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NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL NOTE 3169

ON THE DRAG AND SHEDDING FREQUENCY O F

TWO -DIMENSIONAL B L U F F BODIES

By Anatol Roshko

California Institute of Technology

Washington
July 1954
r NATIONAL ADVISORY COlNLTTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

e
TECHNICAL NOTE 3169

ON THE DRAG AND SHEDDING FREQUENCY OF

TWO-DIMENSIONAL BLUFF BODIES

By Anatol Roshko

SUMMARY

A semiempirical study is made of the bluff-body problem.

Some experiments with interference elements in the wake close

behind a cylinder demonstrate the need for considering that region in
any complete theory.

Dimensional analysis of a simple model of the region leads to a

universal Stromal number S* which is then experimentally determined
a s a function of wake Reynolds nuniber R*. This result, together with
free-streamline theory, allows the drag to be calculated from a measure-
v
ment of the shedding frequency and furnishes a useful correlation
between different bluff cylinders.

I
By allowing for some annihilation of the vorticity in the free
shear l/ayys, it is shown how to corribine the free-streamline theory
with Karman's theory of the vortex street to obtain a solution
dependent on only one experimental measurement.

INTRODUCTION

The problem of the drag of bluff bodies in incompressible flow is

one of the oldest in fluid mechanics, but it remains one of the most
important, for practical reasons as well as for its theoretical interest

The two major contributions toward/ altheoretical understanding are

the well-known ones of Kirchhoff and Karman. These attack two aspects
of the problem that must be understood, namely, the potential flow in
the vicinity of the cylinder and the wake farther downstream, but
neither by itself can furnish a complete theory. Much of the work
devoted to the problem through the years has been essentially the,
elaboration and application of the theories of Kirchhoff and drman.
2 NACA TN 51-69

It has become increasingly evident, however, that a complete solution

will not be obtained until one is able to "join" the two parts of the
problem and that this will require an understanding of the flow in the
early stages of the wake, that is, the first few diameters downstream
of the cylinder.

On the experimental side, there has also been a continued activity.

It is surprising that the influence on theoretical developments has been
rather small, for considerable useful information has been compiled,
some as long ago as 20 or 50 years. Much of this is referred to in
chapters IX and XI11 of reference 1. Particular mention must be made
of the work of Fage and his coworkers (e.g., refs. 2, 3 , and 4) who
made very useflil investigations of the flow near the cylinder and in
the early stages of the wake. The ideas of this report grew largely
out of a study of their work.

The interest at GALCIT in the flow past bluff bodies has been
connected not so much with the problem of the drag as with that of
turbulent wakes. Many of the turbulent flows that are used for
experimental studies (e.g., behind grids) and almost all those that
cause practical difficulties (e.g., buffeting) are produced in the
wakes of bluff bodies. Much of the empiricism connected with these
problems can be resolved only by a better understanding of how the
wake is related to the body which produces it. This includes ques- I
tions of wake scale, frequencies, energy, interference between wakes,
and so forth. However, whatever the approach, one is led to consider
the relation between the wake and the potential flow outside the wake 4
b

and cylinder.

A short review of the theory of flow past bluff bodies is presented

and some experiments are described which demonstrate how critically the
whole problem depends on that part of the wake immediately behind the
cylinder. In the remainder of the report the free-streamline theory of
reference 5 is combined with some experimental results to obtain a much
needed correlation between bluff cylinders1 of different shapes. This
furnishes at the same time some of the sought-after relations between
wake and cylinder.

The experiments were performed in the 20- by 20-inch low-turbulence

wind tunnel at GALCIT, under the sponsorship and with the financial
assistance of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Standard
%he term "cylinder" is used throughout to denote a body whose
cross-sectional shape is the same at every section along the span. This
is the so-called two-dimensional body, which was the only kind for which
measurements were made here. The term is applied to all cross-sectional
shapes, including the limiting case of a flat plate normal to the flow,
in which case the cross-sectional shape is simply a line.
NACA TN 3169 3

hot-wire equipment, manometry, and so forth were employed. The work is

part of a broader program of turbulence research directed by Dr. H. W.
Liepmann; the author is indebted to him and to other members of the
GALCIT staff for many discussions.

SYMBOLS

b' distance between outer edges of free shear layers

CD drag coefficient

cP pressure coefficient

cPS
base-pressure coefficient

C distance *om back of cylinder to trailing edge of inter-

ference element

d cylinder diameter or breadth

d' distance between free streamlines

h width of vortex street

k base-pressure parameter, U,/U, or \Il-cpi

"r base-pressure parameter, uncorrected for tunnel blockage

2 longitudinal vortex spacing

n vortex shedding frequency

PS base pressure

R Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter, Ud/v

RT Reynolds nurdber uncorrected for tunnel blockage

R* Reynolds number based on wake parameters, Usd'/v

S cylinder Strouhal number, nd/U,

ST Strouhal number uncorrected for tunnel blockage

S* wake Strouhal number, nd'/U,

 NACA TN 3169

Fage's form of Stromal number, nb'/Um

velocity along shear layer

velocities at edges of shear layer

free-stream velocity

blockage correction to measured free-stream velocity

velocity on free streamline at separation

velocity of vortices relative to f'ree-stream velocity

distance downstream

angle measured from stagnation point of circular cylinder

circulation per vortex

fraction of shear-layer vorticity that goes into individual

vortices

vorticity .
3

coordinate normal to shear layer

kinematic viscosity

REVIEW OF THXORY OF FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES

Although the main contributions to the theory of flow past bluff

bodies are well-known, a review is useful to bring out the important
features of the problem.

In the free-streamline theory developed by Kirchhoff, the free

shear layers which are known to separate from bluff bodies a r e idealized
by surfaces (streamlines) of velocity discontinuity. These f'ree stream-
lines divide the flow into a wake and an outer potential field. The
possibility of treating the problem this way in two parts is important
to note. Kirchhoff's theory, however, considerably underestimates the
drag, and the failure is easily traced to the assumption which is made
about the velocity on the free streamline. It is assumed that the
velocity there is the free-stream velocity or, what amounts to the *
same thing, that the pressure in the wake and on the cylinder base is
 NACA TN 3169 5

the free-stream pressure. It is known, however, that the pressure on

the base, behind the separation points, is actually much lower, which
c. corresponds to a velocity on the free streamline which is higher than
the free-stream value. This lower base pressure accounts for the
higher drag actually observed. Kirchhoff's theory has been applied,
by a long line of successors, to many other cylinder shapes; and indeed
it can be applied in principle to any shape whatever, the difficulty
being only of computation. (In cases such as the circular cylinder,
where there is not a well-defined, fixed separation point, an additional
assumption must be made.) In all cases, however, the theory gives values
of drag much lower than those observed, and always for the reason that
the value assumed for the separation velocity is too low.
/
Kardn, in his famous theory of the vortex street, attacked the
problem by way of another characteristic feature of flow past bluff
bodies, that is, the phenomenon of periodic vortex shedding. The
theory is incomplete in that it cannot by itself relate the vortex-
street dimensions and velocities to the cylinder dimension and free-
stream velocity. Two additional relations are required, and these must
come from elsewhere, usually from experiment.

