Cleaning Hidrolik PDF

Testline Maintenance Manual
015-040-301 B
Copyright information Trademark information Contact information
1999 MTS Systems Corporation. All rights reserved. MTS is a registered trademark of MTS Systems Corporation. MTS Systems Corporation 14000 Technology Drive Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344-2290 USA Toll free phone: 800-328-2255 (within the USA or Canada) Phone: 612-937-4000 (outside the USA or Canada) Fax: 612-937-4515 E-mail: info@mts.com http://www.mts.com ISO 9001 Certified
Publication information
MANUAL PART NUMBER

011-040-301 B
PUBLICATION DATE
November 1999
Contents
Preface 5
About This Manual 6 What You Are Expected to Know 7 Conventions 8 Contacting MTS 11 What to Expect When You Call 12 Customer Feedback 14
Chapter 1
Installation and Modification Guidelines 15
General Guidelines 16 Hydraulic Fittings 17 Hydraulic Hoses 18 Pneumatic Fittings and Hoses Accumulators 20 System Control Cables 21
19
Chapter 2 Appendix A Appendix B
Maintenance Logs 23 Fastener Requirements 35 Hydraulic Fluid Care 41
Recommended Hydraulic Fluids 42 Fluid Characteristics 43 Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Schedule 45 Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Procedures 48 Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluid 49 Replacing the Hydraulic Fluid 50 Flushing the System 51 Flushing the System with Solvent 53 Removing Water from Oil 55 Hydraulic Fluid Disposal 56 HPS Startup in Special Circumstances 57
Contents
Appendix C
Heat Exchanger Care 59
Types of Heat Exchangers 60 Major ComponentsWater-to-Oil Heat Exchanger 61 Major ComponentsAir-to-Oil Heat Exchanger 62 Heat Exchanger Operating Conditions 63 Water-to-Oil Exchanger Life Expectancy 65 Signs of Failure in a Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger 66 Preventing Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Failures 67 Improving the Life of a Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger 71 Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Maintenance Schedule 73 Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Troubleshooting 77 Air-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Maintenance Schedule 78 Air-to-Oil Heat Inspection and Cleaning Procedure 79
Contents
Preface
Safety rst!
Before you attempt to use your MTS product or system, read and understand all safety information. General safety information is described in the Safety manual, and product- or system-specic safety information is described in hazard notices found in your MTS manuals. Improper installation, operation, or maintenance of your system can result in hazardous conditions that can cause personal injury or death, and damage to your equipment and specimen. It is very important that you remain aware of hazards that apply to your system.
Contents
About This Manual
6 7
What You Are Expected to Know Conventions Contacting MTS 8 11
What to Expect When You Call Customer Feedback 14
12
Preface
About This Manual

Purpose Summary
This manual provides a guide to basic maintenance of your system. This manual includes the following chapters. Chapter 1, Installation and Modication ConsiderationsThis chapter provides guidelines to minimize operating hazards when modications are made to the system. Chapter 2: Maintenance LogsThis chapter contains a maintenance log which you can use for your system. Appendix A: Fastener RequirementsThis appendix contains information about fastener ratings and torques. Appendix B: Hydraulic Fluid CareThis appendix contains information that can extend the service life of hydraulic uid. Appendix C: Heat Exchanger CareThis appendix contains information that can help you extend the service life of heat exchangers.
Preface
What You Are Expected to Know

Microsoft Windows NT knowledge
Some maintenance procedures require operting the system. To operate this system, you should have a working knowledge of the Microsoft Windows NT before you use your system. For example, you should be able to: Use the mouse. Maneuver around the desktop. Locate, open, close, copy, and save documents. If you are not sure how to do these things, take some time to learn them before you continue.
Testing knowledge
A premise of this manual is that you have had some experience or exposure to servohydraulic testing, or access to someone who has.
Preface
Conventions
The following paragraphs describe some of the conventions that are used in your MTS manuals.
Hazard conventions
Hazard notices are embedded in this manual and contain safety information that is specic to the task to be performed. Hazard notices immediately precede the step or procedure that may lead to an associated hazard. Read all hazard notices carefully and follow the directions that are given. Three different levels of hazard notices may appear in your manuals. Following are examples of all three levels.
Note For general safety information, see the Safety manual included with your system.
Danger notices
Danger notices indicate the presence of a hazard which will cause severe personal injury, death, or substantial property damage if the danger is ignored. For example:
DANGER
High intensity light and dangerous radiation are emitted by class 3B lasers. Viewing a class 3b laser directly or viewing it using optical instruments will cause immediate and severe injury. Avoid eye or skin exposure to the laser beam. Ensure that all power to the laser is off before attempting any maintenance, service, or adjustment procedure.
Preface
Warning notices
Warning notices indicate the presence of a hazard which can cause severe personal injury, death, or substantial property damage if the warning is ignored. For example:
WARNING
Hazardous fumes can accumulate in the test chamber as a result of testing. Breathing hazardous fumes can cause nausea, fainting, or death. Ensure that the chamber is properly ventilated before you open the chamber door or put your head or hands into the chamber. To do this, ensure that the temperature controller is off and that you allow sufcient time for the ventilation system to completely exchange the atmosphere within the chamber.
Caution notices
Caution notices indicate the presence of a hazard which will or can cause minor personal injury, cause minor equipment damage, or endanger test integrity if the caution is ignored. For example:
CAUTION
This specimen can develop sharp edges as a result of testing. Handling the specimen with unprotected hands can result in cuts and slivers. Always wear protective gloves when you handle the specimen.
Preface
Other conventions Notes
Other conventions used in your manuals are described in the following paragraphs. Notes provide additional information about operating your system or highlight easily overlooked items. For example:
Note Using multiple instances of the scope (on multiple stations) can slow system response time.
Important notes
Important notes provide information critical to operating your system, but not so critical that it involves injury or equipment. Important notes should be read. For example:
Important In the Level Units list, selecting the scientic notation display feature may result in the loss of original level values. If your selection moves the original level value beyond four digits, the original value will be lost.
Control names
References to items shown in windows, including window names, window controls, menu names, and menu commands are shown in bold font style. References to controls on equipment, including keyboards, control panels, and consoles are also shown in bold font style.
10
Preface
Contacting MTS
MTS provides a full range of support services after your system is installed. If you have any questions about a system or product, contact MTS in one of the following ways.
Note If you need technical support, review the following pages for information about what to expect when you contact us.
Address
MTS Systems Corporation 14000 Technology Drive Eden Prairie, Minnesota USA 55344-2290
Telephone Within the U.S. or Canada

General information: 612-937-4000 Weekdays 7:30 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., Central Time Technical support or spare parts: HELPLine 800-328-2255 Weekdays 7:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M., Central Time
Outside the U.S. or Canada Fax
Contact your local service center.
800-925-5205 (within the U.S. or Canada) 612-937-4515 (outside the U.S. or Canada) Please include an MTS contact name if possible.
Internet
E-mail: info@mts.com Internet home page: http://www.mts.com
Preface
11
What to Expect When You Call

Before you call Know your site number and system number
MTS can help you more efciently if you have the following information available when you call. You will be asked for your site number and system number. The site number contains your company number and identies your equipment type (material testing, simulation, and so forth). The number is usually written on a label on your MTS equipment before the system leaves MTS. If you do not have or do not know your MTS site number, contact your MTS sales engineer. Example site number: C84166-W01
When you have more than one MTS system, the system (or job) number identies which system you are calling about. You can nd your job number in the papers sent to you when you ordered your system. Example system (job) number: 303.95
Know information from prior technical assistance
If you have called regarding this problem before, we can recall your le. You will need to tell us the: MTS work order number Name of the person who helped you
Identify the problem
Describe the problem you are experiencing and know the answers to the following questions. How long has the problem been occurring? Can you reproduce the problem? Were any hardware or software changes made to the system before the problem started? What are the model and serial numbers of the suspect equipment?
12
Preface
Know relevant computer information
If you are experiencing a computer problem, have the following information available. Manufacturers name and model number Amount of system memory Network information (type and version level)
Know relevant software information
If you are experiencing a software problem, have the following information available. Operating software information (type and version level) MTS application software information (name and version level) Names of other software that are running on your computer, such as screen savers, keyboard enhancers, print spoolers, and so forth
Be prepared to troubleshoot
Prepare yourself for troubleshooting while on the phone. Call from a telephone close to the system so that you can try implementing suggestions made over the phone. Have the original operating and application software media available. If you are not familiar with all aspects of the equipment operation, have an experienced user nearby to assist you.
While on the phone
Your call will be registered by a HELPLine agent if you are calling within the United States or Canada. In addition to asking for your site number, the agent may also ask to verify your name, company, company address, and the phone number where you can normally be reached. Prepare yourself in case we need to call you back. Remember to ask for the work order number. Record the name of the person who helped you. Write down any specic instructions to be followed, such as data recording or performance monitoring.
Write down relevant information
After you call
MTS logs and tracks all calls to ensure that you receive assistance and that action is taken regarding your problem or request. If you have questions about the status of your problem or have additional information to report, please contact MTS again.
Preface
13
Customer Feedback
We want to hear from you! MTS is continually striving to improve our products and services. Please take the time to mail, fax, or e-mail your feedback to MTS.
The Customer Quality Request
MTS manuals include a Customer Quality Request (CQR) form located in the back of the manual. Use this form to forward complaints or suggestions for improving manuals, products, or service. This form includes check boxes that allow you to select when you expect us to respond to your input. We guarantee a timely responseyour feedback is important to us.
14
Preface
Chapter 1
Installation and Modication Guidelines

