Original citation: Ling, T.-C., Poon, C.-S.

(2012) A comparative study on the feasible use of recycled beverage and CRT funnel glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar. Journal of Cleaner Production; 29-30:46-52. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652612000935?v=s5

A comparative study on the feasible use of recycled beverage and CRT funnel glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar
Tung-Chai Ling, Chi-Sun Poon* Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Abstract The rapid development of the electronic industry has led to a growing hazardous waste management and disposal problem related to the management of cathode ray tube (CRT) waste. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using CRT recycled glass: non-treated funnel glass (n-TFG, crushed without treatment) and treated funnel glass (TFG, crushed and treated with acid nitric to remove lead on the glass surface) as fine aggregates in cement mortar. Fresh and hardened properties of the cement mortars, including their x-ray radiation shielding and potential lead leaching were investigated. The mortar prepared with crushed beverage glass (CBG, lead-free) was also evaluated for comparison purposes. The experimental results show that the use of glass cullets, irrespective of glass type, improved the fluidity and drying shrinkage but reduced the strength. About 60% enhancement in x-ray radiation shielding property was achieved with the use of 100% CRT glass in the cement mortar owing to the increase of mortar density due to the presence of lead in the CRT glass. Nevertheless, the lead leaching from the mortar samples prepared with crushed n-TFG exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 5 mg/L for lead. It is therefore essential to remove the lead from the surface of n-TFG cullets before it is recommended for use in cement mortars. Keywords: Cathode ray tubes, recycled funnel glass, beverage glass, lead leaching, radiation shielding, mechanical properties 1. Introduction One of the biggest technology revolutions in image displays for TV and PC monitors was the change from the cathode ray tube (CRT) type to LCD (liquid crystal display) and LED (light emitting diode). One challenge posed by the revolution is the need to dispose of and manage the growing magnitude of CRT waste (Socolof et al., 2005; Poon, 2008). It was estimated that the disposal rate of TVs in United States alone was approximately 20 million units each year and the amount was expected to increase beyond the next 10 years (Jefferies, 2006). Similar situation are also found in most of the developed and developing countries (Nnorom et al., 2011). If the CRT waste is not handled properly then the lead (or
First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com Page 1

other heavy metals) included within the CRT glass may pose serious soil and ground water pollution (Ravi 2011; Cherry and Gottesfeld, 2009; Nnorom and Osibanjo 2008). One of the promising ways to identify opportunities for optimizing and reducing environmental impact of this CRT waste is to implement an environmental management system (EMS) standardized by ISO 14001 (Boudouropoulos and Arvanitoyannis, 1999; Boudouropoulos and Arvanitoyannis, 2000). According to Rahman and Subramanian (2012), a recycling company in Australia (with an ISO 14001 accredited) applied an innovative technology of disassembly which was able to reclaim valuable metals for reuse and divert up to 98% (by weight) from the total discarded 60,000 CRT monitors collected each year. Also, a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology complying with ISO 14040 had been proven to be a reliable approach to assess the entire life cycle of CRT glass from the environmental perspective (in terms of extraction and treatment of raw materials, production, transportation, reuse, recycling and disposal) as well as its economic and social point of view (Arvanitoyannis, 2008; Noon et al., 2011; Andreola et al., 2005). In Hong Kong, a recycling facility has been in existence since 2005 by the Environmental Protection Department (EPD) to recycle discarded old computer monitors and TV sets. In the facility, the external components such as electronic, plastic casing and metallic parts are first removed from the computer monitors and TV sets. The funnel and panel glass from the CRT glass is then separated by a hot wire separation method. Since the lead content of these two types of glass are different, they are processed using two different recycling methods. The recycling process of CRT panel glass mainly involves the removal of fluorescent powder present on the inner surface of the glass by suction, and then using a mechanical crusher to break it down into smaller particle sizes in a safe manner. The glass can be used directly as a clean recycled aggregate in construction products due to its low lead content. As for the funnel glass, since it contains a significant amount of lead (PbO) with an average content of 22-25% by wt., a specifically designed treatment process (elution) is required before it can be disposal to landfills or reused as a recycled material. The recycling process for the funnel glass involves crushing, acid washing and water rinsing. The lead present on the surface of crushed funnel glass is removed by immersing the crushed glass cullets (<10 mm) in a bath of 5% nitric acid (HNO3) solution for 3 h. After that, the treated funnel glass (TFG) is removed from the nitric acid bath and thoroughly rinsed using tap water to remove the remaining acid. The TFG produced is typically considered safe because the leachable lead concentration is below the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limit of 5 mg/L as per the requirement of the US Environmental Protection Department (1992). A number of previous studies have been conducted to investigate the possibility of using recycled aggregates derived from diverse sources as fine aggregates replacement in cement mortars or concrete for diverse purposes (Ling et al., 2011; Ho et a l., 2012 ; Mohammed et al., 2012; Pelisser et al., 2012 ; Richardson et al., 2012; Bravo and Brito, 2012). It was found that the use of glass aggregate in mortar slightly reduced the strength properties, but this negative effect could be reduced when finer glass particles (700 m or less) were