These two examples by Kirchhoff and d& are, however, represent-

ative of the two parts of the flow that will have to be considered in
-
any complete theory. While each part the potential field and the wake -
may be considered separately, the complete solution will only be found by
discovering how to join them. Indeed, Heisenberg (ref. 6) attempted to
obtain such a closed solution by joining the Kirchhoff solution to
K6rdn's vortex street. His solution gives a value for the drag in
good agreement with that for a flat plate set normal to the flow, but
it also gives the same value for any other cylinder shape, as pointed
out by Ka'rdn in a footnote to the same paper. There is an inconsis-
tency in the theory in that the Kirchhoff flow, which is taken as one
element in the synthesis, predicts a drag coefficient which is different
(lower) from the final result. In short, the Kirchhoff flow is not a
suitable starting point for such solutions unless it is modified to
allow more realistic base pressures.

In reference 5 it was shown how such a modification may be made.

Instead of restricting the separation velocity to the free-stream
value U, it is allowed to assume an arbitrary value Us = kUm. The
-
base-pressure coefficient is then Cps = 1 k2. For k = 1 this
reduces to the Kirchhoff case, but for agreement with experiment k
must be greater than 1. This modified Kirchhoff theory will be referred
to as the notched-hodograph theory, after the hodograph upon which it is
based.
6 NACA TN 3169

Another method by which t h e p o t e n t i a l p a r t of t h e flow might be

"joined" t o t h e wake i s t o use t h e momentum-diffusion theory which has
been a p p l i e d i n c a l c u l a t i o n s of base p r e s s u r e on supersonic p r o j e c t i l e s
( r e f s . 7 and 8) . These c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e made on t h e b a s i s of a mixing
theory, wherein t h e p r e s s u r e deficiency on t h e base i s assumed t o be
"supported" e n t i r e l y by t h e d i f f u s i o n of momentum across t h e shear l a y e r s .
I n f a c t , it appears i n e v i t a b l e t h a t some such c a l c u l a t i o n w i l l be neces-
s a r y b e f o r e a complete t h e o r e t i c a l formulation of t h e problem can be
obtained. The mechanism of t h e wake immediately downstream of t h e c y l i n d e r
i s t h e main i t e m i n t h e coupling between wake and p o t e n t i a l flow, and it
w i l l probably be e s s e n t i a l t o understand it. Unfortunately, t h e idea of
simple momentum d i f f u s i o n across t h e shear l a y e r s , which appears t o be
s u i t a b l e f o r t h e supersonic flows, i s not by i t s e l f s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e
incompressible flow p a s t a b l u f f c y l i n d e r . The "coupling region" imme-
d i a t e l y downstream of t h e body i s a l s o that i n which t h e v o r t i c e s are
formed, and t h e y are an e s s e n t i a l p a r t of the mechanism, as w i l l be shown
i n t h e following s e c t i o n s .

EFFECT OF VORTEX FORMATION

Figure 1 shows a p r e s s u r e t r a v e r s e made along t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e

wake behind a f l a t p l a t e s e t normal t o t h e flow. The measurement i s not
simple t o make because of t h e l a r g e t r a n s v e r s e v e l o c i t y f l u c t u a t i o n s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e v o r t e x shedding. A s t a t i c probe o r i e n t e d along t h e
c e n t e r l i n e of t h e wake experiences a nonstationary crossflow, f l u c t u -
a t i n g a t t h e shedding frequency. A s f a r as t h e mean flow i s concerned,
t h e p r e s s u r e i s constant over t h e circumference of t h e c y l i n d r i c a l probe,
s i n c e i t s dimensions a r e small compared w i t h t h e flow f i e l d . Because of
t h e crossflow, however, t h e r e i s a p r e s s u r e v a r i a t i o n over t h e circumfer-
ence, jhst as t h e r e i s for a cylinder placed normal t o a stream with
p e r i o d i c v e l o c i t y . "herefore t h e p r e s s u r e measured v a r i e s with t h e
p o s i t i o n of t h e o r i f i c e on t h e circumference of t h e probe. When t h e
o r i f i c e i s a t one of t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t s of t h e crossflow t h e p r e s s u r e
i s t h e h i g h e s t , and when it i s a t 90° from t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t t h e pres-
sure i s t h e lowest. The pressures measured with t h e o r i f i c e a t t h e s e
l i m i t i n g p o s i t i o n s are shown i n f i g u r e 1. The c o r r e c t p r e s s u r e should
be somewhere between. Now on a c y l i n d e r i n steady crossflow t h e pressure
c o e f f i c i e n t i s zero a t 30' i n p o t e n t i a l flow and a t about 35' i n r e a l
flows. It w a s simply assumed t h a t t h e l a t t e r i s a l s o t h e c o r r e c t p o s i t i o n
f o r t h e o s c i l l a t i n g crossflow. The intermediate curve i n f i g u r e 1 i s t h e
r e s u l t with t h e o r i f i c e a t 3 5 O from t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t ; it i s believed
that t h i s gives very n e a r l y t h e c o r r e c t value f o r t h e mean s t a t i c p r e s s u r e .

I n any case, what i s important i s t h e low-pressure region a t about

2 p l a t e widths downstream; t h a t i s , t h e p r e s s u r e on t h e base i s not t h e
lowest p r e s s u r e i n t h e wake. This measurement had a l r e a d y been made by
 NACA TN 3169 7

S c h i l l e r and Linke i n 1933 ( r e f . 9 ) , but does not seem t o have been noted
s i n c e . I t s s i g n i f i c a n c e seems c l e a r - t h a t t h e low pressure i s a s s o c i -
J
a t e d with a low-pressure region a t t h e center of t h e vortex which i s
being formed. This low pressure must f l u c t m t e , of course, as t h e v o r t i c e s
form a l t e r n a t e l y , and it i s t h e mean e f f e c t which has been measured. It
b seems l i k e l y then t h a t a l a r g e p a r t of t h e low pressure on t h e base of
t h e f l a t p l a t e i s a s s o c i a t e d with t h e v o r t e x pressure, that i s , t h a t t h e
main mechanism f o r t h e base pressure i s t o be found not i n t h e d i f f u s i o n
of momentum across t h e shear l a y e r s but i n t h e dynamics of t h e v o r t i c e s .
I n f a c t , t h e moment-m-diffusion theory could p r e d i c t only a monotonically
increasing pressure from t h e base.

