pH of Salt Solutions

Titration of Strong Acids/Bases

L12 P.528 535

Unit 4 Chemical Systems and Equilibrium

Learning Goals

Describe the process of salt hydrolysis Describe the titration of strong acids/bases

Neutralization Rxn

A salt is formed between the reaction of an acid and a base. Usually, a neutral salt is formed when a strong acid and a strong base is neutralized in the reaction: H+ + OH- H2O The bystander ions in an acid-base reaction form a salt solution. Most neutral salts consists of ions that have little tendency to react with water. Thus, salts consisting of these ions are neutral salts.

Ions that form neutral salts

Examples of neutral salts:

NaCl KNO3 CaBr2 CsClO4

pH changes when acids and bases react

When weak acids and bases react, the relative strength of the conjugated acid-base pair in the salt determines the pH of its solutions. A salt formed between a strong acid and a weak base is an acid salt, for example NH4Cl. A salt formed between a weak acid and a strong base is a basic salt, for example NaCH3COO.

These salts are acidic or basic due to their acidic or basic ions as shown in the tables here.

Salt Hydrolysis

describes a reaction of an ion with water to produce an acidic or basic solution (hydronium or hydroxide ions)

Salts that form Acidic Solutions

A salt formed between a strong acid and a weak base is an acid salt. Ammonia is a weak base, and its salt with any strong acid gives a solution with a pH lower than 7 HCl + NH4OH NH4+ + Cl- + H2O In the solution, the NH4+ ion reacts with water (called hydrolysis) according to the equation: NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+.

Ex1) What is the concentration of NH4+, NH3, and H+ in a 0.100 M NH4NO3 solution, given the Ka = 5.7x10-10 Assume that [NH3] = x, then [H3O+] = x, and you write the concentration below the formula in the reaction: NH4+ + H2O 0.100 -x 0.1-x NH3 + H3O+ +x x +x x

I C E

Ka = 5.7x10-10 = x2 / 0.1 x = 7.5x10-6 pH = -log(7.5x10-6) = 5.12 The concentration of NH4+ is 0.100 mol/L, NH3 and H+ has the concentration of 7.5x10-6
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Salts that form Basic Solutions

A basic salt is formed between a weak acid and a strong base. The basicity is due to the hydrolysis of the conjugate base of the (weak) acid used in the neutralization reaction. For example, sodium acetate formed between the weak acetic acid and the strong base NaOH is a basic salt. When the salt is dissolved, ionization takes place:

CH3COOH + NaOH
acid base

NaCH3COO + HOH
conj base conj acid

NaCH3COO Na+ + CH3COOCH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH + OH- (hydrolysis)

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A salt formed between a weak acid and a weak base can be neutral, acidic, or basic depending on the relative strengths of the acid and base. If Ka(cation) > Kb(anion) the solution of the salt is acidic. If Ka(cation) = Kb(anion) the solution of the salt is neutral. If Ka(cation) < Kb(anion) the solution of the salt is basic.

Ex) Arrange the three salts according to their acidity. NH4CH3COO (ammonium acetate), NH4CN (ammonium cyanide), and NH4HC2O4 (ammonium oxalate). Ka(acetic acid) = 1.85x10-5 Ka(hydrogen cyanide) = 6.2x10-10 Ka(oxalic acid) = 5.6x10-2 Kb(NH3) = 1.8x10-5
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Buffered Solutions

Solutions that resist a change in pH when a limited amount of acid or base is added to the solution. Must have a large quantity of acid to react with any base that may be added. Must have a large quantity of base to react with any acid that may be added. The acid and base that it contains must not undergo neutralization.

How does that work??? Is it possible?

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Features of Buffered Solutions

Contains a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or Contains a mixture of weak base and its conjugate acid The source of the conjugate base or acid is from the salt Example: A buffer is made from CH3COOH and its conjugate base, CH3COONa(s) (sodium acetate) CH3COONa(s) CH3COO-(aq) + Na+(aq) If acid was added CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq) CH3COOH(aq) (added acid neutralized) If base was added CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO-(aq) + HOH(l) (added base neutralized)

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Acid-Base Titration (strong acid, strong base)

Endpoint: The point in a titration at which a sharp change in a measurable and characteristic property occurs (eg. A colour change in an acid-base indicator)

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Equivalence point: The measured quantity of titrant recorded at the point at which chemically equivalent amounts have reacted.

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Ex) In a titration, 20.00 mL of 0.300 mol/L HCl(aq) is titrated with standardized 0.300 mol/L NaOH(aq). What is the amount of unreacted HCl(aq) and the pH of the solution after the following volumes of NaOH(aq) have been added? (a) 0 mL (b) 10.0 mL (c) 20.0 mL

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Test your knowledge..

1. 2. 3. 4.

The reaction of an acid and a base always produces a salt as the by-product, true or false? Is a solution of sodium acetate acidic, neutral or basic? Are solutions of ammonium chloride acidic, basic or neutral? Calculate the pH of a 0.100 M KCN solution. Ka(HCN) = 6.2x10-10, Kb(CN-) = 1.6x10-5.
T Basic Acidic pH = 11.1

Answers:
1) 2) 3) 4)

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P.535 # 91-100

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