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 2

employed (Shi et al., 2005). This is because the pozzolanic property of fine glass powder and its filler role can significantly improve the micro-structural and mechanical properties of the cement mortar (Corinaldesi et al., 2005). It is generally agreed that utilizing recycled beverage glass aggregate in mortar is a promising and effective method for waste glass recycling (Ling and Poon, 2011b; Ling et al., 2011). Although a preliminary study has been conducted by the authors to assess the feasible use of crushed and treated CRT funnel glass for the production of cement mortar (Ling and Poon, 2011b), a systematic comparison of the effect of using untreated CRT and other types of glass on the properties of the produced cement mortar is still relatively limited. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasible use of un-treated funnel glass (n-TFG, crushed without treatment) as fine aggregates in cement mortar. The effect of using n-TFG as 50% and 100% replacement of total sand volume on the fresh and hardened properties, and the x-ray radiation shielding ability of the cement mortar were assessed. The expansions due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and potential leachability of lead from the cement mortar were also studied. The cement mortar prepared with treated funnel glass (TFG, crushed and treated with nitric acid to remove lead on the glass surface) and crushed beverage glass (CBG) was also studied for comparison purposes. 2. Experimental details 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Cementitious materials Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of strength class 52.5R complying with American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) Type I was used as the primary cementing material in this study. Fly Ash complying with ASTM class F was used as a suppressor agent to prevent expansion due to alkali-silica reaction (Lee et al., 2011). The chemical compositions and physical properties of the cementitious materials are given in Table 1. Table 1. Chemical compositions and physical properties of cement and fly ash Chemical compositions (%) Cement Fly ash Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.15 <3 Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 19.61 56.79 Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 7.33 28.21 Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.32 5.31 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.54 5.21 Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.13 0.45 Potassium (K2O) 0.39 1.34 Sulfur trioxide (SO3) 2.13 0.68 Loss on ignition 2.97 3.90 Physical properties Specific gravity 3.16 2.31 2 Blaine fineness (cm /g) 3519 3960

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 3

2.1.2. Fine aggregates All the fine aggregates investigated in this study were of particle sizes less than 5 mm. River sand with a fineness modulus (FM) of 2.09 was used as the natural fine aggregate (as a control) in the sand-mortar mix. The CRT recycled funnel glass with relatively higher fineness modulus than sand (FM=3.17 for n-TFG and FM=3.61 for TFG) was obtained from a local CRT Waste Recycling Centre. TCLP results of both CRT funnel glass are presented in Table 2. Crushed beverage glass (CBG) derived from post-consumer beverage bottles was obtained locally from a waste glass recycler. CBG had a of fineness modulus of 3.14. The particle size distributions and physical properties of all the fine aggregates used are presented in Table 2. Fig.1 shows the photograph of sand, recycled beverage and CRT glasses. Table 2. Particle size distributions, physical properties and Pb concentration of fine aggregates Percentage passing (%) Sieve size (mm) River sand n-TFG TFG CBG 5.00 99.5 99.9 99.2 99.6 2.36 97.6 87.1 73.3 87.4 1.18 89.8 59.0 43.1 53.5 0.60 75.3 28.6 18.9 27.6 0.30 39.5 7.6 4.5 12.7 0.15 3.7 0.6 0.3 5.1 Fineness modulus Relative density (g/cm3) Water absorption (%) TCLP leachable Pb concentration (mg/L) 1.94 2.62 0.87 3.17 3.10 ~0 373.5 3.61 2.99 ~0 2.2 3.14 2.49 ~0 -