Now i f t h e vortex dynamics are indeed important, then i n t e r f e r e n c e

with t h e i r f o r m t i o n should have a s t r o n g e f f e c t on t h e base pressure.
This w a s e a s i l y i n v e s t i g a t e d by placing a " s p l i t t e r " p l a t e along t h e ten-
t e r l i n e of t h e wake. Figure 2 shows pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n s with and
without t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e . (The r e s u l t s given i n t h i s f i g u r e a r e f o r a
c i r c u l a r cylinder i n s t e a d of t h e f l a t p l a t e . ) With t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e
t h e p e r i o d i c vortex formation i s i n h i b i t e d and t h e base pressure increases
considerably. It i s s t i l l below free-stream pressure, but whether t h i s
r e s i d u a l underpressure can be accounted f o r by t h e momentum-diffusion
theory i s not c e r t a i n . It i s p o s s i b l e that a kind of standing vortex i s
formed on each s i d e , but t h i s p o i n t w a s not i n v e s t i g a t e d f u r t h e r . I n
any case, t h e momentum-diffusion theory i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e omission
o r i n c l u s i o n of a p a r t i t i o n along t h e c e n t r a l streamline. It i s c l e a r t h a t
without t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e t h e p e r i o d i c formation of v o r t i c e s i s an
e s s e n t i a l p a r t of t h e base-pressure mechanism.

Figure 3 shows how t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e a f f e c t s t h e pressure d i s t r i b u -

t i o n over t h e whole cylinder circumference. It shows t h a t i n t e r f e r e n c e
i n t h e "coupling region" changes t h e outer p o t e n t i a l flow, as well as
t h a t i n t h e wake.

EFFECT OF INTERFERENCE ELEMENT ON RELATIONS BETWEEN

BASE PRESSURE AND SHEDDING FREQUENCY

I n t h e experiment of f i g u r e 2 t h e chord of t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e w a s
almost 5 diameters. One immediately asks how t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e changes
with changing chord. Accordingly, some measurements were made with a
s p l i t t e r p l a t e whose chord w a s about 1 diameter. This w a s found not t o
i n h i b i t t h e vortex formation a t a l l , though it does change t h e shedding
frequency s l i g h t l y . More i n t e r e s t i n g i s t h e e f f e c t of moving t h i s s h o r t
p l a t e downstream, that i s , leaving a gap between it and t h e c y l i n d e r .
The e f f e c t i s t o decrease t h e shedding frequency and t o increase t h e base
pressure, as shown i n t h e lower p a r t of f i g u r e 4. The shedding frequency
becomes a minimum, and t h e base pressure a maximum, when t h e t r a i l i n g edge
of t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e element i s 3.85 diameters downstream of t h e cylinder
 base. It i s c l e a r t h a t such a minimum must be reached, f o r when t h e
element i s very f a r downstream of t h e cylinder i t s upstream influence
c
should be n e g l i g i b l e . What i s remarkable i s t h e abrupt jump t h a t occurs
t h e r e , p r a c t i c a l l y t o t h e o r i g i n a l value. Q u a l i t a t i v e l y , it appears t h a t
c l o s e t o t h e cylinder t h e element has a streamlining e f f e c t ; t h a t i s , it
extends the shear l a y e r s and f o r c e s t h e v o r t i c e s t o form downstream of
i t s t r a i l i n g edge. When it i s f a r downstream, t h e v o r t i c e s form on i t s
upstream s i d e , i n t h e normal p o s i t i o n c l o s e t o t h e cylinder, and t h e
element has only a slight e f f e c t . There must then be some c r i t i c a l posi-
t i o n where t h e flow must choose between one of t h e two configurations.
I t i s observed, i n f a c t , t h a t when t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e element i s a t t h i s
c r i t i c a l p o s i t i o n , t h e flow does jump, i n t e r m i t t e n t l y , from one configu-
I r a t i o n t o t h e o t h e r , as shown by t h e double values measured t h e r e .
A t c/d = 1.13 t h e r e i s a p o i n t t h a t does not f a l l on t h e l i n e
drawn f o r Cps. This w a s thought t o be an e r r o r , but f u r t h e r checks and
readjustments indicated t h a t it i s real. This p o i n t corresponds t o t h e
case where t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e w a s touching t h e back of t h e cylinder;
t h a t i s , t h e gap w a s completely closed. However, t h e j o i n t w a s by no
means p r e s s u r e t i g h t . It seemed, r a t h e r , that some o t h e r kind of com-
munication through t h e qap becomes e f f e c t i v e a t some f i n i t e gap width.
A t p r e s e n t , t h i s has not been thoroughly i n v e s t i g a t e d .

Experiments such as t h e s e may lead t o information u s e f u l f o r under-

standing t h e mechanics of t h e vortex formation. A n i n i t i a l s t e p i n t h i s
d i r e c t i o n has been made by i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e
base pressure and t h e shedding frequency ( s e e t h e following s e c t i o n ) .

BLUFF -BODY SIMILARITY

Although a complete t h e o r e t i c a l s o l u t i o n seems remote a t present,

t h e r e i s s t i l l t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of f i n d i n g a c o r r e l a t i o n between d i f f e r -
e n t b l u f f bodies, on a semiempirical b a s i s . Such a c o r r e l a t i o n m u s t be
based on, and must account f o r , t h e following q u a l i t a t i v e f a c t s , which
a r e indeed t h e main f e a t u r e s of t h e flow p a s t b l u f f cylinders:

(1) The "bluffness" of a cylinder i s r e l a t e d t o t h e width of t h e

wake, compared with t h e cylinder dimension. It i s almost i n t u i t i v e t h a t
t h e b l u f f e r body tends t o diverge t h e flow more, t o c r e a t e a wider wake,
and t o have l a r g e r drag.

( 2 ) The shedding frequency i s r e l a t e d t o t h e width of t h e wake, t h e

r e l a t i o n being roughly inverse, so t h a t t h e b l u f f e r bodies have t h e lower
Strouhal numbers.

I
(3) For a given cylinder t h e shedding frequency i s r e l a t e d t o t h e
base pressure. Generally, an increase i n base pressure i s accompanied
NACA TN 3169 9

by a decrease i n shedding frequency. This i s well i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e

case of f i g u r e 4 with t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e element (although t h e r e an anoma-
lous behavior i s observed f o r C/d > 3.85). Thus, f o r a given cylinder
a decrease i n wake width corresponds t o an increase i n drag, which seems
a t variance with i n t u i t i o n . However, t h e decrease i n width i s a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h an increase i n "wake v e l o c i t i e s , " t h e n e t e f f e c t being an increased
wake energy corresponding t o t h e increased drag.

