product of a reaction is the ratio of the product of the activities or simply the equilibrium concentration of the ions raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients and that of the solid species which is equal to unity or 1 (eqn.1). C.eqn.1 Eqn.1 Eqn.2 Precipitation of a solution can be predicted by using the solubility product constant and the reaction quotient (Qsp) which is the ratio of the product of the initial concentration of the ions and that of the solid species (eqn2). If Qsp > Ksp then precipitation will occur and the solution is said to be supersaturated. If Qsq = Ksp then the solution is saturated and the solution is already at equilibrium. And if Qsp < Ksp then the solution is unsaturated and precipitation will not occur. In order to determine the Ksp of a solid species (Ca(OH)2) , the equilibrium concentration of its constituent ions, OH- and Ca2+, must be known. The concentration of OH- can be determined by titrating it with an acid. Titration is the process of adding a titrant (the species in the burette) to an analyte (the species being analysed and is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask) in order to reach the equivalence point. The equivalence point occurs

when the number of moles of the acid is equal to that of the base which then results to a neutralization. By determining the volume of the acid used and its molarity, the number of moles of OH- can be determined and so as the equilibrium concentration which is also related to that of Ca2+. The Ksp of a solid species (AmBn) can be determined using the molar solubility and vice versa (eqn.3, eqn.4). Molar solubility (s) refers to the amount of the solid species that can be dissolved in a given volume of a solvent and it is equal to the equilibrium concentration of either one of its constituent ions divided by their respective stoichiometric coefficients. Eqn.3 Ksp = [xs]x[ys]y Eqn.4

1.0M Ca(NO3)2 solution in a 100mL beaker while stirring the solution. The resulting mixture was placed in a hot plate in order to heat the solution for 15 minutes. The resulting mixture was allowed to cool and the precipitate was allowed to settle. The resulting mixture was passed through a whatman filter paper in order to separate the precipitate from the supernate. The beaker used, along with the resulting precipitate in the filter paper, was first washed with water followed by ethanol. The solids left in the filter paper were allowed to dry up in the locker for 2 days. Solvent Preparation A 100mL 1.0M KCl was first prepared by weighing 7.45 grams of KCl and was first dissolved in about 20mL of water. The resulting mixture was placed in a 100mL volumetric flask and was diluted up to mark with distilled water and shook. A 100mL 0.1M KCl was then prepared by drawing a 10mL aliquot from the 1.0M KCl prepared previously. The 10mL aliquot was placed in a volumetric flask and was diluted up to mark with distilled water and shook. The 0.01M, and 0.001M were the same way as the 0.1M KCl was prepared. The 0.01M KCl was prepared by drawing a 10mL aliquot from the 0.1M KCl solution and 0.001M KCl was prepared by drawing a 10mL aliquot from the 0.01M KCl solution. The aliquot from the 0.1M KCl solution was placed in a 100mL volumetric flask and was diluted with water up to mark. From the resulting 0.01M KCl solution, a 10mL aliquot was drawn and was placed in a 100mL volumetric flask and diluted with distilled water and shook to produce a 100mL 0.001M KCl solution. A 100mL 0.5M KCl was also prepared by weighing 3.73 grams of KCl and was dissolved in about 20mL distilled water and was then placed in a 100mL volumetric flask and was diluted to mark. By serial dilution similar to the way the 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 M KCl solutions were prepared, the 0.05M and 0.005M KCl solutions were prepared.

The Ksp of a species is dependent on different factors. It is dependent on temperature, the presence of diverse ions in a solution, the presence of common ions in the solution, and on the ionic strength of the solution ( ). The ionic strength of the solution depends on the charge and the molarity of the ions present in a solution. The ionic strength of a solution is computed by getting the sum of the product of the concentration and the square of the charge of each of the ions and then divided by two (eqn.5) Eqn.5 :n = number of ions, ci = concentration of the ion, zi = charge of the ion. In the experiment, the solubility product of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in different media were determined by titrating the solution with OH- ions present in it due to dissolved Ca(OH)2. The purpose of the experiment is to predict the amount of Ca(OH)2 that can be dissolved in a given volume of solvent which is an aqueous solution and to determine the effect of diverse ions present in a solution and the presence of a common ion in the solution. Methodology Precipitation of Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide precipitate was obtained by adding 20mL 1.0M NaOH dropwise to a 10mL