Overview
To reduce system hazards, review the following guidelines before installing or modifying a test system. General Guidelines Hydraulic Fittings Hydraulic Hoses 16 17 18 19
Contents
Pneumatic Fittings and Hoses Accumulators 20 21
System Control Cables
15
General Guidelines
Qualied engineer
A qualied engineer should be responsible for any system installation or modication. This engineer must consider how changes to an existing system might affect the safety and reliability of the system. Testing equipment often operates for extended periods of time with no supervision and may attract spectators. This requires that your test laboratory setup provide adequate protection for bystanders as well as operators. Make sure that anyone allowed into the test area knows the dangers involved. Make it immediately obvious to anyone how to stop the system in an emergency. The National Electrical Code (United States) requires that a disconnect switch be provided within view of each motor controller. Be sure that you can easily nd the system power disconnect switch or emergency stop switch. Eliminate any unusual combination of switches that may cause someone unfamiliar with the system to assume that power is off when it is actually on. Properly ground all system components. Do not depend on hydraulic lines and hoses to provide electrical grounding.
Personnel safety
Disconnect and e-stop switches
16
Hydraulic Fittings
Ratings
Use only appropriately rated hydraulic ttings from a reputable manufacturer that meet National Fluid Power Association standards (NFPA, 3333 North Mayfair Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53222 USA). Use pressure line ttings rated for a severe shock environment. Drain and return line ttings can be rated for low pressure if downstream valves are not installed. If valves or self-sealing hose quick connects are installed downstream and no relief valves are used, design the return line to safely withstand the highest possible system pressure.
Failure
High pressure ttings generally fail by cracking. This may not create an instantly hazardous condition. When low pressure ttings are exposed to high pressures, they fail catastrophically and create instantly hazardous conditions. Do not use ttings and tubes made out of brass or copper for high pressure ttings under any circumstances. (You can buy these ttings in hardware stores.) They are not strong enough for typical hydraulic system pressures and may rupture explosively when pressurized.
Selection
Manufacturers frequently derate pressure capabilities in tting sizes above 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter. This makes tting selection more critical in larger sized hoses. MTS recommends 37 JIC ttings with rolled ares. Avoid the use of areless ttings in pressure lines larger than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter. These ttings are more sensitive to fatigue loading. If lines with diameters larger than 31.75 mm (1.25 in.) are needed, use split ange ttings that meet SAE standard J518c. These ttings provide better reliability and assemble with standard tools. Swivel ttings where the B nut (the swivel nut) is retained on the tting using a snap ring or injected steel ring are generally less reliable than more conventional types of ttings.
Design
Design enough ttings into a system to accommodate dimensional errors without placing severe strains on the ttings or tube ends. Avoid short or straight runs of interconnected tubing. The locked-in stress from the assembly can cause the tting to fatigue prematurely or tear the mating thread out of an adjacent manifold.
Tightening
Never tighten a tting when it is under pressure. This is the most likely time for it to fail. Less torque is required to obtain a leakproof seal if you remove pressure before tightening the tting.
17
Hydraulic Hoses
Ratings
Pressure and return line hoses for normal hydraulic service should have a burst pressure rating at least four times greater than your systems operating pressure. For example, 20 MPa (3000 psi) operation requires an 80 MPa (12,000 psi) burst pressure rating. Avoid routing that puts severe twists into hoses. Hoses become stiff in their twisted axes. The strength of a hose assembly deteriorates with age and fatigue. In a tensile failure, the hose pulls out of its end tting. This can produce a dangerous whipping hose if the system is operating. Consider the consequences of a tensile hose failure. Short hoses or large hoses fed only from a small pump present little hazard from whipping. The combination of a large pump and a small or medium sized pressure hose presents a greater whipping hazard. If necessary, anchor hydraulic pressure hoses to the ground or tie them to a return line within 60 cm (2 ft) of the ow outlet end. Hoses can also be run in trenches or other protected areas. Ply separation can also cause a hose to fail. Ply failure will rst generally produce a blister on the hose with a small leak.. This is the start of a much larger failure. Replace any hose that has blisters or shows weakening of wire wrapping or reinforcement.
Routings Failure
18
Pneumatic Fittings and Hoses

Ratings
Fittings and hoses used in pneumatic circuits must be rated for operating pressures in accordance with the National Fluid Power Association standards (NFPA, 3333 North Mayfair Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53222 USA). Use the same guidelines for replacing pneumatic hoses as you use for replacing hydraulic hoses. Install ttings and hoses so that they do not strain components. Anchor them to prevent thrashing in case of failure. Securely tie down large diameter exible hoses since they are particularly dangerous when thrashing about. Restrain any hose over approximately 90 cm (3 ft) that carries high pressure gas near its end ttings to prevent whipping.
Failure Restraint
19
Accumulators
Restraint
The accumulator screws into the manifold at a neck tting. An accumulator can generate considerable jet thrust if its neck tting fails. You can house small accumulators in sheet metal enclosures to protect against this type of failure. You can clamp down large accumulators to protect against this type of failure. Always solidly mount any accumulator manifolds which may subject the neck ttings to fatigue. Never use thin wall tubing or other highly stressed ttings to support an accumulator body. Do not to expose the neck ttings to excessive vibration or mechanical resonance where accumulators attach directly to the actuator.
Mounting
20
System Control Cables

Routing
Damaged cables are a common cause of control loop failure. Control loop failure can cause an actuator to move violently to the end of its stroke. Route cables carefully so they can not be tripped over, accidentally cut, or subject to high wear. As needed, tie down cables to reduce loads on their connectors.
21
22
Chapter 2
Maintenance Logs
Use the following maintenance logs to record maintenance performed on your system. To use the logs: 1. Identify maintenance items. A. Review your Product Information manuals to identify maintenance procedures and intervals. Maintenance intervals are typically given in operating hours and calendar time. B. C. Record the recommended maintenance procedures in the Procedure column. Record the recommended operating hours in the Recommended Hours column.
D. Record the recommended calendar time in the Recommended Date column. 2. Perform the maintenance procedures. 3. Record when you performed the maintenance procedure. When appropriate, enter the operating hours in the Actual Hours column. When appropriate, enter the calendar time in the Actual Date column.
Maintenance Log
23
24
Maintenance Log
System Maintenance Log
SYSTEM _____________________________________ PAGE ______ RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE HOURS DATE HOURS DATE HOURS
OF
______
ACTUAL MAINTENANCE INTERVAL AND DATE DATE HOURS DATE HOURS DATE HOURS DATE
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
OF
______
Appendix A
Fastener Requirements
Torque requirements
Most fasteners used in MTS manufactured systems are torqued to specic design requirements to ensure a reliable product. Any time that a fastener is loosened or the conguration of a component within the system is modied, refer to the system assembly drawings (located in the Assembly Drawings section of your systems Reference manual) or the tables in this appendix to determine the correct torque requirement. Over- or under-torquing a fastener may present a hazardous situation due to the high forces and pressures present in most systems. Slight over-torquing, while not recommended, may be done in certain circumstances if a fastener is not reused and the amount of over-torquing is not excessive. However, excessive over-torquing will cause the fastener to yield and may damage the mating materials threads. The acceptable level of over-torquing depends on factors such as material types, fastener size, the number of times the fastener has been reused, and fatigue load experienced. Therefore, a rule specifying the over-torque limit for any fastener is not practically denable. If over-torquing is necessary, expect failures and take appropriate safety precautions. Under-torquing can also cause premature fastener failures. If a joint connected with threaded fasteners is subjected to cyclic loading, the fasteners must be torqued (preloaded) to a combined force level higher than the cyclic load applied through the joint. If this preload is less than the cyclic load, the joint will separate on each cycle, causing fatigue loads on the fasteners. For example, grade 8 cap screws are usually stressed to 620 MPa (90,000 psi) when fully torqued. At that stress level, even a small cyclic strain will cause fatigue failure. If a joint is inadequately preloaded due to fastener under-torquing, the cyclic strain will be substantial and the fasteners will prematurely fail.
Other considerations
Some fastener connection congurations inherently cause prying or exing loads on the fasteners. Even though the fasteners are torqued properly, fatigue failures can still be expected to occur unless the operating stress is very low. Long tie-rods might be subjected to fatigue loading or to impact loads in some installations. In such systems, friction collars or sheet metal covers are installed to restrain a failing tie-rod from violent movement. These restraining devices should not be removed. If removal is necessary for a maintenance procedure, the restraining devices should be reinstalled and tightened before the tie-rods are tightened.
Torque tables
The following tables identify standard fastener rating and torque requirements. They should be used if no rating or torque specications are available on the component assembly drawings in the system Reference manual. When in doubt about fastener torquing requirements, consult MTS.
35
Ratings and Torque RequirementsU.S. Customary Sizes Coarse Thread Series (Preferred) SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS* TENSILE AREA SIZE
2 - 56 4 - 40 6 - 32 8 - 32 10 - 24 1/4 - 20 5/16 - 18 3/8 - 16 7/16 - 14 1/2 - 13 9/16 - 12 5/8 - 11 3/4 - 10 7/8 - 9 1-8 1-1/4 - 7 1-1/2 - 6 1-3/4 - 5 2 - 4-1/2 3-4 4-4
*
HEX BOLTS WORKING FORCE