Figure 5 shows measurements of Strouhal number made on t h r e e d i f f e r -

e n t cylinder shapes. These were a c i r c u l a r cylinder, a goo wedge, and a
" f l a t p l a t e " normal t o t h e flow. The shedding frequencies were measured
by a hot-wire anemometer placed i n t h e wake. The dimensions of t h e
cylinders used a r e given i n t a b l e I. (For t h e c i r c u l a r cylinder, t h e
curve has been taken from r e f . 1 0 ) . A t present, one i s concerned only
w i t h t h e higher Reynolds numbers, f o r which t h e Strouhal number S i s
d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t cylinders, though approximately
constant f o r each i n d i v i d u a l one. The f i g u r e shows that t h e c i r c u l a r
cylinder, goo wedge, and f l a t p l a t e a r e increasingly b l u f f , i n that order.

Figure 6 i s a p l o t of base-pressure c o e f f i c i e n t Cps f o r t h e same

t h r e e cylinder shapes. The base pressure ps w a s measured a t s t a t i c
o r i f i c e s on t h e backs of t h e c y l i n d e r s . I n t h e case of t h e c i r c u l a r
cylinder t h e measurement w a s made a t about 130° from t h e s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t ,
which i s i n a region of constant pressure ( c f . f i g . 3) and i s believed
t o be a more s i g n i f i c a n t p o i n t f o r t h e base pressure than t h e one a t 180°.
Figure 6 shows t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n base pressure f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t
cylinders a r e not so marked as are t h e shedding frequencies and that they
cannot be ordered i n terms of b l u f f n e s s . Included i n t h e f i g u r e are two
cases with wake i n t e r f e r e n c e - a c i r c u l a r cylinder and a f l a t p l a t e -for
which t h e increase i n base pressure i s q u i t e marked. The i n t e r f e r e n c e
elements which w e r e used a r e sketched i n t a b l e I.

The r e s u l t s of f i g u r e s 5 and 6 have been corrected f o r t u n n e l block-

age. The s c a t t e r i n f i g u r e 6 i s r a t h e r l a r g e , f o r t h e probable e r r o r i n
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of Cps i s i n h e r e n t l y l a r g e ; 1-percent accuracy i n m e a s -
urement of pressure and v e l o c i t y gives only about 5-percent accuracy
i n Cps.

Now it i s well-known that t h e wakes of d i f f e r e n t b l u f f bodies are

s i m i l a r i n s t r u c t u r e . I n every case t h e flow separates on t h e two s i d e s
of t h e cylinder, c r e a t i n g f r e e shear l a y e r s which continue f o r a s h o r t
d i s t a n c e downstream and then "roll up" i n t o v o r t i c e s , a l t e r n a t e l y on
e i t h e r s i d e . The region where t h i s occurs, which extends only a few
diameters downstream, was r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s e c t i o n "Review of Theory of
Flow P a s t Bluff Bodies" as t h e coupling region. Because of t h e s i m i l a r -
i t y i n a l l b l u f f - c y l i n d e r wakes, one would expect t o f i n d a parameter t o
compare t h e wakes of d i f f e r e n t cylinders. The clue i s i n t h e shedding
frequency, as may be demonstrated by a simple dimensional a n a l y s i s .
10 NACA TN 3169

Consider two p a r a l l e l . shear l a y e r s ( s k e t c h 1) which may be imagined t o

1
US

d'

Sketch 1

have been formed by some b l u f f cylinder. The c i r c u l a r arrows i n d i c a t e

t h e s i g n of t h e v o r t i . c i t y . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c frequency associated with
t h i s configuration i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o U s / d ' and one can d e f i n e a wake
Strouhal number

S* = nd'/Us

where n i s t h e shed.ding frequency. It i s r e l a t e d t o t h e usual cylinder

Strouhal number S by

S d'
= E d

The wake S t r o u h a l number S* i s expected t o be u n i v e r s a l , that i s , t o be

t h e same f o r a l l b l u f f - c y l i n d e r wakes. O f course t h i s idea i s based on
an i d e a l i z e d model i n . which t h e shear l a y e r s are surfaces of d i s c o n t i n u i t y ,
whereas a c t u a l l y t h e condition of t h e f r e e shear l a y e r s w i l l d i f f e r from
one cylinder t o another, depending on t h e i r h i s t o r i e s up t o t h e p o i n t of
vortex formation. This may, however, be a secondary e f f e c t , and it i s
s u f f i c i e n t a t f i r s t t o assume t h a t S* depends only on a wake Reynolds
number

R* = Usd'/v

= R k d'/d
 NACA TN 51-69 11

The idea of such a s i m i l a r i t y i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as that given by

Fage and Johansen ( r e f . 3 ) , b u t they omitted t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c wake
L. v e l o c i t y Us. Their parameter i s S ' = nb'/Um, where b ' i s a wake
width measured between t h e o u t e r edges of t h e shear l a y e r s . They found
a good c o r r e l a t i o n , S ' 0.26, f o r s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t c y l i n d e r shapes,
b
i n s p i t e of t h e omission of a wake v e l o c i t y . This seems t o be due t o
t h e f a c t t h a t , f o r t h e cases of good c o r r e l a t i o n , t h e wake v e l o c i t i e s were
very nearly t h e same. Also, they d i d not introduce a wake Reynolds
number.

I n w h a t follows, t h e wake s i m i l a r i t y i s s t u d i e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e
parameter S*(R*). The method, which i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from that of
Fage and Johansen, depends e s s e n t i a l l y on t h e r e s u l t s of t h e notched-
hodograph theory ( r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s e c t i o n "Review of Theory of Flow
P a s t Bluff Bodies"). These r e s u l t s are b r i e f l y as follows: The v e l o c i t y
a t s e p a r a t i o n and on t h e i n i t i a l p a r t of t h e f r e e streamline i s Us = kU,
( s k e t c h 2 ) . The base pressure i s t h e same as that a t s e p a r a t i o n , and t h e

T
d'

Sketch 2

-
base-pressure c o e f f i c i e n t i s t h e r e f o r e Cps = 1 k2. For a given value
of k, t h e p o t e n t i a l flow outside t h e wake i s completely determined, and
s o t h e drag c o e f f i c i e n t CD i s a function only of k . The important
r e s u l t f o r t h e present consideration i s that a wake width d ' i s defined.
This a l s o depends only on k . Figure 7, which has been computed from t h e
r e s u l t s of reference 5 , shows how d ' / d v a r i e s with k f o r t h e t h r e e
cylinder shapes being considered. It gives t h e "measure of b l u f f n e s s "
alluded t o e a r l i e r ; that i s , t h e b l u f f e r cylinders have t h e wider wakes
a t a given value of k, but f o r a given cylinder t h e wake width decreases
with increasing k ( i . e . , increasing d r a g ) .