For the monitors, a 100mL 0.1M CaCl2 was prepared in a 250mL beaker instead of Ca(NO3)2. Titration To each of the prepared solvents in a 250mL beaker, about of the collected Ca(OH)2 extracted were added and were stirred and dissolved until the solution became saturated. The solution was left for 10 minutes before titrating it. Two portions of 25mL aliquot was drawn from the resulting solution and was filtered in two different 250mL Erlenmeyer flask using a whatman filter paper. To the filtered solution, 3 drops of 1% phenolphthalein was added and the solution turned pink. After preparing the analyte, the titrant was first prepared by preparing the setup itself. The burette was rinsed with the titrant first and about 30mL of the titrant was placed in the burette making sure that no air bubbles are trapped. The analyte was then titrated by slowly adjusting the stopcock to allow the titrant to drop. The titrant was allowed to drop continuously while stirring until endpoint was reached or until the solution turned pale pink. The process was repeated and the recorded volumes of titrant used were averaged and was then used for further computations. Results and Discussion In the experiment, the researchers determined the solubility product of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) by titrating a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 with a strong acid (HCl). The calcium hydroxide used was synthesized from calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (c.eqn.2) which has a Keq (eqn.6) value equal to the reciprocal of the Ksp (eqn.7) because Ksp is determined by the reaction involving the dissociation of the ions (Ca2+ and OH-) from the solid species (Ca(OH)2) (c.eqn.3) while Keq is determined by the reaction involving the production of the solid species (Ca(OH)2) from its constituent ions (Ca2+ and OH-0(c.eqn.2) which is also an equilibrium reaction because the solid species is being produced while the solid species is dissociating into its constituent ions due to solubility. When

the researchers prepared the precipitate, Ca(NO3)2 was added dropwise in excess NaOH while stirring in order to allow Ca2+ ions to scatter throughout the solution to prevent the clustering of ions in a specific area and to allow all ions to almost react completely to yield more Ca(OH)2 precipitate because an increase in the concentration of a reactant will drive the reaction (c.eqn.2) forward thereby producing more Ca(OH)2 precipitate available for use and thereby assuming that the reaction will go to completion. c.eqn.2 Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) eqn.6 Keq = c.eqn.3 Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) +2 OH-(aq) Ca(OH)2(aq)

eqn.7 Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2 The resulting mixture was washed first with water then with ethanol in order to extract all Ca(OH)2 precipitate because Ca(OH)2 is not soluble in ethanol, to remove excess ions or some diverse ions present in the precipitate and to dry up the precipitate. The resulting solution was then filtered and washed supposedly with acetone in order to separate the solid from the supernate and to wash off the ethanol and water used from extracting more Ca(OH)2 precipitate and to dry up the solution but since the reagent acetone was absent, then it was not performed by the researchers. The order of washing is important because each washing reagent has a specific purpose. Water must be first added in order to remove excess ions present in the precipitate, ethanol is used to extract all Ca(OH)2 precipitate adhered to the surface of the apparatus used, and acetone is used to remove water and the ethanol to avoid additional OH- ions in the precipitate that will possibly interfere in the titration process. The precipitate obtained after the washing process was allowed to dry up and was then dissolved by the researchers in the assigned media. The precipitate was added continuously while stirring until a turbid solution with precipitate that cannot be further dissolved is obtained that signifies that the solution is already saturated. The mixture was then filtered in order to remove excess Ca(OH)2 solids that might interfere and might dissociate into ions during titration that will yield a larger