Sand

n-TFG

TFG

CBG

Fig. 1. Photograph of sand, recycled beverage and CRT glasses with particle size less than 5 mm.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 4

2.2. Mix proportions All the mortar mixes were prepared with an aggregate-to-cementitious material ratio of 2.5 and a water-to-cementitious material ratio of 0.45. These mix proportions are common for cement mortar applications (Ling and Poon, 2011b; Choi et al., 2009). 25% of the OPC was replaced by fly ash to mitigate the potential of ASR expansion (Lee et al., 2011). Including the control (sand) mortar mix for comparison, a total of seven mortar mixes were prepared and investigated. The three different types of glass n-TFG, TFG, and CBG were used to replace 50% and 100% of the sand (by volume) in the mortar mixes. All the mix proportion mixtures are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Mix proportions of mortar mixtures (kg/m3) Cementitious materials No Mix notation Cement Fly ash Sand 1 Control mortar (CM) 456 152 1519 2 n-TFG50 456 152 759 3 n-TFG100 456 152 0 4 TFG50 456 152 759 5 TFG100 456 152 0 6 CBG50 456 152 759 7 CBG100 456 152 0

Fine aggregate n-TFG TFG 0 867 1734 867 1734 CBG 722 1446

Water 273 273 273 273 273 273 273

2.3. Sample preparation The proportioned materials in all the mortar mixes were mixed for 5 min using a standard laboratory rotating drum type mixer. The fresh mortar mix was then put into steel moulds (size 4040160mm and size 2525285mm) in two layers of similar depth. Vibration was applied by a mechanical vibrating table after filling up each layer. After casting, the mortar specimens were covered with a plastic sheet in the laboratory at 233C for 24 h. After 1 day, the mortar specimens were demoulded and then water cured at an average temperature of 233C until the day of testing. 2.4. Test Methods 2.4.1. Fresh properties The flow table test was used for the determination of fluidity of fresh mortar mixes. The procedures of the flow table test followed ASTM C 1437 (2007). 2.4.2. Hardened density The hardened density was determined according to ASTM C 642 (2006). The presented results are the average values of the three specimens. 2.4.3. Water Absorption The water absorption values of the specimens were determined according to ASTM C 642 (2006) and the results are the average values of the three specimens.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 5

2.4.4. Flexural strength The flexural strength of the specimens was tested at 1, 4, 7, 28 and 90 days after casting based on ASTM C 348 (2008). The mortar bar specimens (4040160 mm prisms) were placed under a central line load with simple support over a span of 120 mm. A displacement rate of 0.1 mm/min was used. The reported results are the average values of the three specimens. 2.4.5. Equivalent compressive strength According to ASTM C 349 (2008), the broken pieces (portions of the prisms broken in the flexure strength test) were used for the equivalent compressive strength test. The broken portions of prisms used had a length of not less than 65 mm and were free from cracks, chipped surfaces, or other obvious defects. 2.4.6. Drying shrinkage Drying shrinkage value measurements on the specimens (size of 2525285 mm) were conducted according to the procedures stated in a modified British Standard (BS ISO-Part 8, 2009) method. After demoulding, the length and initial reading (regarded as zero reading) of the prisms was measured. The specimens were then transferred to a drying environmental chamber at a temperature of 23C with a relative humidity of 50%. Subsequent readings were taken at 1st, 4th, 7th, 28th and 90th days. 2.4.7. Expansion due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) Three 2525285 mm mortar specimens were used for the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) test based on ASTM C1260 (2007). After 28 days of water curing, a zero reading was taken after further storing the prisms in distilled water at 80C for 24 h. The mortar bars were then transferred and immersed in 1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 80C until testing time at 1st, 4th, 7th, 14th and 28th days. 2.4.8. X-ray radiation shielding The x-ray radiation shielding test was performed in an x-ray laboratory designed for medical diagnostic examination. The laboratory was installed with a medium frequency x-ray unit (Toshiba, KXO-30R). The distance between the target of the diagnostic x-ray tube (DXB-0324CS-A) and the test samples (1001005 mm) was kept at 700 mm. The radiation dose at a point in free air beneath the samples was measured by a 6 c.c. ionization chamber linked to a radiation monitor controller (Model 9015, Radcal Corporation). The sensor was placed 100 mm beneath the test samples. 2.4.9. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was used to identify the leaching of lead from the tested samples. The TCLP test was conducted according to the US Environmental Protection Agency method 1311 (1992). The samples were taken after the mechanical testing at the 28th day and were crushed to pass through a 10 mm sieve before the test. This is intended to simulate the potential lead leaching to assess whether the material would be classifiable as hazardous waste. An extraction solution with a pH value of 2.88 was prepared using glacial acetic acid. As per the TCLP test protocol, 400 mL extraction solution was added into plastic containers containing 20 g of crushed samples