The shedding frequencies and base pressures which had been measured
f o r f i g u r e s 5 and 6 were used t o compute S*(R*) f o r t h e various cyl-
i n d e r s . The computation i s straightforward: k = -4
is calculated
from t h e measured base-pressure c o e f f i c i e n t . The corresponding value of
a d ' / d i s found i n f i g u r e 7. With t h e s e and measured values of S and R
t h e corresponding values of S* and R* a r e e a s i l y c a l c u l a t e d from
12 NACA TN 3169

equations (1)and ( 2 ) . The r e s u l t s a r e l i s t e d i n t a b l e I and p l o t t e d

i n f i g u r e 8.
"4
It i s necessary t o draw a t t e n t i o n t o s e v e r a l points:

(1) The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c wake v e l o c i t y , which i n dimensionless form i s 4

simply k, i s not measured, but i s computed from t h e base pressure. This
may be regarded as t h e e s s e n t i a l s t e p i n t h e coupling between t h e wake
and t h e o u t e r p o t e n t i a l flow.

( 2 ) The w a k e width i s not measured b u t i s obtained from t h e theory.

( 3 ) I n computing S*, the shedding frequency and base pressure

should not be f i r s t corrected f o r t u n n e l blockage. T h a t is, t h e wake
parameters that a r e used must correspond t o t h e wake t h a t i s a c t u a l l y
observed. Blockage gives only a second-order e f f e c t i n t h i s computation.
The uncorrected parameters a r e l i s t e d i n t a b l e I as ST, RT, and k ~ ,
respectively.

(4)The errors that he made i n measuring and

even though small i n d i v i d u a l l y (about 1 p e r c e n t ) , c o n t r i b u t e t o a p o s s i b l e
e r r o r of 4 percent i n S*.

(3) A t R* < 8,000 t h e r e i s a l a r g e discrepancy between t h e values

f o r t h e wedge and f o r t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r . It i s not c l e a r whether
t h i s i s r e a l o r due t o experimental d i f f i c u l t i e s . The s m a l l wedge used
t o o b t a i n t h e s e p o i n t s d i d not have a proper base-pressure o r i f i c e . .*
Instead, a small tube with an open mouth w a s cemented t o t h e back of t h e
wedge, and it i s not c e r t a i n that t h i s measures t h e c o r r e c t base pressure.
Otherwise, t h e s i m i l a r i t y parameter S* does give a good c o r r e l a t i o n
f o r a f a i r l y wide range of Reynolds number. It i s probable that it can
be extended t o higher Reynolds numbers, say another order of magnitude,
up t o t h e c r i t i c a l Reynolds number of t h e c i r c u l a r cylinder.

It w i l l be noted that t h e s i m i l a r i t y p l o t ( f i g . 8) includes t h e cases

with wake i n t e r f e r e n c e . For t h e s e t h e base pressure and corresponding
wake v e l o c i t y d i f f e r considerably from those without i n t e r f e r e n c e . T h a t
they f i t f a i r l y w e l l i n t o t h e s i m i l a r i t y p l o t i s taken as evidence f o r
t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e parameter S*(R*) . Nevertheless, an examination
of an i n d i v i d u a l case shows t h a t t h e r e a c t u a l l y i s a systematic v a r i a t i o n
of S*. I n t h e upper p a r t of f i g u r e 4 t h e data of t h e lower p a r t have
been used t o c a l c u l a t e S*, which i s seen t o vary s y s t e m a t i c a l l y with t h e
p o s i t i o n of t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e element. (The "bad point" r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e
s e c t i o n "Relations Between Base Pressure and Shedding Frequency" does not
f i t t h i s curve e i t h e r . )
 NACA TN 3169 13
1 -

J O I N I N G TRE FREE STREAMLINES AND VORTEX S’I!REXT

I C
To close t h e K&rdn theory of
r e l a t i o n s a r e needed t o r e l a t e t h e
s t r e e t t o t h e free-stream v e l o c i t y
hodograph theory may f u r n i s h t h e s e
r e a l i s t i c way can be found t o j o i n
t h e vortex s t r e e t , two a d d i t i o n a l
v e l o c i t i e s and dimensions of t h e
and cylinder dimension. The notched-
a d d i t i o n a l two r e l a t i o n s , provided a
t h e r e s u l t s of t h e two t h e o r i e s .

One r e l a t i o n i s obtained by considering how c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e vor-

t i c e s i s r e l a t e d t o t h e v o r t i c i t y i n t h e f r e e shear l a y e r s . The r a t e a t
which c i r c u l a t i o n flows p a s t any plane s e c t i o n of a shear l a y e r i s

- u;! 2
L2 CU dv =
u12
2

where (I i s t h e v o r t i c i t y and U 1 and U2 a r e t h e v e l o c i t i e s a t t h e

edges of t h e shear layer; f o r t h e free-streamline case t h e s e a r e Us = kU,
and 0, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and t h e r a t e of flow of c i r c u l a t i o n i s k%,2/2.
On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e r a t e a t which Circulation i s c a r r i e d downstream
by t h e v o r t i c e s i s nr, where I? i s t h e c i r c u l a t i o n per vortex and n
i s t h e shedding frequency. The experiments of Fage and Johansen ( r e f . 3)
i n d i c a t e t h a t only a f r a c t i o n E of t h e v o r t i c i t y i n t h e shear l a y e r s
is found i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l v o r t i c e s f a r t h e r downstream. They estimated
E t o be about 1/2. It i s necessary t o allow f o r t h i s i n w r i t i n g t h e
r e l a t i o n between t h e c i r c u l a t i o n produced a t t h e cylinder and that
c a r r i e d downstream by t h e v o r t i c e s . Thus

or

where u i s t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e v o r t i c e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e f r e e stream
and 2 i s t h e spacing along a row. F i n a l l y , i n dimensionless form,
14 NACA 'I" 3169
.
2 (3) J

This i s similar t o t h e r e l a t i o n obtained by Reisenberg, b u t he assumed 4

b o t h E and k t o be equal t o u n i t y .

Equation (3) can be w r i t t e n i n another form by introducing one of

t h e &rm& parameters:

r = 2 p (4)
UZ

Elimination of I' from equations (3) and (4) gives

which may t h e n be used i n K$rm'n's drag formula

where h i s t h e width of t h e vortex s t r e e t . This is better written i n

t h e form

U -
2
CD ;
d = 5.63 - 2.25(-) = f(k,E)
U,

On t h e o t h e r hand, from t h e notched-hodograph theory, one can c a l c u l a t e

CD(d/d') as a f u n c t i o n of k, where d ' i s t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e
f r e e s t r e a m l i n e s . It seems reasonable t o assume that h = d ' , that is.,
NACA TN 3169 15

t h a t t h e c e n t e r s of v o r t i c i t y i n t h e vortex s t r e e t a r e t h e same d i s t a n c e
a p a r t as i n t h e f r e e shear l a y e r s . This then gives t h e second r e l a t i o n ,
simply

CD d/h = CD d/d'

To f i n L s o l u t i o n s , t h e l e f t - and right-hand s i d e s are p i o t t e d as functions

of k. The i n t e r s e c t i o n s a r e t h e s o l u t i o n s . The left-hand s i d e CD(d/h)
gives a family of curves with E as parameter. The right-hand s i d e gives
another family i n which t h e c y l i n d e r shape i s t h e parameter. Figure 9
shows t h e r e s u l t . The following p o i n t s should be noted:

(1) The family of curves f o r d i f f e r e n t cylinders i s a c t u a l l y a s i n g l e

curve ( w i t h i n t h e width of t h e l i n e on f i g . 9) up t o about k = 1.5.