amount of acid needed to neutralize the system. The precipitate must be removed because the target of the titration is to determine the ions that dissociated in the saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 only because upon the presence of the precipitate, due to a decrease in amount of the common ion OH-, will dissociate into ions thereby increasing the amount of OH- in the solution that is not present in the solution itself initially and will therefore cause an error in the computed value of OH- present in the saturated solution. After filtering the solution, 3 drops of 1% phenolphthalein was added because phenolphthalein is an indicator whether the reaction is already at the equivalence point or not. Upon addition of phenolphthalein, the solution turned dark pink due to a high pH level caused by the OH- ions. Upon addition of the titrant which is an acid, the pink color of the solution due to presence of OH- ions continuously lightens until a pale pink color of the solution was obtained signifying that the reaction is already at the equivalence point. Table.1 V used in titration Medium 1. Deionized H2O 2. 0.001M KCl 3. 0.005 M KCl 4. 0.01M KCl 5. 0.05M KCl 6. 0.1 M KCl 7. 0.5 M KCl 8. 1.0M KCl 9. 0.1M Ca2+ VHCl 1st(0.1M) 4.0 1.7 2.1 2.0 4.8 5.1 5.6 8.9 1.2 VHCl 2nd (0.1M) 3.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 5.0 5.1 6.7 8.0 1.8 V media 100 100 100 90 90 90 90 90 100 V Aliquot 25 25 25 25 25

After the titration process, by using the volume and the molarity of the acid used, the amount of OH- ions in the aliquot can be determined and so as the concentration of the aliquot and the whole media itself. By using the concentration of OH-, the molar solubility of the solid species can be determined and so as the Ksp. The Ksp of Ca(OH)2 can be expressed in its molar solubility or as the concentration of Ca2+ which is the value for its molar solubility because Ca2+ and Ca(OH)2 has a 1:1 molar ratio that means that for every Ca(OH)2 that dissociates into ions, Ca2+ is produced at the same amount as the amount that dissociated from the Ca(OH)2 solid. By letting Ca2+ to be s which is the molar solubility, OH- can be expressed as 2s because for every Ca2+ ion produced, two OHions are produced. By inserting the molar solubility s in the Ksp expression of Ca(OH)2 (eqn.7) eqn.8 can be obtained and Ksp can be obtained in terms of s. Algebraically, the value of s in terms of Ksp can be obtained by using eqn.9. eqn.8 Ksp =[s][2s]2 eqn.9

In all of the media used, OH- can be computed by getting the product of the molarity and volume of the titrant used divided by the volume of the aliquot titrated (eqn.10). It is so because the equivalence point is obtained once the titrant neutralizes the analyte signifying an equal amount of titrant and analyte that results to complete neutralization. And since the concentration of an aliquot is the same as the concentration of the whole solution; therefore, it can be assumed that the concentration of the whole solution is equal to that of the aliquot. Eqn.10

25 25 25 25

Table.2 Experimental Data Media Aver age VHCl (mL) 3.85 1.75 1.95 2.05 4.90 5.10 6.15 8.45 1.50 [OH-]eq [Ca2+ ]eq 0.007 7 0.003 5 0.003 9 0.004 1 0.009 8 0.010 2 0.012 3 0.016 9 0.103 0 solubi lity 0.007 7 0.003 5 0.003 9 0.004 1 0.009 8 0.010 2 0.012 3 0.016 9 0.003 0 Ksp

Sample Calculations (deionized water) Vtitrant = [OH-] = = 3.85mL = 0.0154M = 0.00770M

Deion ized H2O 0.001 M KCl 0.005 M KCl 0.010 M KCl 0.050 M KCl 0.100 M KCl 0.500 M KCl 1.000 M KCl 0.100 M Ca2+

0.0154 0.0070 0.0078 0.0082 0.0196 0.0204 0.0246 0.0338 0.0060

1.83x 10-6 1.72x 10-7 2.37x 10-7 2.76x 10-7 3.76x 10-6 4.24x 10-6 7.44x 10-6 1.93x 10-5 3.71x 10-6