KN KIP
WORKING FORCE
KN KIP
TORQUE (LUBE)
NM KIP
TORQUE /8%(
NM LBFT
IN
0.0037 0.00603 0.00909 0.014 0.0175 0.0318 0.0524 0.0775 0.1063 0.142 0.182 0.226 0.334 0.462 0.606 0.969 1.41 1.89 2.5 5.97 11.1
1.04 1.69 2.55 3.93 4.91 8.92 14.7 21.7 29.8 39.8 48.6 60.3 89.3 123.2 162 259 375 502 667 1590 2960
0.233 0.38 0.572 0.883 1.1 2.0 3.30 4.88 6.70 8.94 10.92 13.6 20.1 27.7 36.3 58.1 84.3 113 150 358 665
0.51 1.1 2.0 3.7 5.3 13 26 47 75 110 156 220 380 615 920 1800 3200 5000 7600 27000 68000
0.38 0.8 1.5 2.7 3.9 9.4 19 34 55 84 115 160 280 454 680 1400 2400 3700 5600 20000 50000
0.74 1.21 1.82 2.8 3.51 6.37 10.5 15.5 21.2 28.4 36.4 45.2 66.9 92.4 121 194 281 376 500 1190 2220
0.166 0.271 0.409 0.63 0.789 1.43 2.36 3.49 4.78 6.39 8.19 10.2 15.1 20.7 27.3 43.6 63.2 84.8 112 269 499
0.36 0.77 1.4 2.6 3.8 9.1 19 33 53 81 117 160 290 462 690 1400 2400 3800 5700 20000 51000
0.27 0.57 1.1 1.9 2.8 6.7 13.8 25 39 60 86 120 210 340 510 1000 1800 2800 4200 15000 37000
Use ASTM 574 or threaded rod of equal strength. For socket head cap screws with diameters less than 0.50 inches, SULT = 180 ksi, working stress = 63 ksi. For socket head cap screws with diameters greater than 0.62 inches, SULT = 170 ksi, working stress = 60 ksi. Use SAE grade 5 and ASTM A325, up to 0.75 inch diameter or threaded rod of equal strength. For threaded fasteners with SULT = 120 to 130 minimum, working stress = 45 ksi (includes SAE grade 5 screws up to 0.75 in). Torque for clamp equal to 1.5 x working force.
36
Ratings and Torque RequirementsU.S. Customary Sizes Fine Thread Series SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS* TENSILE AREA SIZE
2 - 64 4 - 48 6 - 40 8 - 36 10 - 32 1/4 - 28 5/16 - 24 3/8 - 24 7/16 - 20 1/2 - 20 9/16 - 18 5/8 - 18 3/4 - 16 7/8 - 14 1 - 14 1-1/4 - 12 1-1/2 - 12 1-3/4 - 12 2 - 12 3 - 12
*

KN KIP
WORKING FORCE
KN KIP
TORQUE (LUBE)
NM KIP
TORQUE /8%(
NM LBFT
IN
0.00393 0.0066 0.0101 0.0147 0.02 0.0364 0.0581 0.0878 0.119 0.16 0.203 0.256 0.373 0.509 0.68 1.07 1.58 2.19 2.89 6.69
1.1 1.85 2.84 4.13 5.6 10.2 16.2 24.6 33.3 44.8 54.2 68.3 99.5 136 181 286 422 584 772 1790
0.248 0.416 0.639 0.928 1.26 2.29 3.66 5.53 7.48 10.1 12.18 15.4 22.4 30.6 40.8 64.4 94.9 131 174 401
0.54 1.2 2.2 3.9 6.1 15 30 53 83 130 174 240 430 680 1000 2000 3600 5800 8800 31000
0.4 0.87 1.7 2.9 4.5 11 22 39 61 94 128 180 310 500 760 1500 2700 4300 6500 23000
0.788 1.32 2.03 2.95 4 7.28 12.2 17.6 23.8 32 40.6 51.2 74.7 102 136 215 316 438 579 1340
0.177 0.297 0.456 0.663 0.9 1.64 2.74 3.95 5.34 7.2 9.13 11.5 16.8 22.9 30.6 48.3 71.1 98.4 130 301
0.39 0.85 1.6 2.8 4.3 10 22 38 59 91 131 180 320 510 780 1500 2700 4400 6600 23000
0.29 0.62 1.2 2 3.2 7.7 16 28 44 67 96 130 240 376 570 1100 2000 3200 4900 17000
Use ASTM 574 or threaded rod of equal strength. For socket head cap screws with diameters less than 0.50 inches, SULT = 180 ksi, working stress = 63 ksi. For socket head cap screws with diameters greater than 0.62 inches, SULT = 170 ksi, working stress = 60 ksi. Use SAE grade 5 and ASTM A325, up to 0.75 inch diameter or threaded rod of equal strength. For threaded fasteners with SULT = 120 to 130 minimum, working stress = 45 ksi (includes SAE grade 5 screws up to 0.75 in). Torque for clamp equal to 1.5 x working force.
37
Ratings and Torque RequirementsSI Metric Sizes Coarse Thread Series (Preferred) SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS* TENSILE AREA SIZE
M3-.5 M4-.7 M5-.8 M6-1 M8-1.25 M10-1.5 M12-1.75 M16-2 M20-2.5 M24-3 M30-3.5 M36-4 M42-4.5 M48-5 M56-5.5 M64-6
*

KN KIP
WORKING FORCE
KN KIP
TORQUE (LUBE)
NM KIP
TORQUE /8%(
NM LBFT
IN
0.00769 0.0134 0.0217 0.0307 0.056 0.0888 0.129 0.24 0.376 0.541 0.861 1.25 1.72 2.26 3.12 4.12
2.05 3.58 5.79 8.21 14.9 23.7 34.4 64.2 100 144 230 335 460 604 833 1100
0.461 0.804 1.3 1.84 3.36 5.33 7.74 14.4 22.5 32.4 51.6 75.3 103 136 187 247
1.4 3.2 6.5 11 27 53 93 230 450 780 1600 2700 4300 6500 10000 16000
1.0 2.4 4.8 8.2 20 39 69 170 330 570 1100 2000 3200 4800 7700 12000
1.54 2.68 4.34 6.15 11.2 17.8 25.8 48.1 75.2 108 172 251 345 453 625 824
0.346 0.603 0.976 1.38 2.52 3.99 5.81 10.8 16.9 24.3 38.7 56.5 77.5 102 140 185
1.0 2.4 4.9 8.3 20 40 70 170 340 580 1200 2000 3300 4900 7900 12000
0.77 1.8 3.6 6.1 15 29 51 130 250 430 860 1500 2400 3600 5800 8800
Use Grade 12.9 or threaded rod of equal strength with SULT = 1220 MPa, working stress = 410 MPa. Use Grade 8.8 or threaded rod with SULT = 860 MPa, working stress = 310 MPa. Torque for clamp equal to 1.5 x working force.
38
Ratings and Torque RequirementsSI Metric Sizes Fine Thread Series SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS* TENSILE AREA SIZE
M8-1 M10-1.25 M12-1.25 M12-1.5 M16-1.5 M20-1.5 M20-2 M24-2 M27-2 M30-2 M36-3 M42-3 M48-3 M56-4 M64-4
*

KN KIP
WORKING FORCE
KN KIP
TORQUE (LUBE)
NM KIP
TORQUE /8%(
NM LBFT
IN
0.0601 0.0939 0.142 0.135 0.257 0.418 0.397 0.592 0.764 0.958 1.33 1.86 2.47 3.3 4.4
16 25.1 37.8 36.1 68.7 112 106 158 204 256 355 496 660 882 1170
3.61 5.63 8.49 8.11 15.4 25.1 23.8 35.5 45.8 57.5 79.9 112 148 198 264
29 56 100 97 250 500 480 850 1200 1700 2900 4700 7100 11000 17000
21 42 75 72 180 370 350 630 910 1300 2100 3500 5300 8200 12000
12 18.8 28.3 27.1 51.5 83.7 79.4 118 153 192 267 372 495 662 880
2.7 4.23 6.37 6.08 11.6 18.8 17.9 26.6 34.4 43.1 59.9 83.7 111 149 198
22 42 76 73 190 380 360 640 930 1300 2200 3500 5300 8300 13000
16 31 56 54 140 280 260 470 690 950 1600 2600 3900 6100 9300
Use Grade 12.9 or threaded rod of equal strength with SULT = 1220 MPa, working stress = 410 MPa. Use Grade 8.8 or threaded rod with SULT = 860 MPa, working stress = 310 MPa. Torque for clamp equal to 1.5 x working force.
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Appendix B
Hydraulic Fluid Care