( 2 ) There are two p o s s i b l e i n t e r s e c t i o n s f o r each value of E. The

upper i n t e r s e c t i o n s correspond t o u/Um > 0.5 and t h e lower ones, t o
U/Um C 0 . 7 . The l a t t e r are t h e observed values. This e m p i r i c a l f a c t
determines t h e choice of s i g n f o r t h e square r o o t i n t h e equation f o r
u/Um above.

(3) There are no s o l u t i o n s f o r E g r e a t e r than about 1/2.

To choose t h e c o r r e c t value of E, some reference t o experiment i s

necessary; b u t t h e circumstance that there i s only one curve f o r a l l t h e
c y l i n d e r s reduces t h e e m p i r i c a l aspect t o a minimum, f o r it i s necessary,
i n p r i n c i p l e , t o f i n d E experimentally f o r only one c y l i n d e r shape.
Another way of expressing t h i s i s that t h e value of k i s t h e same f o r
a l l c y l i n d e r s having t h e s a m e value of E . I n f a c t , it i s observed
( f i g . 6) that t h e values of k, o r of Cps, a r e approximately t h e same
f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t c y l i n d e r s ( b u t not when t h e r e i s i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e
wake). From that f i g u r e an average value of k f o r c y l i n d e r s without
wake i n t e r f e r e n c e i s 1.4, which gives t h e s o l u t i o n CD(d/d') = 0.96,
U/Um = 0.18, and E = 0.43. The corresponding values of t h e drag coef-
f i c i e n t are 1.10, 1.32 and 1.74, f o r t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , 90° wedge,
and f l a t plate, r e s p e c t i v e l y . These may be compared w i t h experimental
values: For t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r CD v a r i e s from about 0.9 t o 1 . 2 i n
t h i s range of Reynolds number, while f o r t h e goo wedge and f l a t p l a t e it
i s about 1.3 and 1.8, r e s p e c t i v e l y , a l s o varying somewhat b u t less t h a n
f o r t h e c i r c u l a r cylinder.
16 NACA TN 3169

The shedding frequencies may a l s o be c a l c u l a t e d . I n dimensionless

terms,

S = nd/Um

where again use has been made of t h e r e l a t i o n n = (U, - u)/Z and t h e

assumption d ' = h. The r a t i o h/2 is t h e d r d n spacing r a t i o of 0.281.
The u n i v e r s a l Strouhal number i s then

s* = -
0.2
(81l -
k
k)
S* = 0.164, and f o r t h e
Using t h e s o l u t i o n obtained above, t h i s gives
cylinder Strouhal numbers t h e values 0.206, 0.167, and O.l27, r e s p e c t i v e l y . (I
These may be compared with t h e experimental r e s u l t s of f i g u r e 5 .

DISCUSSION

,
The s i m i l a r i t y parameter S*(R*) together with t h e notched-hodograph
theory, reduces t o one t h e number of parameters that must be found empiri-
c a l l y i n order t o have a complete s o l u t i o n . E s s e n t i a l l y , it allows t h e
drag t o be determined from a measurement of t h e shedding frequency.2

2To determine t h e drag f o r a given cylinder and Reynolds number R,

t h e procedure i s as follows: On t h e S*(R*) p l o t a value of S* i s
picked o f f a t a value of R* which must be guessed, a t f i r s t , b u t which may
be expected t o be a l i t t l e higher than R. Then t h e cylinder Strouhal num-
ber S i s computed from t h e measured shedding frequency. The r a t i o
S/S* = k d/d' (eq. (1))e s s e n t i a l l y gives k from t h e p l o t of k d/d'
versus k (which has not been included here but may e a s i l y be obtained
from f i g . 7). Once k has been determined, t h e value of R* = R k d ' / d
may be computed. If it does not check t h e o r i g i n a l assumed value, then
a new value of S* I s found, and t h e procedure i s repeated. No more than
t h e one i t e r a t i o n i s necessary, f o r S* v a r i e s q u i t e slowly with R*.
Once k i s determined, t h e drag i s found from t h e p l o t of CD(k) given
i n reference 5 .
3v
NACA TN 3169 17

The range of Reynolds numbers f o r which t h e s i m i l a r i t y i s v a l i d has not

been e s t a b l i s h e d . A t t h e upper end s i m i l a r i t y w i l l probably e x i s t so
h- long as t h e r e i s p e r i o d i c shedding, which f o r t h e c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r i s
up t o R = 105. A t t h e lower end it i s not c e r t a i n whether t h e d i s c r e p -
ancy of f i g u r e 8 i s due only t o t h e experimental d i f f i c u l t y mentioned i n
? t h e s e c t i o n "Bluff-Body S i m i l a r i t y . " More probably, it i s i n s u f f i c i e n t
i n t h a t range t o lump a l l t h e Reynolds number e f f e c t s i n t o t h e one param-
e t e r R*. An example of t h e d e t a i l s that may have t o be considered i s
t h e problem of t r a n s i t i o n i n t h e free shear l a y e r s . A t higher Reynolds
numbers t h e l a y e r s a r e t u r b u l e n t almost from s e p a r a t i o n , b u t a t lower
values they remain laminar f o r some d i s t a n c e downstream. The p o i n t of
t r a n s i t i o n may be expected t o be d i f f e r e n t f o r d i f f e r e n t c y l i n d e r s even
a t t h e same R*, s i n c e t h e shear l a y e r s w i l l have experienced d i f f e r e n t
p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t s , and so f o r t h . The p r e s e n t s o l u t i o n m y be a s u i t a b l e
s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r a more d e t a i l e d study of such e f f e c t s .

The s o l u t i o n obtained by j o i n i n g t h e f r e e - s t r e a m l i n e flow t o t h e

vortex s t r e e t might a l s o be regarded as a kind of s i m i l a r i t y s o l u t i o n ,
depending on only a single experimental measurement. The Reynolds number
dependence does not appear e x p l i c i t l y . Instead, t h e r e i s a dependence
on E, t h e f r a c t i o n of t h e shear-layer v o r t i c i t y t h a t appears i n i n d i -
v i d u a l v o r t i c e s . The i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t i s that f o r a given E t h e
d i f f e r e n t c y l i n d e r s have t h e same value of k, t h a t i s , of base p r e s s u r e ,
t h e i r drag c o e f f i c i e n t s t h e n being simply p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e wake widths
and i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e shedding frequencies.