[Ca2+] = s = Ksp =

Theoretical Ksp = 5.5x10-6 % error: | ( )|

Alternative solution: Ksp = 4s3 Ksp = 4(0.00770M)3 = 1.83x10-6 The calculated Ksp and the theoretical Ksp have a percentage error of 66.7% which suggests that errors have occurred in the experiment. The actual Ksp yielded in the experiment is smaller than the theoretical value possibly because the solution is not yet saturated or due to other factors listed in (table.5). Table.3 Ionic Strength Media 0.001M KCl 0.005M KCl 0.010M KCl 0.050M KCl 0.100M KCl 0.500M KCl 1.000M KCl 0.100M Ca(NO3)2 [OH-] 0.0070 0.0078 0.0082 0.0196 0.0204 0.0246 0.0338 0.0060 [Ca2+] 0.0035 0.0039 0.0041 0.0098 0.0102 0.0123 0.0169 0.0030 Solubility 0.0035 0.0039 0.0041 0.0098 0.0102 0.0123 0.0169 0.0030 0.0115 0.0167 0.0223 0.0794 0.1306 0.5369 1.0507 0.509

By obtaining the concentration of the hydroxide ions present in the solution, the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) can be computed also by using the stoichiometric coefficients (eqn.11). The molar solubility can also be obtained and it is equal to the concentration of Ca2+ because for every Ca(OH)2 that dissolves, Ca2+ forms with the same amount because they have a 1:1 mole ratio. And by using the equilibrium concentration of OHand Ca2+ in the solution, the Ksp for the calcium hydroxide solid can be obtained by using eqn.7. The results yielded by the researchers are listed in table.2 and further computations are located in the appendix under computations section. Eqn.11

The Ksp produced in the deionized water was the one that was used for percentage error because in the deionized water, ions are not able to interfere in the solubility of the solid species. In the other

media, ions were present and the Ksp was determined in order to determine the effect of the ionic strength ( ) of the solution with diverse ions to the solubility of the solid species and the effect in the solubility of the solid species of a common ion present in a solution. The ionic strength of a solution can be obtained using eqn.5 and the resulting ionic strength values obtained by the researchers are listed in table.3. Sample calculations (0.001M KCl) [OH-] = 0.0070 [Ca2+] = 0.0035 [K+] = 0.0010 [Cl-] = 0.0010 ( )

Solubility vs. Ionic Strength (Solvent)

0.02 0.01 0 0 0.5 1 1.5

Figure.2 Solubility vs. Ionic Strength Solvent (table.4). When the solubility is plotted against the ionic strength of the solution (excluding Ca2+ and deionized water solution) an increasing trend is observed which means that as the number of diverse ions present in the solution, the greater the solubility of the solid species (figure.1). It is so because having diverse ions has this so called salt effect that is responsible for increasing the amount of solid species that can be dissolved in the solution. It is so because in the salt effect, the interionic attraction becomes important and the interionic attraction present causes a decrease in the activity coefficients of the ions thereby requiring more concentration of the ions to establish equilibrium. The same result is present when the solubility is plotted against the ionic strength of the solvent alone (figure.2). When the solution with deionized water and Ca(NO3)2 is plotted along with the other solutions, it is expected that the solubility of calciujm hydroxide in water and Ca(NO3)2 would be less than all of the other solutions. It must be lower in deionized water than all of the other solutions excluding the solution with Ca(NO3)2 because there are no diverse ions that will cause an increase the amount of dissociated calcium and hydroxide ions. And in Ca(NO3)2, it is expected that the solubility in this solution must be lower than all of the other solutions due to the presence of a common ion that prevents the dissociation of calcium hydroxide into calcium and hydroxide ions. The failure in the expected behaviour of the solubility of calcium hydroxide in different solutions are due to different errors present in the experiment and are all listed in table.5. Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

Solubility vs. Ionic Strength (Solution)

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Series1

Figure.1 Solubility vs. Ionic strength of Solution

I C Eq

Ca(OH)2 -

Ca2+ 0.10M +s 0.10+s

OH0 +2s 2s

Table.5 Sources of Errors: Source 1. Burette not rinsed with titrant. 2. Analyte is contaminated with solid species. Parameter affected [OH-] , Amount of drops needed to titrate the system Amount of drops needed to titrate the system, [OH-] Positive (+) or Negative (-) Negative, because molarity of titrant will decrease Positive, because upon addition of acid, the solid species will produce more ions thereby increasing the supposed number of ions in the system Negative, because less moles of OHwill be present in the solution. Negative (positive) because an increase (decrease) in volume of aliquot yields to an increase (decrease) in the number of moles of ions present in the analyte. Positive, because gas bubbles occupies space and will therefore yield a larger read value for change in volume than the actual change in volume.