Overview
This appendix provides guidelines on the care of the hydraulic uid used in your system. Your systems performance depends on maintaining clean hydraulic uid. Fluid contamination and breakdown occur normally during system operation. Failure to maintain clean hydraulic uid will lead to poor system performance and expensive repairs.
Contents
Recommended Hydraulic Fluids Fluid Characteristics 43
42
Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Schedule Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Procedures Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluid Replacing the Hydraulic Fluid Flushing the System 51 53 49 50
45 48
Flushing the System with Solvent Removing Water from Oil Hydraulic Fluid Disposal 55 56
HPS Startup in Special Circumstances
57
41
Recommended Hydraulic Fluids

MTS servohydraulic systems require a hydraulic uid that can operate at 20 MPa (3000 psi) for hundreds of hours while experiencing high shear forces from the servovalve. The uid must have excellent lubricating, wear, antifoam, and water-resistance characteristics. MTS recommends Mobil DTE 25. Where Mobil DTE 25 is not available, MTS recommends Shell Tellus 46. Do not mix these uids. The petroleum industry does not have a standard for the contents of hydraulic uid base stock or additives. The composition of hydraulic uids can vary. MTS has used Mobil DTE 25 for years and has veried it to be consistent in composition. Once you have selected a brand and type of uid, stick with it. Do not mix different brands or types of uids. Mixing can produce contaminants that could damage your system.
DTE 25 specications
The table below denes normal, borderline, and unsatisfactory characteristics for Mobil DTE 25 sampled from an HPS reservoir. Fluid that on analysis shows unsatisfactory characteristics should be changed. Borderline uid can sometimes be improved by performing the Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluid procedure described later in this appendix. Mobil DTE 25 Specications
CHARACTERISTIC
Viscosity at 38C (100F) Particle Count Water, % by weight Iron, ppm Silicon, ppm Copper, ppm
NORMAL
215/240 SuS ISO 13/9 <0.05 <30 <15 <15
BORDERLINE
Low 183/193; high 265/276 ISO 15/11* 0.05-0.1 30-50 15-30 15-30
UNSATISFACTORY
Low <183; high >276 ISO 16/13* >0.1 >50 >30 >30
* Typical rangesactual ranges depend on the type of test performed.
42
Fluid Characteristics
The following paragraphs describe uid characteristics that should be analyzed. Some characteristics can be determined by look and smell; others require laboratory work.
Appearance Water content
Hydraulic uid has an amber color. A milky, dark, or otherwise abnormal color may indicate contamination or chemical breakdown. Water gives hydraulic uid a cloudy, milky appearance. It is highly undesirable in hydraulic systems. Its presence may result in the formation of emulsions and contribute to the corrosion of metal surfaces. More than a trace of water may indicate a faulty mechanical condition, such as a heat exchanger leak or water being drawn in through a reservoir breather lter during heating and cooling cycles. If water contamination exists, correct the cause and replace the hydraulic uid. Oxidation produces a change in the uid color and odor. It raises uid acidity and produces sludge and varnish which can cause sticky servovalves. Oxidation naturally occurs over time and is irreversible. Fluid operating temperatures above 60C (140F) will increase the oxidation rate. Have the uid analyzed more often when the system is operated at higher temperatures. Chemical analysis can determine the level of oxidation. Replace uid that has exceeded allowable levels.
Oxidation
Chemical breakdown
A marked change in the smell of the hydraulic uid can indicate a chemical breakdown. Fluid operating temperatures above 60C (140F) will increase the chemical breakdown rate. Contamination can also cause chemical breakdown. For example, some compounds used for sealing water pipes are not compatible with hydraulic uid and can cause breakdown. If a chemical breakdown occurs, correct the cause and replace the uid.
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of the uid to ow. A low viscosity uid will not provide adequate lubrication, resulting in increased wear. If viscosity is outside the specied ow limits, replace the uid. Chemical analyses for the presence of iron, silicon or copper are particularly valuable as troubleshooting aids. High iron readings may indicate pump part wear. High silicon readings may be due to dirt or may be caused by sealing or antifoaming agents that use silicon compounds. High copper readings may indicate pump wear, faulty lines and ttings, or a faulty heat exchanger. If there is excessive iron, silicon, or copper content, the clean or replace the uid.
Iron, silicon, and copper content
43
Hydraulic uid analysis
Analysis results are better than time as basis for determining uid change intervals since the type of testing done determines the rate at which contaminants build up and uid breaks down. Take uid samples with the system at normal operating temperatures. Keep sampling tools and containers clean. Dirt introduced during sampling will produce an inaccurate analysis. MTS recommends keeping a maintenance log to record the sampling schedule, analysis results, and corrective actions. Use this log to detect signs of deterioration and to develop a uid change schedule. The type of contaminants found can also determine what type of corrective action to take. MTS has maintenance packages that include uid analysis available at minimal cost.
44
Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Schedule

Use the following as a guide in maintaining your hydraulic uid. Your operating environment may require more frequent maintenance. Prompt action on warning signals is the best preventive measure.
During installation
During installation, protect the system from contamination when a plug, cap, hose, or other hydraulic component is removed. Dirt can enter the system through these openings and can eventually cause system failure. Before you rst operate your system: If you have a large system that uses stainless steel tubing, rst ush the system and then clean the hydraulic uid. To ush the system, follow the instructions in the Flushing the System section of this Appendix. To clean the uid, follow the instructions in the Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluid section of this Appendix. If you have a large system with a complex, welded carbon steel pipe uid distribution system, rst ush the system. Have the uid analyzed for an ISO particle count of 13/9 or better. As needed, clean the uid to achieve a 13/9 or better particle count. To ush the system and clean the uid, follow the instructions in the Flushing the System and Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluid sections of this Appendix. Take a uid sample after installation. Keep this rst test sample to compare it to subsequent samples. Prepare a maintenance log to record the sampling schedule, analysis results, and corrective actions.
Before operation
8 hours/daily
Every day or after every eight hours of operation, do the following: 1. Check the uid level in the HPS reservoir sight glass: A low level can indicate a leak. A high level can indicate water contamination from a heat exchanger.
2. Check the hydraulic uid for signs of excessive water contamination: When the system is running, look at the HPS reservoir sight glass. Water gives the uid a cloudy, milky appearance. When the system is not running, draw off a uid sample from the bottom of the reservoir. Water will appear in your sample.
More than traces of water may indicate a faulty mechanical condition, such as a leak in the heat exchanger or water being drawn in through the reservoir breather lter during heating and cooling cycles. 3. Check the hydraulic uid color and odor: Clean hydraulic uid has an amber color. A burnt caramel smell can indicate chemical breakdown.
45
A milky, dark, abnormal color may indicate contamination or chemical breakdown.
4. Check all lter and uid change indicators. 5. Note any system performance changes. Poor performance may indicate contaminated uid and dirty lters. 6. If you detect water contamination: A. B. Identify and stop the water leak. Change the lters and replace the hydraulic uid.
7. If you detect a change in uid smell: A. B. Have the uid chemically analyzed. Take any required corrective actions. Consult with MTS to see if any adjustments to your hydraulic system are required.
8. If your dirty lter indicators trip: A. B. C. Identify and correct any sources of contamination. Change or clean the lter elements. Run the system for two to four hours to remove contaminants. (Run larger systems longer.)
D. Have the uid analyzed. Clean or change it if it does not meet an ISO cleanliness level of 13/9 or better.
40 hours/monthly
Each month or after every 160 hours of operation do the following: 1. Perform a spat test to check for water contamination: A. B. Put a drop of uid on a hot plate. Spattering indicates water contamination. Analyze the uid and take any required corrective action.
2. Get the uids pH level checked for evidence of uid contamination and breakdown following ASTM procedures D974 or D 664. 3. Check the uid for color changes and abnormal odors. 4. Check all lter and uid change indicators. As needed, clean or replace all dirty lter elements. 5. Check that: Maximum oil temperature is less than 60C (140F). The pressure line has a 21 MPa (3000 psi) maximum static reading and a 17 MPa (2500 psi) minimum dynamic reading. The maximum drain line back pressure is limited to 0.17 MPa (25 psi).
46
500 hours/3 months
Every three months or after every 500 hours of operation, take a uid sample and have it analyzed. Record the results. Clean or replace the uid if necessary. Every 6 months or after 1000 hours of operation, do the following: 1. Disassemble and inspect the heat exchanger core for corrosion. Clean the unit if it is dirty. Replace the unit if it is highly corroded. 2. Remove a solenoid valve and inspect the spool for varnish every 1000 operating hours. Contact MTS if the spool is varnished.
1000 hours/6 months
47
Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Procedures

This section covers the following hydraulic maintenance procedures: Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluidperform this procedure when analysis shows that the uid fails to meet an ISO cleanliness level of 13/9 or better. Replacing the Hydraulic Fluidperform this procedure if analysis shows that cleaning the hydraulic uid fails to produce an ISO cleanliness level of 13/9 or better. Flushing the Systemperform this procedure whenever you change a hydraulic component such as a hose, hard-line, or HSM. Also perform this procedure whenever you change your systems conguration. Flushing the System with Solventperform this procedure when you need to remove sludge from the reservoir and varnish from the system. Removing Water from Oilperform this procedure after a water-to-oil heat exchanger failure has contaminated the hydraulic uid with water.
When adding uid always use a transfer pump such as the MTS Model 590.01 that can provide 10 micron or better ltration. Most commercial hydraulic uids, even when brand-new, exceed the maximum amount of contamination allowed in MTS hydraulic systems.
Note
CAUTION
Mixing uid brands can degrade system performance. Degraded performance can produce bad test results. Choose one brand and stay with it.
48
Cleaning the Hydraulic Fluid