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 6

and the mixtures were then tumbled by a rotary shaker. After 18 h, the leachable heavy metals in the solution were then analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Fresh properties Fig. 2 shows the flow table test results of the fresh mortar mixes. The flow table values increased with increasing glass content, regardless of the glass type. The improvement in fluidity of the fresh mortar could be due to the impermeable and smooth surface of the glass cullets used (Kou and Poon, 2009). Comparing the influence of glass type, the flow values of CRT (both the n-TFG and TFG) mortars were slightly higher than CBG mortar, probably due to the higher fineness modulus of recycled CRT glass that led to a reduction in total surface area per unit volume which required less water to enwrap the solid particle.
250
0% 50% 100%

200 F low tab le valu e (m m )

150

100

50

0 n-TFG mortar TFG mortar CB G mortar

Fig. 2. Effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG on the flow table value of the fresh cement mortars. 3.2. Hardened density Fig. 3 shows the effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG content on the hardened density of cement mortars. The hardened density of n-TFG and TFG mortars increased with increasing glass content. The hardened density for n-TFG100 and TFG100 mortar mixes were 2,546kg/m3 and 2,472 kg/m3, an increase of 14.6% and 11.2% in comparison to the control mortar, respectively. In other words, the density of the mortars was increased by 7.3% and 5.8% for every 50% replacement of sand n-TFG and TFG used in the cement mortar, respectively. The higher density could be related to the relatively high specific gravity of lead present in the funnel glass. As noticed, the density of TFG mortars was slightly lower than n-TFG mortars. This is understandable because the TFG cullets were slightly lighter than n-TFG
First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com Page 7

cullets due to the removal of lead through the acid treatment process. On the other hand, the hardened density for the control (sand) mortar and CBG mortar were lower.
2600
0% 50% 100%

Hardened density (kg/m 3)

2400

2200

2000

1800 n-TFG mortar TFG mortar CB G mortar

Fig. 3. Effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG on hardened density of cement mortars. 3.3. Water absorption The water absorption results are shown in Fig. 4. The control mortar shows the highest water absorption value and the water absorption reduced with increasing glass content. This could be due to the nature of glass which does not absorb water.

0%

50%

100%

10

W ater absorption (% )

8 6

4 2

0 n-TFG mortar TFG mortar CB G mortar

Fig. 4. Effect of n-TFG, TFG and CBG on water absorption of cement mortars.
First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com Page 8

3.4. Flexural and compressive strength The flexural strength test results are shown in Fig. 5. The 90-day flexural strength of the control mortar, n-TFG50, TFG50 and CBG50 mortars were 9.0 MPa, 6.7 MPa, 7.9 MPa and 7.8 MPa, respectively. It can be seen that the flexural strength of mortar was reduced by approximately 13% when 50% of the sand was replaced by TFG and CBG, respectively. The strength reduction is probably due to the poorer bond strength between the smooth surface of the glass cullets and the cement paste (Ismail and Al-Hashmi, 2009; Ling and Poon, 2011a). As for n-TFG50, a greater reduction (approximately 25%) in 90-day flexural strength was observed, probably due to the retardation effect of lead on the hydration of cement (Shi et al., 2005; Cheeseman and Asavapisit, 1999). The results show that the flexural strength was further reduced by 19.5% as the n-TFG content was increased from 50% to 100%. Fig. 6 shows the compressive strength results. As can be seen, a similar trend to that of flexural strength was observed. The detrimental effect of n-TFG was again shown, particularly at the 100% replacement level.
10
Control mortar TFG5 0 n-TFG1 0 0 CB G1 0 0 n-TFG5 0 CB G5 0 TFG1 0 0

8 F lexural strength (M P a)

0 1 4 7 Curing age (day) 28 90

Fig. 5. Flexural strength of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and CBG.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 9