Ksp = [0.10+s][2s]2 5.5x10-6 = 0.40s2 + 4s3 s = 0.0036M Theoretically, the solubility of Ca(OH)2 in a solution with 0.10M Ca2+ ions dispersed in it is 0.0036M which is relatively small because of the presence of a common ion that prevents the dissociation of Ca(OH)2 into Ca2+ and OH-. The experimental solubility yielded by the researchers, 0.0030M, is close to the theoretical value and deviated slightly due to the presence of different errors tabulated in table.5. Eqn.12 The results gathered by the researchers gave an increasing trend in the solubility as the ionic strength increases which is expected because of the diverse ion effect. The diverse ion effect lowers the activity coefficient due to interionic attractions; therefore, according to eqn.12, in order to maintain equilibrium, activities must remain the same and a decrease in the activity coefficient ( ) will require an increase in the concentration of the dissolved or ionized species. The solubility yielded by the researchers for water and Ca(NO3)2 should have been smaller than that of the other ionic solutions due to absence of ions and presence of common ions respectively. The absence of ions allows the solid species to dissociate freely without interference of interionic attractions. The presence of common ions has a reverse effect which is to further prevent the formation of ions from the solid species because as stated in Le Chateliers principle, if a stress is added unto a system, the system will react against it to restore equilibrium, and the mechanism of the reaction to remain at equilibrium is to lessen the amount of ions that will be dissociated.

3. Solution used is not saturated 4. Volume of the aliquot used was less than (greater than) 25mL

Amount of drops needed to titrate the system, [OH-] Amount of drops needed to titrate the system

5. A bubble was present on the burette.

Volume of the titrant read

6. Ca(OH)2 was mixed vigorously

Ksp

7. The temperature when Ksp was determined was greater than (less than) 25 degrees Celsius 8. Concentration of titrant used was less than (greater than) the expected concentration. 9. Concentration of titrant used was less than (greater than) the expected concentration.

Ksp

Positive, because solution will become supersaturated that will yield more OH- ions needed to be titrated. Negative (positive) , because the reaction is exothermic.

Conclusion/Recommendations: The results yielded by the researchers were similar with the theoretically predicted behaviour and effect but the quantitative data yielded by the researchers were far from the expected numerical value due to certain factors. Such errors can be corrected by easily determining the source. The experiment could have improved if the volume of the analyte to be analysed would be higher than required because it involves more amount of moles of the base needed to be titrated; therefore, the change in volume can be obtained better. In the experiment, it could have been better if the solution was washed with acetone rather than washing it with ethanol last because ethanol may give additional hydroxide ions that will cause a deviation in the calculated concentration of the hydroxide ions present in a solution. The experiment could possibly yield better results if the temperature at which the solution was prepared and the experiment was performed was recorded so that the Ksp value can be adjusted so that it can be compared to the theoretical Ksp value at a specific temperature. As a conclusion, the experiment was successful qualitatively due to the agreement of the result yielded to the theoretically predicted result of the experiment. Quantitatively, the computed Ksp is quite smaller than the theoretical Ksp that is possibly because of different errors involved in the experiment and it can be corrected upon careful actions with the use of accurate apparatuses and preventing the contamination of other reagents. But overall, the experiment was successful qualitatively and quantitative results are not inclined away from theoretically predicted results yet still a small failure due to some misleading values. References: [1] Petrucci, R., et al. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (10th ed.). Toronto, Ont: Pearson Canada. 2011 [2] Brown, T., Lemay, et al. Chemistry, The Central Science (11th ed.). Jurong, Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia PTE.2009 [3] Silberberg, M.. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. Boston: McGraw-Hill 2006

Amount of acid needed to titrate the analyte.

Ksp

10. Precipitate was not washed with ethanol

Ionic strength

Positive (Negative), because more volume will be needed to titrate the analyte . Positive (Negative), because more volume will be needed to titrate the analyte and will therefore increase the number of moles of OHcomputed and so as the Ksp. Positive, more ions will be present and will contribute to the overall ionic strength of the solution due to additional interionic attractions present.