I n both cases t h e need f o r an a d d i t i o n a l emp'irical r e l a t i o n appears

t o be connected w i t h t h e need f o r more understanding of t h e flow i n t h e
region of v o r t e x formation. For t h i s , t h e technique of wake i n t e f e r e n c e
may prove t o be u s e f u l .

The r e s u l t s obtained may be a p p l i e d t o c y l i n d e r shapes o t h e r t h a n

t h e three t h a t were considered so long as t h e y are of comparable
" b l u f f n e s s . " For i n s t a n c e , t h e y probably cannot be a p p l i e d d i r e c t l y t o
bodies of small percentage t h i c k n e s s , such as a t h i n wedge, f o r which
t h e h i s t o r y of t h e boundary-layer development i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from
that on b l u f f e r c y l i n d e r s .

C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology,
Pasadena, C a l i f . , August 13, 1953.
 18 NACA TN 3169

REFERENCES
,4

1. F l u i d Motion Panel of t h e Aeronautical Research Committee and Others

( S . Goldstein, e d . ) : Modern Developments i n F l u i d Dynamics. Vol. 11.
The Clarendon P r e s s (Oxford), 1938. 1

2. Fage, A., and Johansen, F. C.: On t h e Flow of A i r Behind an I n c l i n e d

F l a t P l a t e of I n f i n i t e Span. R . & M. No. 1104, B r i t i s h A.R.C.,
1927; a l s o Proc. Roy. SOC. (London), s e r . A, vol. 116, no. 773,
Sept. 1, 1927, pp. 170-197.

3. Fage, A., and Johansen, F. C . : The S t r u c t u r e of Vortex Sheets.

R . & M. No. 1143, B r i t i s h A.R.C., 1927; a l s o P h i l . Mag., ser. 7,
v o l . 5, no. 28, Feb. 1928, pp. 417-441.

4. Fage, A.: The A i r Flow Around a C i r c u l a r Cylinder i n t h e Region

Where t h e Boundary Layer Separates From t h e Surface. R . & M.
No. 1179, B r i t i s h A.R.C., 1928.

5. Roshko, Anatol: A New Hodograph f o r Free-Streamline Theory. NACA

TN 3168, 1954.

6. Heisenberg, Werner: D i e absoluten Dimensionen d e r Karmnschen.

Wirbelbewegung. Phys. Zs., Bd. 23, Sept. 15, 1922, pp. 363-366.
(Available i n English t r a n s l a t i o n as NACA TN 126.)
4
7. Chapman, Dean R.: An Analysis of Base Pressure a t Supersonic V e l o c i t i e s
and Comparison With Experiment. NACA Rep. 1051, 1951. (Supersedes
NACA TN 2137.)

8. Crocco, Luigi, and Lees, Lester: A Mixing Theory f o r t h e I n t e r a c t i o n

Between D i s s i p a t i v e Flows and Nearly I s e n t r o p i c Streams. J o u r .
Aero. S c i . , v o l . 19, no. 10, Oct. 1952, pp. 649-676.

9. S c h i l l e r , L., and Linke, W.: Druck- und Reibungswiderstand des

Zylinders b e i Reynoldsschen Zahlen 5000 b i s 40000. Z.F.M.,
Jahrg. 24, Nr. 7, Apr. 13, 1933, pp. 193-198. (Available i n English
t r a n s l a t i o n as NACA TM 715.)

10. Roshko, Anatol: On t h e Development of Turbulent Wakes From Vortex

S t r e e t s . NACA TN 2913, 1953.
 TABLE I

CALCULATED AND MEASURED FLOW PARAMETERS FOR TEST CYLINDERS

C
~ ~ - - -- -
Cylinder and symbol
(as plotted in ST % k T -
d'
d
S* R* S R k
cPS
pigs. 4, 5, 6, and 8)
- - -- -
A 0 3.144C 8,030 1.48: 1.633 ).159 19,50C ). 135 7,53c 1-391 -0.94
.1411 L1,OW 1.48t 1.625 .154 26,60c .I33 -0, 32c 1.396 -.95
,142f ~2,1301.46: 1.674 .162 29,70C .I33 .1,40C 1.37; -.68
.1445 ~3,6401.46( 1.680 .I6733,50C .136 2,EQC 1 37C -.88
.1441
.1442
L5,950 1.451 1.682 .166 39,loC
L7,900 1.44: 1.710 .17144,2OC
-135 -4,536~1.36E -.87
.6,80c 1* 35f -.a4
.135
.141C
.14gC
3,220 1.42; 1.742 -173 8703C
3,900 1.45( 1.700 -175 9,61C
.I33
.140
-
3,02C 1 335 -.ea
3,6& 1.36~ - .85
.142C 4,190 1.42t 1.747 .174 10,44C .I33 3,93c 1.34C -.80
.144C 5,670 1.47~1.659 .162 13,800~ * 135 5,32c 1.3& -.go
.14K 6,320 1.45( L .700 .166 15,60c .132 5,93c 1.36~ -.85
.142C 6,610 1.42; 1.742 .174 16,50c * 133 6,20c 1.335 -.eo
B 8 .142C 7,950 1.45t 1.682 .164 19,50c - 133 7,45c 1.36t -.88
,143C 3,850 1.45t 1.700 .168 9,50C .I37 3,69c 1.392 -.93
.1425 4,790 1.45: 1.690 .165 ii,80c .136 4,59c 1* 391 -.94
.141e 5,860 1.46: ~.678 .163 14,40C ,136 5,610 1.40c - .95
.1407 7,060 1.44; 1.706 .166 17,40C .135 6,76c 1.38: -.g1
.1401 7,900 1.45: 1.700 .164 19,50C .134 7,570 1* 39C -.93
.1401 8,860 1.46; L .675 .161 21,70c * 135 8,500 1.40C -.96
I) .141C 9,630 1.441 ~.721.I69 23,gOC .I35 9,22C 1.3& -.go
.140t! -0,630 135 0,200
.140? -1,1101.44E L 705 .166 27,40C 135 0,60c 1.38: -e92

D 0 .2060 5,850 1.334

.2065 7,150 1.36E
L.206
L .151
.1% 9,400
.i74 11,250
.202 -
5,730 1 309 -.71
.203 7,000 1.34c -.80
.2067 9,920 1.385 t .12a .168 15,500 .205 9,720 1.360 -.85

0
.2041 .1,6501.397 L .120 .164 18,200 .200 1,400 1* 37c -.88
.2010 .j,200 1.40C L .116 .160 20,600 197 2,900 1* 372 -.88
d=2.22c .2015 .4,2001.401 L. 114 .160 22,200 .198 3,900 1.375 -.89
.2004 -7,1301.421 L .093 .i54 26,700 * 197 6,800 1.394 -.94
.2020 -5,2201.42C t .096 .156 25,800 .198 4,900 1 * 392 -.94