1. Identify and correct any sources of contamination. 2. Change or clean the lter elements as needed. 3. Run the system for two to four hours to remove contaminants. (Run larger systems longer.) 4. Get the uid analyzed. Replace the uid if it does not meet an ISO cleanliness level of 13/9 or better.
49
Replacing the Hydraulic Fluid

1. Identify and correct any sources of contamination. 2. Run the HPS until uid reaches operating temperature. 3. Turn off the HPS. 4. While the uid is still hot, drain the HPS reservoir. As needed, wipe out the inside of the reservoir with clean cloths to remove any remaining contaminants. 5. Replace or clean the HPS lter elements. 6. Fill the reservoir with clean hydraulic uid. Use a transfer pump that can provide 10 micron or better ltration. 7. Operate the HPS at high pressure for two to four hours. (Run larger systems longer.) 8. Check the dirty lter indicators. Replace or clean lter elements as needed.
50
Flushing the System

If your system has more than one servovalve, replace one servovalve with a ushing valve or union. Remove the other servovalves and replace them with cover plates or plugs. WARNING
Residual pressure can produce a high pressure spray. You could be cut by this spray.
Do not start this procedure until all pressure gages read zero. 1. Identify and correct any sources of contamination. 2. Make sure that hydraulic system pressure is zero. 3. If you have an MTS Model 291.XX ushing valve, remove the servovalve from its manifold. Mount the ushing valve in its place. Remove any other servovalves. Cover any exposed servovalve ports with clean servovalve cover plates. If you do not have a ushing valve, remove the pressure and return lines from the servovalve manifold. Connect these lines together with a suitable union. Remove any other servovalves. Use threaded plugs to close any open ports. 4. On larger hydraulic distribution systems, cap all of the in-line accumulators. 5. Operate the HPS and at high pressure for 2 to 4 hours. (Run larger systems longer.) 6. Check the dirty lter indicators. Clean or replace lter elements as needed. 7. Turn off the HPS. Make sure that the hydraulic system pressure is zero. WARNING
Do not start this procedure until all pressure gages read zero.
51
8. If you have used a ushing valve, remove the valve. Reinstall the servovalve. Reinstall any other servovalves that have been removed. If you have used a union, disconnect the union. Reconnect the hoses to the manifold. Reinstall any other servovalves that have been removed. 9. If you have capped in-line accumulators, uncap them. 10. Reconnect servovalve control cables. WARNING
Reapplying pressure with cables disconnected can cause violent actuator movement. You could be hurt and your equipment damaged.
Before reapplying pressure, make sure all control cables are routed to the right servovalve and rmly connected.
52
Flushing the System with Solvent

MTS recommends using MOBILSOL A solvent to ush and clean your hydraulic system. MOBILSOL A is designed to clean hydraulic systems of dirt and oxidation products and is compatible with Mobil DTE 25.
Note If your system has more than one servovalve, replace one servovalve with a ushing valve or union. Remove the other servovalves and replace them with cover plates or plugs.
1. Identify and correct any sources of contamination. 2. Make sure that hydraulic pressure is at zero. CAUTION
Solvents dislodge contaminants. Contaminants can plug servovalves, causing poor system performance.
Remove all servovalves before ushing.
WARNING
Do not start this procedure until all pressure gages read zero. 3. If you have an MTS Model 291.XX ushing valve, remove the servovalve from its manifold. Mount the ushing valve in its place. Remove any other servovalves. Cover any open ports with clean servovalve cover plates. If you do not have a ushing valve, remove the pressure and return lines from the servovalve manifold. Connect these lines together with a suitable union. Remove any other servovalves. Use threaded plugs to close any exposed ports. 4. On larger hydraulic distribution systems, cap the in-line accumulators. 5. Add the amount of solvent recommended by the solvent manufacturers to the HPS reservoir. (Typically 5% of hydraulic uid volume.) 6. Operate the HPS at high pressure for 72 hours. 7. Turn off the HPS. 8. While the uid is still hot, drain the HPS reservoir. As needed, wipe out the inside of the reservoir with clean cloths to remove any remaining contaminants. 9. Replace or clean the HPS lter elements.
53
10. Fill the reservoir with clean hydraulic uid. Use a transfer pump that can provide 10 micron or better ltration. 11. Operate the HPS at high pressure for two to four hours. (Run larger systems longer.) 12. Check the dirty lter indicators. Replace or clean lter elements as needed. 13. Turn off the HPS. Make sure that the hydraulic system pressure is zero. WARNING
Do not start this procedure until all pressure gages read zero. 14. If you have used a ushing valve, remove the valve. Reinstall the servovalve. Reinstall any other servovalves that have been removed. If you have used a union, disconnect the union. Reconnect the hoses to the manifold. Reinstall any other servovalves that have been removed. 15. If you have capped in-line accumulators, uncap them. 16. Reconnect servovalve control cables. WARNING
Reapplying pressure with cables disconnected can cause violent actuator movement. You could be hurt and your equipment damaged. Before reapplying pressure, make sure all control cables are routed to the right servovalve and rmly connected.
54
Removing Water from Oil

This procedure covers removing water from hydraulic uid after a water-to-oil heat exchanger failure. When performing this procedure, keep these principles in mind: Water, in concentrations higher than 2% by weight, will separate from standing hydraulic uid. Water settles in low points in the hydraulic distribution system. Water absorbing lters are available to remove water. Water will evaporate from hydraulic uid held at 82C (180F).
1. Isolate the HPS from the rest of the hydraulic distribution system. 2. Remove the damaged heat exchanger. Repair or replace it. 3. Allow time for the hydraulic uid and water to separate. Draw any standing water off the bottom of the HPS reservoir. 4. Install water absorbing HPS lter elements. Circulate the hydraulic uid to remove additional water. 5. As required, boil off water: A. B. C. Remove the water control valve sensor from the HPS reservoir. Run the HPS. Manually control the heat exchangers water ow to maintain a reservoir temperature of 82C (180F) to boil off water.
6. Drain contaminated uid from all low points in the distribution system. 7. If water contamination is less than 1%: A. B. C. Circulate clean, dry uid from the HPS throughout the distribution system. Use water absorbing lters throughout the distribution system to remove additional water. Repeat the boiling off procedure to remove water that accumulates in the HPS reservoir. If water contamination is severe, drain and discard the oil in the distribution system.
55
Hydraulic Fluid Disposal

Local, state, federal and international laws govern the disposal of hydraulic uid. Many areas have businesses that specialize in uid recovery for little or no cost. Check with the appropriate agency in your area for details on laws and services. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are available from Mobil or MTS. These sheets detail the uid contents and in some areas are required by law. (Refer to the In-Plant Handling to Control Waste Oils Technical Bulletin available from Mobil.)
56
HPS Startup in Special Circumstances

After two-week shutdown
If the HPS has been shut down for two weeks or longer, do the following to allow the lters to collect contaminants: If the HPS is equipped with a circulating pump, run the circulating pump for about one hour before energizing the main pump. If the HPS is not equipped with a circulating pump, run the HPS locally at low pressure for about one hour before applying full pressure and operating the system.
Fluid below 10C
If the temperature of the HPS hydraulic uid is below 10C (50F), do the following: If the HPS has a circulating pump, run this pump until the uid temperature reaches 50F (10C) before energizing the main pump. If the HPS does not have a circulating pump, run the HPS locally at low pressure for about one hour before applying full pressure.
57
58
Appendix C
Heat Exchanger Care

Overview
Most HPSs (Hydraulic Power Supplies) manufactured by MTS are equipped with heat exchangers designed to remove 100% of the HPS heat load. Heat exchangers usually provide a long service life with little required maintenance because they have very few moving parts. However a heat exchanger failure can result in a costly and time-consuming cleanup, especially when your cooling water supply is mixed with hydraulic oil. Proper maintenance is essential to maintain a long life for your heat exchanger. The information in this appendix will help you get the longest possible service from your heat exchanger.
Contents
Types of Heat Exchangers
60 63 61 62
Heat Exchanger Operating Conditions
Major ComponentsWater-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Major ComponentsAir-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Water-to-Oil Exchanger Life Expectancy 65
Signs of Failure in a Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Preventing Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Failures
66 67 71 73
Improving the Life of a Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Maintenance Schedule Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Troubleshooting 77 78
Air-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Maintenance Schedule Air-to-Oil Heat Inspection and Cleaning Procedure
79
Heat Exchanger Care
59
Types of Heat Exchangers

A heat exchanger is a mechanical device that is used to transfer heat from one uid to another. The amount of heat transferred is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the hydraulic uid and the cooling medium. MTS uses water-to-oil and air-to-oil heat exchangers.
Water-to-oil
Water-to-oil heat exchangers (also called oil coolers) are used in locations where there is an ample supply of cooling water. These exchangers use heat transfer to cool hot oil by passing it over tubes lled with cooling water. The most common design is the shell and tube design. Hot oil circulates through a shell. Cooling water circulates through a tube bundle inside the shell. Bafes direct the hydraulic uid at right angles to the tube bundle. Heat transfers from the hot hydraulic uid to the cool water. Heat is then removed from the water by passing it through a cooling tower or an evaporation pond. Water-to-oil heat exchangers are available in many design variations. The straight tube design with a xed tube bundle is used by MTS. These units are available with various bafe arrangements to create single or multiple pass heat exchangers. Multiple pass designs use less water and can be used more efciently with less cost when colder circulating water is available.
Air-to-oil
Air-to-oil heat exchangers (also called air coolers) are used in locations that do not have a sufcient water supply for cooling. These exchangers are similar to cooling systems used in automobiles. Hot oil passes through tubes in radiator while air is blown across the radiators ns to remove the heat.
60
Heat Exchanger Care
Major ComponentsWater-to-Oil Heat Exchanger