Fig. 6. Compressive strength of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and CBG. 3.5. Drying shrinkage Fig. 7 shows the effect of glass type and replacement level on the drying shrinkage of the cement mortars. During the first 4 days, the difference of drying shrinkage of all the cement mortars was insignificant. From the 7th up to the 90th day, the positive effect of using glass cullets as fine aggregates in reducing the drying shrinkage became more obvious. The possible reason for this may be the lower absorption capacity of the glass cullet when compared with natural river sand. Comparing the effect of glass content, it can be clearly observed that the drying shrinkage decreased with increasing replacement percentage of glass cullets. This is consistent with the results of Poon and Ling (2011b). For a given replacement level, the mortar prepared by using n-TFG showed the greatest reduction in drying shrinkage. This might be due to the retardation effects of lead on cement hydration and is consistent with the strength results.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 10

0.08 0.07 0.06 D rying shrinkage (% ) 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Curing age (day)
C o ntro m o rtar n-T F G5 0 T FG5 0 C B G5 0 n-T F G1 0 0 T FG1 0 0 C B G1 0 0

Fig. 7. Drying shrinkage of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and CBG. 3.6. Expansion due to alkali-silica reaction Fig. 8 shows the expansion due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) of the cement mortars. It can be clearly noticed that the expansion of the mortar bars containing glass cullets was higher than that of the control mortar. The higher the glass content the higher the expansion. This is consistent with the results reported by Park and Lee (2004). For a given glass content, the ASR expansion of the n-TFG and TFG mortars was relatively higher than that of the CBG mortar. A reason for this is believed to be the higher solubility (higher % weight loss in 1 N NaOH) of CRT glass than that of CBG glass, resulting in higher amount of dissolved glass available in solution for ASR gel formation. This results and hypothesis had also been confirmed by other studies (Saccani and Bignozzi, 2009; Trocellier et al., 2005). The highest ASR expansion was found in the n-TFG100 mortar mix. Except for the n-TFG100 mortar, at the age of 14 days, all the mortar bar mixes showed ASR expansion below the permissible limits (0.10%) according to ASTM C1260.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 11

0.40 0.35 A SR expansion (% ) 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0 5 10 15 Curing age (day) 20 25 30
C o ntro m o rtar n-T FG5 0 T FG5 0 C B G5 0 n-T FG1 0 0 T FG1 0 0 C B G1 0 0

Fig. 8. Expansion due to alkali-silica reaction of cement mortars with 50% and 100% n-TFG, TFG and CBG. 3.7. Radiation shielding properties The X-ray radiation shielding properties of the mortar mixes are shown in Table 4. The linear attenuation coefficient of the samples was significantly increased when sand was replaced by either n-TFG or TFG. This could be attributed to the dense atomic structure in both types of CRT funnel glass actively interacting with x-ray radiation, thus reducing its energy and the depth of radiation penetration (Calabrese et al., 1996). However, the mortar mixes prepared with CBG had no significant effect on the attenuation coefficient. Table 4. Linear attenuation coefficients, half-value layer and tenth-value layer of cement mortars Linear attenuation Thickness (mm) Sample HVL(mm) TVL(mm) coefficient (mm-1) 1mm Lead Eq. Standard lead sheet 4.010 1.0 0.2 0.6 CM 0.069 57.7 10.0 33.1 0.121 33.2 5.7 19.1 n-TFG50 0.171 23.4 4.0 13.4 n-TFG100 0.118 34.1 5.9 19.6 TFG50 0.167 24.1 4.2 13.8 TFG100 0.069 58.2 10.1 33.4 CBG50 0.069 58.5 10.1 33.6 CBG100

