FAST FREQUENCY HOPPING & SLOW FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM

YASHNA SHARMA POOJA MISHRA M TECH(JOP), IIT DELHI

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO FHSS FAST AND SLOW FREQUENCY HOPPING THE NEED FOR FHSS MATLAB SIMULATION OF FAST FHSS MODULATOR & DEMODULATOR MATLAB SIMULATION OF SLOW FHSS MODULATOR & DEMODULATOR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS OF FHSS AND SHSS

FHSS-AN INTRODUCTION

FREQUENCY HOPPED: Regular Hopping of Frequencies, at hop rates more , less or equal to the data rate of the modulated signal.

SPREAD SPECTRUM: Spreading of the Modulated Signal with another modulation technique, to increase the bandwidth but reduce the Power Spectral Density

THE NEED FOR FHSS

Single Frequency Systems are vulnerable to jamming, interference, and multipath problems Repeated switching of frequencies during transmission according to specified techniques will minimize sensitivity of the system to jamming and interference Power Spectral Density Reduces as Bandwidth Increases, thus Signals get Hidden to Spurious Recievers.

TYPES OF FREQUENCY HOPPING

THE FREQUENCY HOPPING RATE IS MORE THAN THE DATA RATE,I.E, THERE ARE MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES REPRESENTING ONE BIT OF INFORMATION

THE FREQUENCY HOPPING RATE IS LESS THAN THE DATA RATE,I.E, THERE MAY BE MULTIPLE BITS REPRESENTED BY ONE FREQUENCY

FAST HOPPING-PARAMETERS USED IN MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Initially we have a BPSK System to modulate the data. The Bandwidth of the BPSK Signal is 2fb We use 6 Frequencies for the Hopping Process The time periods are: Tb(Data Time Period)= 300 Tc(Period for which one Frequency Lasts)=120 Tb>Tc Hopping Rate> Data Rate= FAST FREQUENCY HOPPING

FAST FREQUENCY HOPPING

Original Bit Sequence 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 BPSK Modulated Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Spread Signal with 6 frequencies 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000
X: 2403 Y: -1

Original Bit Sequence

X: 2403 Y: -1

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1500 Spread Signal with 6 frequencies

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FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum signal and its FFT 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5

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60 50 40 30
60 50 20 40 30 20 10 0

BANDWIDTH BPSK
SIGNAL
Power spectral density(BPSK SIGNAL)

10 0

X: 19.92 Y : 0.06642

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X: 19.92 Y: 0.06642

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7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

300 Frequency (Hz) Power spectral density(FHSS)

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6 5 4 3 2
X: 119.5 Y: 0.03645

FHSS SIGNAL

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300 Frequency (Hz)

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X: 119.5 Y : 500 0.03645

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ORIGINAL BIT STREAM 1

DEHOPPING & DEMODULATION

1
FAST FHSS SIGNAL

FHSS SIGNAL

ORIGINAL DATA

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-1 500 1000 1500 TIME UNITS 2000 2500 3000 -1 0 500 1000 1500 TIME UNITS 2000 2500 3000

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DEMODULATED INTERMEDIATE

DEMODULATED DATA(UNENVELOPED)

DEHOPPED SIGNAL

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Original Bit Sequence FHSS WITH FSK-THE ACTUAL METHOD 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 BFSK Modulated Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Spread Signal with 6 frequencies 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000

Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum signal and its FFT 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

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WHY FAST FREQUENCY HOPPPING?

Increased Resistance to Jamming/Interference due to multiple hops Resistance to Multipath Fading by providing Diversity L= Tsymbol/ Thop ; Order of Diversity Low probability of Intercept: Used for assuring security

SLOW HOPPING- PARAMETERS USED IN MATLAB PROGRAMMING

Initially we have a BPSK System to modulate the data. The bandwidth of the BPSK Signal is 2fb We use 6 Frequencies for the Hopping Process. The time periods are: Tb(Data Time Period)= 60 Tc(Period for which one Frequency Lasts)=120

Hopping Rate Data Rate= SLOW FREQUENCY HOPPING

SLOW FREQUENCY HOPPING

Original Bit Sequence 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 BPSK Modulated Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Spread Signal with 6 frequencies 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000

Original Bit Sequence 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 BPSK Modulated Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Spread Signal with 6 frequencies 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signal 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000 2000 2500 3000

BANDWIDTH
Power spectral density(BPSK SIGNAL) 30 20

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300 400 Frequency (Hz) Power spectral density(FHSS)

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8 6 4 2 0

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DEHOPPING AND DEMODULATION

Original bit sequence
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Slow FHSS signal

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Time units

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Dehopped signal

Time units Demodulated signal

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Time units

Original Bit Sequence 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signal 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 Spread Signal with 6 frequencies 2500 3000 500 1000 1500 2000 BFSK Modulated Signal 2500 3000

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF USING SLOW FREQUENCY HOPPING

FHSS provides only 3Mbps capacity but it is a very robust technology with little influence from noises, reflections and from other radio stations. Coherent data detection is easily possible through slow frequency hopping. It is also useful in burst error control coding to restore loss of bits in one hop. SFH uses a less expensive synthesizer with a worst near far rejection and it also need for more powerful error correction scheme.

APPLICATIONS OF FHSS
It is useful in cellular deployments for fixed Broadband Wireless Access. Bluetooth radio also uses FHSS operating in the 2.4 GHz band, with a dwell time of 0.625ms (1,600 hops per second).The amount of time spent on each hop is known as dwell time. This can be explained further as: When DSSS executes a transmission, it is using 22 MHz for the duration of the transmitted frame. When FHSS executes a transmission, it is using 1 MHz for the duration of the transmitted frame.

APPLICATIONS(Continue)
Thus the chances of having Bluetooth hitting the 22 MHz band used by DSSS are higher than the chances of it hitting the 1 MHz band used by FHSS. It is also used in radar systems. It means the hop rate is an integer multiple of the pulse repetition rate i.e., the pulse carrier frequency will change or hop several times during the transmission of one pulse.

REFERENCES

Sami A. Mostafa, FREQUENCY HOPPING TRANSCEIVER SYSTEM WITH APPLICATION TO RADAR Filol, Riley ,An Interpolated Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Transceiver Berder, Bouder, Identification of Frequency Hopping Communications Zoran Spasojevic, John Burns, Performance Comparison Of Frequency Hopping And Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems In The 2.4 GHz Range Rapport, Wireless Communication, Second Edition Schiller, Mobile Communications, Second Edition

THANK YOU

A LOOK AT THE MODULATION PROCESS

TO ANTENNA BPSK MODULATED DATA I F RF LO

FREQUENC Y SYNTHESIZ ER HOPPING CODE GENERATO R

GENERATION OF THE HOPPING SEQUENCE

A LOOK AT THE DEMODULATION PROCESS

BAND PASS FILTER
RF LO I F

IF FILTER

FREQ. DISCRIMINATO R

FREQUENC Y SYNTHESIZ ER HOPPING CODE GENERATO R

DEMODULATED DAT