Cool Oil Out Hub Shell Cooling Tubes Baffles or Fins Hot Oil In
End Bonnet Tube Sheet Cooling Water In Mounting Bracket Cooling Water Out Zinc Anode (Optional)
VW-G106
Major ComponentsTwo-Pass Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger A water-to-oil heat exchanger has the following major components: Shellcarries hot oil through the exchanger. It encloses the bafes very closely to prevent bypassing and ineffective ow areas. It is a seamless brass tube, with both ends welded into the hubs. Cooling Tubescarry cooling water through the exchanger. Tubes are usually made from copper, a copper-nickel alloy, or stainless steel. The tubes are accessible from either end for cleaning. Tube Sheetshold the cooling tubes in place. The brass tube sheets are bonded to the inside of the hubs. Bafes or Finsprovide a contact area for dissipating heat. Bafes are made of brass. Hubsconnect the shell to the end bonnets. Vents and drains are located on the underside of the brass forged hubs. Bonnetsprovide an unrestricted connection for cooling water ow. They are made of cast iron. Zinc Anodeis replaceable and is used to prevent electrolytic damage.
Heat Exchanger Care
61
Major ComponentsAir-to-Oil Heat Exchanger
Oil In/Out Connection* Tubes and Fins
Motor and Fan
Oil In/Out Connection* Oil In/Out Connection*

*Connections vary between models. VW-G107
Major ComponentsOne-Pass Air-to-Oil Heat Exchanger An air-to-oil heat exchanger has the following major components: Tubes and Finsare the major parts of the radiator. Hot oil circulates through the tubes in the radiator. Fins increase the radiators cooling surface. Motor and Fanblow cooling air through the radiator.
62
Heat Exchanger Care
Heat Exchanger Operating Conditions

Operating temperatures
HPS heat exchangers are typically designed for a minimum ambient operating temperature of 4C (40F) and a maximum ambient operating temperature of 40C (104F). A nameplate specifying specic operating pressures and temperatures is attached to each heat exchanger. The MTS Hydraulic Power Supply manual supplied with your system also contains specic information on operating pressures and temperatures for the heat exchanger supplied with your HPS.
Environment
Do not locate either an oil-to-water or an oil-to-air heat exchanger in a corrosive environment. Rapid deterioration of shells, radiators, motors, and fans may take place, shortening the exchangers operating life.
Note The following items apply just to oil-to-water exchangers.
Water quality
Water quality is critical for a successful water-to-oil heat exchanger system. Generally speaking, municipal drinking water available in developed countries is perfectly acceptable for copper tube heat exchangers. This water is clean, bacteriologically safe, and has a neutral pH. The Table below lists acceptable levels of compounds in cooling water. Acceptable Compound Levels in Cooling Water
COMPOUNDS
Ammonia Bacteria Calcium Chlorides Dissolved solids Iron Nitrates Nitrogen compounds Oxidizing salts or acids pH level Silica as SiO2 Chlorides Dissolved solids Iron
ALLOWABLE QUANTITY (PPM)

None Must be bacteriologically safe <800 ppm <5 ppm >50 but <500 ppm; <150 ppm if abrasive solids are present 3 ppm <10 ppm None None 68.5 (recommended) <150 ppm (to limit silica scale) <5 ppm >50 but <500 ppm; <150 ppm if abrasive solids are present 3 ppm
Heat Exchanger Care
63
Water from cooling towers, wells, rivers, and ponds must be free of pollutants and treated to limit contaminants to municipal drinking water levels. It is important to keep all contaminants within acceptable limits. Two contaminants in water can produce a corrosion rate a hundred times greater than could be caused by just one contaminant.
Softened and distilled water
Softened and distilled water can cause problems in water-to-oil heat exchangers. This water, though low in minerals, has higher than desirable levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen. High levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen will decrease the protective layer of minerals that form on the surface of the tubes and increase the formation of copper oxide. Poorly maintained cooling tower water can cause rapid corrosion in a water-to-oil heat exchanger. The fans used on cooling towers can force air and organic pollutants into the water. Contamination levels in this water can vary seasonally and should be checked often. Contaminants in cooling tower water must be controlled to the levels listed in the above Table. Ideally, water pH should be maintained in the 6.5-8.5 range. Chlorine should be used to limit the growth of organisms. Do not use excessive amounts of chlorine. Keep the chloride level to less than 5 ppm. Cooling towers located in an industrialized area should be a closed-loop design to provide protection against airborne contaminants.
Cooling tower water
Additional help
Local industrial water treatment specialists can provide additional information on your water conditions and solutions to contaminant problems.
64
Heat Exchanger Care
Water-to-Oil Exchanger Life Expectancy

Water-to-oil heat exchangers usually have a long service life and require little maintenance. Properly maintained, your heat exchanger could last up to 20 years. However, all heat exchangers have a nite service life and will fail sometime. Fouling and corrosion are the main causes of degraded performance and failure.
Fouling
Fouling builds up deposits that decrease a systems thermal transfer rate and increase its ow resistance. As a result, the cooling water ow rate has to increase to keep the system at the same temperature. Corrosion gradually wears away a component by mechanical or chemical action. Water-to-oil heat exchangers are usually constructed with corrosion-resistant copper or copper alloy tubes. A normal corrosion rate for these tubes is 525 m per year. This implies an operating life of 20 years for your heat exchanger. Higher levels of contaminants in the cooling water will drastically shorten your exchangers operating life. Typically, corrosion causes these types of failure in a heat exchanger: Corrosive deposits block uid ow in the heat exchanger tubing. Corrosion causes water to leak into the hydraulic uid or hydraulic uid to leak into the cooling water supply. Both leaks result in costly repairs.
Corrosion
The type of contamination depends on the extent of the corrosion and the pressures of the hydraulic uid and cooling water. Since uid ows from a high pressure area to a low pressure area, the lower pressure uid will become contaminated rst. Eventually both the water and the hydraulic uid will be contaminated as more leakage occurs.
Heat Exchanger Care
65
Signs of Failure in a Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger

Typical signs of failure in a water-to-oil heat exchanger are: Cloudy, milky hydraulic uid. This indicates that water is leaking into the hydraulic uid. Checking uid color daily is a good way catch small leaks before they cause extensive damage. Hydraulic uid in the heat exchanger cooling water discharge. This indicates hydraulic uid is leaking into the cooling water. A hydraulic uid analysis that shows a sharp rise in ppm (parts-per-million) copper levels. A slow steady rise over several analyses may not indicate a problem. A single analysis that shows a sharp rise means your heat exchanger will fail soon. The Table below lists copper levels and recommended actions. Copper Levels in Hydraulic Fluid COPPER CONCENTRATION
2050 (ppm) >50 (ppm) Sharp rise
INDICATION
Normal amounts Monitor analysis trends Take immediate action
Note
To deal with contaminated hydraulic uid, see the Hydraulic Fluid Care appendix. Refer to the Hydraulic Fluid Maintenance Procedures.
When to replace
Replace or repair a heat exchanger at the rst sign of failure. Most leaks start with a pinhole and then grow larger. Catastrophic failures can result in: A contaminated hydraulic distribution system A contaminated water supply Expensive repairs to your test system Expensive cleanups supervised by an environmental protection agency Extensive lost testing time
66
Heat Exchanger Care
Preventing Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Failures