[4]Chemical Education at University of Wisconsin. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/ GenChem-Textbook/Titrations-875.html [5]ChemLab - Techniques - Titration. (n.d.). Dartmouth College. Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/tech niques/titration.html [6]Solubility Product. (n.d.). Purdue University College of Science Welcome. Retrieved from http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/t opicreview/bp/ch18/ksp.php [7]Wood, J. H. (1963). Fundamentals of college chemistry. New York: Harper & Row. A. Answers to Questions 1. Interpret the plot of solubility against ionic strength. Does the ionic strength have an effect on the solubility of Ca(OH)2? How can its effect or lack of an effect be accounted for? The plot of the solubility against ionic strength (figure.1) shows an increasing trend which means that ionic strength is a factor that increases the solubility of sold species in a solution. The experimental results were correct as expected because of the diverse ion effect which lowers the activity coefficient of the activity of the ions which will require more of the concentration of that ion to be dissolved in order to retain Ksp value. 2. Compare the Ksp values obtained for all the Ca(OH)2 solutions. How do they compare to the literature value? Give possible explanations for any differences among the values obtained and between them and the literature value. The Ksp obtained from the 0.001M KCl up to 0.1M KCl solutions yielded lower values for the literature Ksp and so as the deionized water and Ca(NO3)2. The obtained result from 0.001M KCl and 0.1M KCl were expected to be higher due to the diverse ion effect but due to different errors present in the experiment (tabulated in table.5) the experimental results deviated from the theoretically predicted results. For deionized water, it was expected to yield the same Ksp due to absence of ions affecting the solubility of the solid species but due to experimental errors, the value computed for Ksp deviated. And for Ca(NO3)2 it was expected to yield the least solubility because

of the presence of common ion but because of different errors, the results deviated from the predicted results. 3. How does the solubility and Ksp of the solution prepared in Part C compare to those prepared in part B? Explain any differences observed. Based on the experimental results, differences cannot be distinguished that much because there is no noticeable difference in part B and C but theoretically speaking, the effect that must be noticed is that in part B, there is an increasing trend and it must possess solubility greater than that of the deionized water due to the presence of diverse ions that reduces the activity coefficient of the equilibrium reaction that will therefore increase the amount of ions dissolved in the solution. And for part C, it was expected to have lower solubility than that of deionized water due to the presence of a common ion that prevents the dissociation of Ca(OH)2 into Ca2+ and OH-. B. Sample Calculations: Media 1: Deionized Water Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 3.85mL = 0.0154M = 0.00770M

Solubility = 0.00770M Ksp = Theoretical Ksp = 5.5x10-6 % error: | ( Media 2: 0.001M KCl Vtitrant = [OH-] = = 1.75mL = 0.0070M ( )| )

[Ca2+] = s =

= 0.0035M

Solubility = 0.0098M Ksp = (

Solubility = 0.0035M Ksp = ( ) Media 3: 0.005M KCl Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 1.95mL = 0.0078M = 0.0039M

) Media 6: 0.100M KCl Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 5.10mL = 0.0204M = 0.0102M

Solubility = 0.0102M Ksp = (

Solubility = 0.0039M Ksp = ( )

) Media 7: 0.500M KCl Vtitrant = = 6.15mL = 0.0246M = 0.0123M

Media 4: 0.010M KCl Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 2.05mL = 0.0082M = 0.0041M

[OH-] = [Ca2+] = s =

Solubility = 0.0123M Ksp = ( )

Solubility = 0.0041M Ksp = ( ) Media 5: 0.050M KCl Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 4.90mL = 0.0196M = 0.0098M

Media 8: 1.00M KCl Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 8.45mL = 0.0338M = 0.0169M

Solubility = 0.0169M

Ksp = ( ) Media 9: 0.100M Ca2+ Vtitrant = [OH-] = [Ca2+] = s = = 1.5mL = 0.0060M + 0.10M = 0.1030M

Solubility = 0.0030M Ksp = ( ) C. Tables and Figures Table.4 figure.2 data (solubility vs. ionic strength of solvent). Solubility (y) 0.0035 0.0039 0.0041 0.0098 0.0102 0.0123 0.0169 Ionic Strength of Solvent (x) 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0