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Summary
SA Mechanistic Design Method Pavement Loading and Response Linear Elastic Method Constitutive Modeling Examples
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Material characterization mainly from tabulated values Linear elastic methods used for pavement response Pavement life estimated from transfer functions
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Jooste discussed deficiencies in the SAMD at CAPSA 2004 and gave two major disadvantages: Sensitivity of model to assumed input values Empirical element (transfer functions) not suitable for specific material and situation I might add, inter alia, the following deficiencies: Linear elastic method Material characterization
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S li pp e1 lan
= tan
Mohr-Coulomb criteria
3
2 2
q
pla ne
c 1
= c +
Max where =
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Slip
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hAC = 50 mm
Estimated Layer Bearing Capacity
Stress not in same direction all the time Stress (and strain) directions vary over short period of time Shear stress (and strains) can reverse in one wheel pass)
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Homogenous material
Material properties (i.e. elasticity) are the same throughout the material
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Deformation Characteristics
Dilatancy and contractancy
Volumetric changes expressed with dilatancy coefficient: ratio of the velocity normal to the slip line to the velocity at the slip line at a point
Anisotropy Hardening and softening Complex behaviour under cyclic loading Shear band
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Definition Fabric
Define the overall anisotropic distribution of granules; their contact forces; the associative voids; and other microstructural parameters which are responsible for the anisotropic behaviour of the granular mass.
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Types of Fabric
Inherent fabric which is due to the initial packing of the particles Induced fabric which is developed during the course of deformation
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Force Chains
In the early stages of the biaxial test the contact forces become concentrated along a chain of particles (ae) The weaker forces supporting the chain decrease as the assembly dilates (ce) Eventually leading to the collapse of the force chain (f)
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Fabric Evolution
Constant radial stress With increasing axial stress fabric orientation rotates to approach direction of major principal stress (max dev. Stress) Simultaneously magnitude of fabric (contact normals) also increases At post-peak fabric rotation reverses Magnitude of fabric almost constant and further rotation small
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Conclusion
The SA Mechanistic Design Method is a wellknown and internationally accepted pavement design method. If it is applied with care by experienced practitioners the resulting designs give good service. However, if the pitfalls are not recognised, the results can be disastrous!