.2100 885 1.395 L .120 .169 1,380 .209 880 L 390 -.93
.2110 956 1.3& t.148 .176 1,510 .210 950 1.375 -.89
.2097 1,078 1.35~L .179 .18j 1,720 .209 1,070 L .345 -.81
E -2097 1,270 1.325 ..215 .i92 2,050 .209 1,265 1.324 -.75
.2124 1,510 1.342 t .190 .188 2,420 .212 1,500 L. 337 -.79
-2075
.2065
1,700 1.322 i.230 -193 2,770 .207 1,690 1 317 -.74
1,935 1.311 t.250 -197 3,180 .206 1,930 1.306 -.71
UaD 0 .2088
.2103
2,145 1.322 t.230 -194 3,500
2,950 1.322 ~.230 .196 4,800
.208
.210
2,135 L .317
2,940 L. 317
-.74
-.74
d =0.638 .2090 3,250 1* 334 t.205 .18a 5,250 .208 3,240 L. 334 -.78
.2091 3,675 1.33~t.243 .195 6,060 .20a 3,660 1.325 - .76
.2090 3,950 1 . W .I95
L .208 3,930 1.335 -.78
.2081 4,330 1.33E L .2O0 .207 4,310 L. 333 -.78
.2050 4,890 1.34C - .195 .204 4,870 1.335 -.78
- - -
&No base-pressure measurements made.
I
20 NACA TN 3169

TABLE I.- Concluded

4
CALCULATED AND MEASURED now PARAMETERS FOR TEST CYLINDERS

- -
Cylinder and symbol
d'
1
(as plotted in
Ygs. 4, 5, 6, and 8
T' % % a S* R* S

1.1886 4,16C 1.473 1.31: 1.16( 1.05: 1.175 3,9401.395 -0.9:

.19lO 5,05C 1.515 1.29: .16: .181 4,7901.437 -1.0'
.18jl 7,UC 1.497 1.30( 155 .174 6,7501.419 -1.0:
.1&5 8,15c 1.482 1.31~ .16j 17: 7,7301.404 -.9'
,1878 8,75c 1.497 l.3OC .16: .17f 8,3001,419 -1.0:
.la81 10,hOC 1.492 1.30; .16L .17E 9,8501.414 -1.a
.la112,93C 1.482 1.31~ .16: * 1-75 ~2,3001.404 -.g
.la83 15,27C 1.497 l.30C .161 * 175 14,500 1.419 -1.0:
.la82 16,92c 1.485 l.3Ol .16f .17E ~6,0001.407 -.9t
-18% 19,llC 1.480 1.311 .I64 .17t ~8,1001.402 -.Y
.1905 7,18C 1.489 1.3& .16; .181 6,800 1.411 -.95
.1856 8,43C 1.480 1.311 .16: .176 7,980 1.402 -.g'
.1&9 9,40C 1.495 1.302 .161 17: 8,900 1.417 -1.0.
.le46 11,04c 1.487 1.30: .16z 17: -0,500 1.409 -.9!
-1855 1 3 , 6 6 ~1.499 1.30C .161 .176 -2,900 1.421
. ~88015,320 1.497 1.30C .16; .17~-4,500 1.419
-1.0:
-1.0:
.la52 17,300 1.490 1.504 .16; .176 -6,400 1.412 -.9:
.le48 19,210 1.478 1.312 .164 * 175 -8,200 1.400 -.%
.1%6 20,60c 1.490 1.304 .16:
.:t872 22,700 1.489 1.306 .164
- 177 -9,500 1.412
177 !1,500 1.411
-.95
-.9!
G A
#
uLaf -A
.430cm
4

.1&6 1,210 1.461 1.322 .165 .01c .181 1,200 1.446 -1.05
.I830 1,380 1.457 1.326 .167 .181 1,370 1.442 -1.Of
-1865 1,570 L.480 1.310 .165 .185 1,550 1.465 -1.1:
.1&5 2,030 t.476 1.312 .164 .183 2,010 1.461 -1.14
.la32 2,240 ..495 1.301 .160 .181 2,220 1.480 -1.1:
.la24 2,510 t.483 1.310 .161 .181 2,490 1.468 -1.lt
.1820 2,750 t.488 1.306 .160 .180 2,722 1.4'73 -1.17
38 Pressure '\tube .la18 3,030 ..488 1.306 .160 .le0 3,000 1.473 -1.1;
.1%6 3,400 ..492 1.303 .161 .183 3,370 1.477 -1.lE

-.
.0998 5,600 311 2.115
.io08 6,430 -.3oi 2.162
.161 .o6t .094 5,250 1.230 -.51
J D .167 * 095 6,030 1.220 -.45
.io02 6,750 ..323 2.063 .156 .094 6,340 1.241 -.54
.io30 7,650 ..jO3 2.155 .170 * 097 7,180 1.223 -.5C
1 .io06 6,950 ..j42 1.990 .149 .094 6,500 1.260 -.55
-.?TO 2.035 159 .097 7,850 1.248 -.5t
.350 1.963 .156 .lo1 0,400 1.266 - . 6 ~
I-
I
10 + -330 2.035
330 2.035
-330 2.035
.162
.161
.160
* 099
.098
.098
1,900
3,300
5,000
1.248 -.56
1.248 -.56
1.248 -.56
.323 2.060 .162 .098 6,700 1.241 -.54
K 0 .260 1.370 .162 .020 .147 5,850 1.242 -.54
.27O 1.351 *1.55 ,143 7,220 1.245 -.55
.258 1.385 .154 137 0,100 1.232 -.52
.240 1.445 .161 .135 1,200 1.216 -.48
.244 1.430 .158 135 2,600 1.221 -.49
.236 1.461 .162 .134 5,800 1.211 -.47
.246 1.425 .157 * 135 5,300 1.220 -.49

aNa base-pressure measurements made.

 NACA TN 3169 21

t
22 NACA TN 3169

a
W
I-
-JI-
a
a-
I-
3
0
X
-
I-
3-
0
 NACA TN 3169 23

-3
?
0 0

'. Q t 0
Q.
0
24 NACA 'I" 51-69

.I 8

S*
.I 6

.I 4

.22

.20 0

.I 8 -.2
CPS
.I 6 -.4

.I4 -. 6

.I 2 -.8

.I 0 - 1.0

4 5 6 7
c/d
-C

Figure 4.- Wake interference.

,4v
26 NACA TN 3169

7-71"
-
0
a0 0 cu
 NACA TN 3169

2 .I

2.4

2.2

d '/C
2 .c

8 I .a

I .e

I .4

1.2

I .o
28 NACA TN 3169

m
0 (I

w w
I

J
5v
NACA TN 3169

3.5

3.c
d
COX
2.5

d
CDji

2.0

8 I .s

I .o

.5

0
I,
k
Figure 9.- Wake solutions.

NACA-Langley - 1-1-54 - 1000