This section discusses four common types of failure in water-to-oil heat exchangers and how to prevent them.
Mechanical failures Metal erosion
These failures result from metal erosion, water hammer, vibration fatigue, thermal fatigue, and freeze up. Excessive uid velocity on either the shell or tube side of the heat exchanger can cause damaging metal erosion. Corrosion accelerates as metal erosion removes protective lms, exposing fresh metal to further attack. Most metal erosion problems occur inside the tubes, with tube entrance areas most prone to erosion. These areas have severe metal loss when high-velocity water enters the exchanger and divides into much smaller streams. This results in turbulence with very high localized velocities. The maximum recommended water velocity in the tubes and entrance nozzle depends on the tube material and water quality. Stainless steel and copper-nickel tubes can withstand tube velocities of 3.03.4 m/s (1011 ft/s). Velocities for copper tubes are normally limited to 2.3 m/s (7.5 ft/s). Velocities for copper tubes should be less if the cooling water is softened or contains suspended solids.
Water hammer
Water hammer is the sound produced by damaging surges in water pressure and ow. To reduce water hammer, always start the ow of cooling water through the exchanger when you turn on the HPS. Fluid ow control valves that open or close suddenly can produce water hammer. Modulating control valves are preferred to on-off types.
Vibration fatigue
Excessive equipment vibration and pulsating transients in the uid ow can cause tube failures. Failures appear as fatigue stress cracks or erosion of tubing at bafe contact points. To prevent this type of failure, isolate heat exchangers from excessive vibration. Repeated thermal cycling can cause tubing failure. In thermal fatigue, temperature changes cause tube exing. This produces a stress that acts cumulatively until the tube cracks. The crack usually runs radially around the tube and many times results in a total break. A thermostatic or spring-loaded bypass relief valve installed ahead of the heat exchanger will hasten warm-up and relieve excessive pressures. It can also control the oil temperature in certain installations.
Thermal fatigue
Freeze up
Freeze up occurs when cooling water in the heat exchanger freezes. Common causes are failing to provide thermal protection, a broken thermal protection system, not draining cooling water before winter shutdown, or not enough antifreeze.
Heat Exchanger Care
67
Corrosion failures
Chemically induced corrosion failures result from general corrosion, pitting, stress corrosion, de-zincication, galvanic corrosion, and crevice corrosion. General chemical corrosion is characterized by a slow, uniform attack on the tube, tube sheet, or shell, with little or no evidence that corrosion is taking place. For copper, low cooling water pH (less than 7) combined with carbon dioxide or oxygen produces corrosion. A blue or bluish-green color on the tubes shows the results of carbon dioxide attack on the inside of a copper tube. Various chemicals, such as acids, also produce this type of metal loss. You can reduce general corrosion and maximize the life of your heat exchanger by selecting a material with adequate corrosion resistance for the operating environment and by using the proper treatment chemicals to clean and protect the components of your heat exchanger.
General corrosion
Pitting
Localized pitting is frequently encountered in metals. It is caused by the electrochemical potential set up by differences in the concentration of oxygen inside and outside the pit and is frequently referred to as a concentration cell. The oxygen-starved pit acts as an anode and the unattacked metal surface as a cathode. A small number of pits may be present and any one can cause a heat exchanger failure. Pitting corrosion can occur during shutdown periods when still cooling water creates an environment suitable for the buildup of concentration cells. Scratches, dirt or scale deposits, surface defects, breaks in protective scales and metal surface lms, and grain boundary conditions increase the susceptibility of the metal to pitting corrosion.
Stress corrosion
Stress corrosion attacks the grain boundaries (changes in the crystalline structure of the metal) in stressed areas. Manufacturing processes produce stressed areas in heat exchanger tubes. Stress corrosion failures appear as ne cracks, following the lines of stress and material grain boundaries. High levels of chloride ions in cooling water will cause stress corrosion. All naturally occurring waters contain chloride ions. They are also potentially present in any compound formulated with chlorine. Keeping chloride ion concentrations below 50 ppm and tube wall temperatures below 52C (125F) will reduce stress corrosion problems. Even very small concentrations of ammonia in cooling water can cause stress corrosion on copper or copper alloy tubes. 1 ppm or less can cause problems. Copper-nickel alloys have good resistance to stress corrosion and should be used in applications where concentrations of ammonia are expected.
68
Heat Exchanger Care
De-zincication
De-zincication occurs when a copper-zinc alloy containing less than 85% copper contacts cooling water with a high oxygen and carbon dioxide content. Zinc is chemically removed from the alloy, leaving a porous surface. The remaining copper has a sponge-like appearance. Increased temperatures and water with pH below 7 accelerates de-zincication. It can be prevented by using brass with lower zinc content or brass containing tin or arsenic to inhibit the chemical action or by controlling the environment causing the problem.
Galvanic corrosion
This type of corrosion occurs when dissimilar metals are joined in the presence of an electrolyte, such as acidic water. Galvanic corrosion usually produces a higher rate of reaction on the more chemically active metal. This type of corrosion originates in and around hidden and secluded areas, such as between bafes and tubes or under loose scale and dirt. Relatively stagnant conditions must exist for crevice corrosion to occur. A localized cell develops and the resulting corrosion appears as a metal loss with local pits, often giving the impression that erosion is taking place. This contrasts with a vibration failure where the metal is sharply cut and there are no pits. Crevice corrosion can often be controlled by keeping uid ow velocities adequate to prevent stagnation or the accumulation of solids.
Crevice corrosion
Combined failures Erosion-corrosion
Combined failures result from a combination of mechanical erosion with chemical corrosion or chemical corrosion with mechanical fatigue. Erosion-corrosion combines mechanical erosion with chemical corrosion to produce failure. Mechanical erosion caused by excessive uid velocity, suspended solids, or mechanical vibration will erode away protective lms and accelerate chemical corrosion. Erosion-corrosion is usually found in the entrance area of tubes, below the shell inlet nozzle, and at the point of contact with bafes and tubes. Corrosion-fatigue combines chemical corrosion with mechanical fatigue to produce failure. In most environments, corrosion produces protective lms that retard corrosive attack. In corrosion-fatigue, mechanical stresses such as vibration, temperature cycles, and water hammer strip away this protective lm. The exposed area has an accelerated chemical corrosion rate.
Corrosion-fatigue
Heat Exchanger Care
69
Fouling failures Scale
Fouling failures result from accumulations of scale, suspended solids, mud, and algae. Dissolved minerals precipitating from the cooling water create scale. Heat exchanger temperature changes and chemical reactions between compounds in the water affect the solubility of these minerals. MTS designed your HPS to have an optimum uid velocity based on your systems heat transfer needs and the tube material used. This velocity should keep the precipitation rate low. Fouled or clogged tubes will decrease the uid velocity and increase the precipitation rate. Regularly clean the tubes and inlet lters to keep the uid velocity high enough to inhibit scaling. Suspended solids are visible particles of silt, iron, and sand found in both cooling water and hydraulic uid. They will settle out and build up on the tube walls if uid velocities are not high enough. They are very abrasive to heat exchanger parts. Proper use of lters and screens for the cooling water and hydraulic uid will reduce the amount of suspended solids. Algae and other marine growths are a serious problem once established in a heat exchanger. A heat exchanger can be an excellent environment for their rapid growth, which will restrict cooling water ow and impede heat transfer. Chemical algaecides, such as chlorine, are effective in controlling algae and other marine growths. High uid velocities will keep them from proliferating.
Suspended solids
Algae
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Heat Exchanger Care
Improving the Life of a Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger

This section discusses four ways to extend the life of a heat exchanger: Choose the right tubing material for your water conditions Keep the cooling water supply clean Monitor the cooling water ow rate Protect the heat exchanger during shipping and storage
Choose the right tubing
While you cannot prevent corrosion from occurring in your heat exchanger, you can reduce the corrosion rate by selecting the appropriate materials for your heat exchanger. MTS can assist you in selecting the proper tubing for your heat exchanger based on an analysis of your water supply. The standard material used in heat exchanger tubes is 99.9% pure soft copper. Copper-nickel (CuNi), an alloy of copper that has 10% nickel, offers a high resistance to corrosion caused by many common pollutants. A 9010 copper alloy tube has a corrosion rate typically one-half to one-third that of pure copper and adds 2025% to the heat exchangers cost. It is a good solution for mildly corrosive water (typical of water taken from a ground water supply). It is not a solution to severe corrosion problems that may occur when cooling towers are used. Adding zinc anodes to the heat exchanger bonnet can make heat exchangers last longer. Most copper-nickel heat exchangers can be furnished with anodes. These anodes screw into the bonnet and protect the tube sheet and bonnet metal against de-zincication corrosion. The anodes will corrode before the copper alloy tubes in most cases. Regularly inspect and replace anodes to maintain protection against de-zincication. If you have a saltwater cooling water supply, MTS recommends using tubes and tube sheets made of 9010 copper-nickel and bonnets made of bronze. Zinc anodes also should be used to reduce the corrosion rate.
Keep the water clean
Contaminants suspended in the cooling water supply can clog heat exchanger tubes. This will decrease the heat exchangers efciency and can cause damaging erosion or corrosion to the tubes. To prevent sediment buildup in the tubes, install a lter or strainer in the cooling water inlet to prevent large particles from entering the tubes. MTS recommends that water strainers be installed ahead of the heat exchanger if the cooling water source contains large amounts of particles or sediment.
Note Strainers provide little corrosion protection since most corrosives are dissolved rather than suspended solids.
Heat Exchanger Care
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Monitor the ow rate
Keeping sufcient cooling water ow in all the tubes is the easiest way to prevent fouling. Sufcient ow creates a self-cleaning effect in the tubes, helping them retain to their heat transfer characteristics. If you notice a decrease in your heat exchangers efciency, inspect the lter, strainer, and tubes for signs of fouling. Install a pressure relief or regulating valve to protect the exchanger from bursting pressures if there is a possibility of water pressure surges above the heat exchangers design pressure.
Shutdown protection
MTS ushes heat exchanger tubes with Dow Chemical Dowfrost HD antifreeze to prevent corrosion during shipment and short-term storage. Dowfrost HD is a propylene glycol heat transfer uid used in closed loop HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems. The HD designation means it will work with the different metals in heat exchangers. It has excellent anti-corrosion properties and low toxicity. MTS warns against using ethylene glycol ushing solutions, which can be very corrosive under certain conditions. If your heat exchanger is to be shut down for a period of time (weeks or months), MTS recommends that you drain the heat exchanger and ush it with a corrosion-preventive uid. Seal the shell and bonnet openings to prevent dirt from entering. If ambient temperatures will drop below 0C (32F), always drain cooling water from the heat exchanger to prevent frost damage.
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Heat Exchanger Care
Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Maintenance Schedule

