Aniline point of petroleum oil

Aniline point:
Aniline point is defined as the minimum temperature at which equal volumes of anhydrous aniline and oil mix together. Aniline being an aromatic compound freely mixes with aromatic so a low aniline point indicates low diesel index (because of high percentage of aromatics).

Significance:
High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high Diesel index and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor. This test is useful for calculating Diesel Index.

API Gravity Of Crude Oil & Liquid Petroleum Products. Theory:

This method covers the laboratory determination, using a glass hydrometer, of the density, relative density, or API gravity of crude petroleum, petroleum products, or mixtures of petroleum and non-petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapour pressure of 1.8 bar (179 KPa) or less. The values are measured on a hydrometer at convenient temperatures, readings of density being reduced to 15 C , a n d t h a t o f s p e c i f i c gravity and API gravity to 15.6, by means of international standard tables.

CLASSIFICATIONS OR GRADES
Crude oil is classified as light, medium or heavy, according to its measured API gravity. Light crude oil is defined as having API gravity higher than 31.1 API. Medium oil is defined as having API gravity between 22.3 API and 31.1 API. Heavy oil is defined as having API gravity below 22.3 API.

SIGNIFICANCE

Accurate determination of density, relative density, or API gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at standard temperature of 15C.

Cloud point of crude oil

cloud point:
Cloud point and pour point are measures of winter temperature behavior properties of distillate fuels. Cloud point is the temperature where paraffin first forms in fuel. In practice, cloud point helps to determine the temperature at which paraffin crystals will begin to block fuel filters and lines and cause starting and stalling problems for diesel engines .

Significance:
In the petroleum industry, cloud point refers to the temperature below which wax in diesel or bio wax in biodiesels form a cloudy appearance. The presence of solidified waxes thickens the oil and clogs fuel filters and injectors in engines. The wax also accumulates on cold surfaces (e.g. pipeline or heat exchanger fouling) and forms an emulsion with water. Therefore, cloud point indicates the tendency of the oil to plug filters or small orifices at cold operating temperatures.

Diesel Index of petroleum oil

Diesel index:
Diesel index is a measure of ignition quality of fuel. Diesel engine works on the principle of compression ignition. During compression adiabatically the air temperature reaches around 600 c, when the fuel is finely atomized form is fed in, it instantaneously explodes. Self ignition temperature is low for paraffin's while it is high for aromatics. Thus a fuel rich in aromatics

burns later causing ignition delay and it gives rise to what is known as diesel knock. For this reason all diesel fuels are processed to have a diesel index in the range of 45 to 55. Diesel Index = (Aniline Point X API Gravity)/ 100

Significance:
High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence a high Diesel Index and a very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor.

Find the kinematic viscosity of transparent liquids(light oil) and calculate its dynamic viscosity.
PRINCIPLE:
Viscosity is the property of a fluid that determines its resistance to flow. It is an indicator of flow ability of a lubricating oil; the lowest the viscosity, greater the flow ability. It is mainly due to the forces of cohesion between the molecules of lubricating oil. Absolute Viscosity may be defined as the tangential force per unit area which is required to maintain a unit velocity gradient between two parallel layers. It is denoted by (eta). Its Unit in CGS system is poise and its dimensions are Viscosity Index: Viscosity generally decreases with increase in temperature. The maintenance of viscosity over the range of temperature is called the viscosity Index (V.I) A relatively small change/no change in viscosity with temperature is indicated by high viscosity index whereas low viscosity index shows relatively large change in viscosity with temperature. Note: There is a direct correlation between molecular structure of lubricating oil with its viscosity and viscosity index. A high viscosity index is exhibited by those lubricating oils which have linear or rod like shape molecules with high molecular weight. This is due to the greater intermolecular forces of attraction.

Effect of temperature on viscosity Viscosity of lubricating oil is inversely proportional to the temperature i.e. with increase of temperature, viscosity decreases. This is due to the decrease in intermolecular attraction At higher temperature, oil must have sufficient viscosity to carry loads. Hence heavier oils are used at higher temperature. Similarly, light oils are used at low ambient temperature. Effect of pressure on viscosity Lubricating oils are subjected to extreme pressure at the inter phase between gears and rolling element. At such higher pressure, viscosity of lubricating oil increases considerably. Viscosity helps in selecting good lubricating oil. Light oils Having low density Easy flow ability Heavy Oils High density Low flow ability

Pour Point of Crude Oil

Pour point:
The pour point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil will just flow, under standard test conditions. The failure to flow at the pour point is usually attributed to the separation of waxes from the oil, but can also be due to the effect of viscosity in the case of very viscous oils. This test is required for HSD and FO. Pour point requirement is 6 deg C for Normal diesel and 12 deg C for winter grade diesel.

significance:
our Point is the lowest temperature at which fuel can be handled before the viscosity becomes unmanageable even for positive displacement fuel transfer pumps. Fuel is easy to keep warm but once "set" in this way it can be very difficult to re-liquefy with obvious

consequences. Although some distillate diesel fuel is delivered as a clean product, for the purpose of wax indication it is considered as "black". This is because it may be delivered through the same line as residual fuels and can thus be mixed with considerable amounts of wax-laden residual fuel.

This really is a very simple test with instructions and equipment provided in the Fuel & Lube ad Power Plant Labs. It is so simple to replicate that we don't typically sell this equipment on its own. Allow about 10-15 minutes to complete.

Sediments and water content by centrifuge

Significance and Use: The water and sediment content of crude oil is significant because it can cause corrosion of equipment and problems in processing. A determination of water and sediment content is required to measure accurately net volumes of actual oil in sales, taxation, exchanges, and custody transfers. It is not anticipated that this test method, which is written with a dedicated laboratory facility in mind, is likely to be used in field test rooms or sample rooms due to safety concerns for proper ventilation and handling. This test method may not be suitable for crude oils that contain alcohols that are soluble in water.