Use the following as a guide in maintaining your heat exchanger. Your operating environment may require more frequent maintenance. Prompt action on warning signals is the best preventive measure.
On arrival
When the HPS arrives at your test site, check the following on the heat exchanger: Inspect the exchanger for shipping damage. Inspect the water line connections to make sure no dirt has entered the exchanger. Check the tightness of the bolts holding the shell together. Make sure the heat exchanger is solidly mounted in place.
During installation
During installation, take care when using sealing tape on pipe threads. Tape acts as a thread lubricant, which can lead to over-tightening and cracked castings. Daily or after every eight hours of operation, do the following: 1. Check the uid level in the HPS reservoir sight glass: A low level can indicate a hydraulic uid leak into the heat exchanger. A high level can indicate a water leak from the heat exchanger. 2. Check the hydraulic uid for signs of water contamination: When the system is running, look at the HPS reservoir sight glass. Water gives the uid a cloudy, milky appearance. When the system is not running, draw off a uid sample from the bottom of the reservoir. Water will appear in your sample.
8 hours/daily
500 hours/3 months
Every 3 months or after every 500 hours of operation or when you notice a decrease in exchanger performance, do the following (favorable operating conditions can extend this interval up to one year or 2000 hours): 1. Inspect the exchanger externally and internally. Refer to the Inspect the Heat Exchanger procedure that follows. 2. Mechanically clean the exchanger if your inspection nds light scale and sediment in the tubes. 3. Chemically clean the exchanger if your inspection nds heavy calcium deposits in the tubes.
Heat Exchanger Care
73
Inspect the Heat Exchanger

1. Shut off the HPS. Shut off the cooling water supply. 2. Externally inspect the exchanger for: Dents, bulges, and leaks Damaged gaskets Corrosion Worn, frayed, and leaking hoses
3. Drain all hydraulic uid from the heat exchanger. Drain all water from the exchanger. 4. Clean all lters and screens. 5. Remove the end bonnet from the water intake side of the heat exchanger. (If you have to remove a mounting bracket, use blocks of wood to support the exchanger.)
Note Be careful when you handle a removable tube bundle. Bending the bundles bafe plates will let hydraulic uid bypass the tube surfaces, decreasing exchanger efciency. Clean out the tubes with a nylon bristle brush. Metal bristles will scratch the tubes, accelerating corrosion.
6. Internally inspect the exchanger for: Corrosion and erosion damage to the tubes and tube ends Fouling and corrosion deposits on the tubes Condition of the optional zinc anodes Damaged threads
7. If your exchanger has optional anodes, de-scale and inspect them. Replace them as needed. 8. If no further cleaning is needed, reassemble the heat exchanger using new gaskets. If further mechanical or chemical cleaning is needed, continue on to the following Mechanically Clean the Heat Exchanger and Chemically Clean the Heat Exchanger procedures.
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Heat Exchanger Care
Mechanically Clean the Heat Exchanger

Continue on with this procedure if internal and external inspection nds light scale and sediment on the tubes. 1. As needed, remove the heat exchanger from the HPS. 2. Complete the disassembly of the heat exchanger. 3. Clean out the tubes with a nylon bottle brush. 4. Clean the remaining heat exchanger parts. 5. Carefully inspect all parts for signs of failure. Replace parts as needed. 6. Reassemble the heat exchanger using new gaskets.
Heat Exchanger Care
75
Chemically Clean the Heat Exchanger

Continue on with this procedure if your internal inspection nds heavy calcium deposits on the tube. WARNING
Cleaning solvents are caustic. They can burn your eyes and skin. Their vapors can burn your lungs. Always follow the manufacturers safety precautions when using solvents.
1. As needed, remove the heat exchanger from the HPS. 2. Complete the disassembly of the heat exchanger. 3. Clean the tubes by ushing them with a 15% solution of inhibited muriatic (hydrochloric) acid in water. The system must be open to vent gases. The amount of scale determines the length of time required for ushing. For 1 mm (0.04 in.) thick scale, ush the tubes for about 30 minutes. 4. Drain the tubes completely. Thoroughly ush the tubes with clean water. 5. Flush the tubes with a neutralizing agent, such as a 5% sodium carbonate solution. Drain the tubes completely. Thoroughly ush the tubes with clean water. 6. Repeat steps 35 of this procedure in the opposite ow direction. 7. Clean the remaining heat exchanger parts. 8. Use a solvent to remove any oil residues. 9. Carefully inspect all parts for signs of failure. Replace parts as needed. 10. Reassemble the heat exchanger using new gaskets.
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Heat Exchanger Care
Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Troubleshooting

Water-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Troubleshooting SYMPTOM
Fluid in reservoir overheats
CORRECTIVE ACTION Verify the proper water connections: IN>IN OUT>OUT Verify that the water temperature versus ow rate is correct for your model of HPS (refer to the MTS Hydraulic Power Supply manual that came with your system). Verify that the water saver valve is operating correctly. Adjust it if necessary (refer to the instructions in the MTS Hydraulic Power Supply manual).
Plugged heat exchanger tubes
Perform a mechanical cleaning. Perform a chemical cleaning as needed. Install a lter in the cooling water inlet line to prevent the buildup of sediment. Make sure your cooling water is clean.
Cloudy hydraulic uid or uid in the cooling water discharge (heat exchanger internal leakage)
Disassemble the heat exchanger. Pressure test to nd the leak. Repair or replace the heat exchanger.
Heat Exchanger Care
77
Air-to-Oil Heat Exchanger Maintenance Schedule

Use the following as a guide in maintaining your air-to-oil heat exchanger. Your operating environment may require more frequent maintenance. Prompt action on warning signals is the best preventive measure.
On arrival
When the HPS arrives at your test site, check the following on the heat exchanger: Inspect the exchanger for shipping damage. Make sure the fan turns freely. Make sure the heat exchanger is solidly mounted in place.
During installation
During installation, take care when using sealing tape on pipe threads. Tape acts as a thread lubricant, which can lead to over-tightening and cracked castings. Daily or after every eight hours of operation, do the following: 1. Check the uid color and level in the HPS reservoir sight glass: A low level can indicate a hydraulic uid leak in the heat exchanger. A dark color, along with a burnt smell, can indicate that the heat exchanger is not keeping the uid cool.
8 hours/daily
2. Check that nothing obstructs air ow through the radiator.
500 hours/3 months
Every 3 months or after every 500 hours of operation or when you notice a decrease in exchanger performance, perform the following Air-to Oil Exchanger Inspection and Cleaning procedure.
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Heat Exchanger Care
Air-to-Oil Heat Inspection and Cleaning Procedure

1. Shut off the HPS. 2. Inspect the heat exchanger for: Loose bolts Worn, frayed, and leaking hoses Corrosion Obstructions blocking the ow of air through the radiator Damaged or leaking radiator ns and tubes
3. As needed, use a brush or compressed air to clean the radiator ns and tubes. If the radiator is greasy, remove the motor assembly. Spray or brush the radiator ns and tubes with a mild alkaline solution or a nonammable degreasing uid. Then rinse with hot water and dry thoroughly. A steam hose is also effective in removing grease. 4. Remove dirt and grease from the heat exchanger casing. Sand and repaint rusty or corroded surfaces. 5. Clean the fan motor and fan blade of dirt and grease. 6. Some fan motors may have grease zerks. Lubricate the fan motor as needed. Follow the instructions attached to the motor.
Heat Exchanger Care
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Heat Exchanger Care

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MANUAL PART NUMBER

Installation and Modification Guidelines 15

Chapter 2 Appendix A Appendix B

Maintenance Logs 23 Fastener Requirements 35 Hydraulic Fluid Care 41

Heat Exchanger Care 59

About This Manual

What You Are Expected to Know Conventions Contacting MTS 8 11

What to Expect When You Call Customer Feedback 14

About This Manual

What You Are Expected to Know

Other conventions Notes

Telephone Within the U.S. or Canada

Outside the U.S. or Canada Fax

Contact your local service center.

E-mail: info@mts.com Internet home page: http://www.mts.com

What to Expect When You Call

Know information from prior technical assistance

Identify the problem

Know relevant computer information

Know relevant software information

While on the phone

Write down relevant information

After you call

The Customer Quality Request

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Pneumatic Fittings and Hoses Accumulators 20 21

System Control Cables

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Disconnect and e-stop switches

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Pneumatic Fittings and Hoses

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Installation and Modication Guidelines

System Control Cables

Installation and Modication Guidelines

Installation and Modication Guidelines

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

System Maintenance Log

HEX BOLTS WORKING FORCE

HEX BOLTS WORKING FORCE

HEX BOLTS WORKING FORCE

HEX BOLTS WORKING FORCE

Hydraulic Fluid Care

Recommended Hydraulic Fluids Fluid Characteristics 43

HPS Startup in Special Circumstances

Hydraulic Fluid Care

Recommended Hydraulic Fluids

* Typical rangesactual ranges depend on the type of test performed.

Hydraulic Fluid Care

Appearance Water content

Iron, silicon, and copper content