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 12

The half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) were also computed, and they show that the HVL provided by the n-TFG100 and TFG100 mortars were about 4.0 mm and 4.2 mm, respectively, which was about 60% more than the attenuation provided by the control sand mortar. This shows that the mortar prepared with the recycled funnel glass had a superior performance in shielding against the x-ray radiation. 3.8. Lead leaching Table 5 shows the TCLP test results for all types of cement mortar. The results showed that the leaching of lead from the control, TFG and CBG mortars regardless of replacement glass content was below the permissible limit of 5 mg/L. Comparing the original concentration of the leachable lead from untreated funnel glass alone (373.5 mg/L) shown in Table 2, the lead leaching for crushed n-TFG50 and n-TFG100 mortar samples was significantly reduced to 14.7 and 32.7 mg/L, which indicates that the alkaline environment in the cement mortar matrix could provide a medium to immobilize the lead to some extent. Unfortunately, these values were still above the permitted limit of 5 mg/L. Thus, stabilization/solidification (S/S) of the n-TFG cullets in the existing mix designed proportion of cement mortar may not be sufficient to prevent Pb from leaching out from the crushed mortar at an acceptably low level of 5 mg/L. To overcome this challenge, it is suggests to use higher percent of fly ash and/or ground blast furnace slag in the concrete mixes to further enhance the immobilization of Pb ions and reduces the availability for leaching (Qiao et al., 2006; Rha et al., 2000). Also, the non-treated funnel glass used in present study was coarsely crushed with a fineness modulus of 3.17. If finely grounded glass was used as a substitute instead, it is also expected can reduce the Pb level due to its pozzolanic reaction. Finally, according to Kim et al. (2009) a small amount of polymer materials (1.88% of total concrete weight) can be added to enable a crosslink reaction between the lead and biopolymer material resulted in a less porous nature which could potentially provide a stronger encapsulation of the metal contaminants in a concrete system. Table 5. TCLP results of crushed mortar samples Number Crushed mortar sample Pb (mg/L) 1 0.41 Control mortar 2 14.65 n-TFG50 3 32.72 n-TFG100 4 TFG50 0.54 5 TFG100 0.75 6 0.46 CBG50 7 0.57 CBG100

4. Conclusions Non-treated funnel glass (n-TFG) and other types of glass were tested for potential employment as a fine aggregate of sand volume (50% and 100%) in cement mortar. Based on the experimental investigation, the following conclusions can be drawn:
First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com Page 13

1. Incorporation of impermeable glass cullets as fine aggregates in cement mortar increased the fluidity of fresh mortar mixes and reduced the water absorption and drying shrinkage of the cement mortars. 2. The higher the glass cullets used for replacing sand in the cement mortar the lower the flexural and compressive strengths. This is due to the weak bonding between the glass cullets and the cement paste. n-TFG mortar showed the lowest strength due to the retardation effect of lead on cement hydration. 3. Increasing glass cullets content led to an increase in the expansion due to ASR. All the cement mortars satisfied the permissible limits of 0.10 % at the 14th day, except the mortar containing 100% n-TFG cullets. 4. The performance of the control mortar in radiation shielding was similar to that of the CBG mortar. However, the inclusion of CRT funnel glass (n-TFG and TFG) increased the hardened density of the mortar which in turn enhanced the shielding properties. 5. In term of TCLP results, it showed that the alkaline environment in the mortar matrix was able to immobilize the lead to some extent for all types of cement mortars incorporating with n-TFG and TFG. All TFG and CBG mortars were below the 5 mg/L hazardous material standard of lead, while the lead leaching of the crushed mortar containing n-TFG were still exceeded the permitted limit. The challenge for the future is how to optimize the mix design given the preference to environmental aspects over mechanical properties aspects in many situations. It is therefore additional investigation is required to work on to decrease the leachable lead within the mortar matrix for a cleaner production, either to reduce the particle size and the amount of n-TFG used or to increase the amount of fly ash in the cement mortar. However, if suitable mix proportion is not found to meet the minimum requirement of cement mortar (e.g. mechanical properties) for construction applications, it is recommended that the approach of removal of lead on the crushed funnel glass surface at the first place should be employed. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Environment and Conservation Fund and the Woo Wheelock Greed Fund, and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for funding support. References Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Lancellotti, I., 2005. Cathode ray tubes glass recycling: an example of clean technology. Waste Management Research 23 (4): 314321. Arvanitoyannis, I.S., 2008. 3 - ISO 14040: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Principles and Guidelines. Waste Management for the Food Industries, 97-132. ASTM C 1260, 2007. Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method). American Society of Testing Materials, USA. ASTM C 1437, 2007. Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. American Society of Testing Materials, USA. ASTM C 348, 2008. Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars. American Society of Testing Materials, USA. ASTM C 349, 2008. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure). American Society of Testing

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 14

Materials, USA. ASTM C 642, 2006. Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete. American Society of Testing Materials, USA. Boudouropoulos, I.D., Arvanitoyannis, I.S., 1999. Current state and advances in the implementation of ISO 14000 by the food industry. Comparison of ISO 14000 to ISO 9000 to other environmental programs. Trends in Food Science & Technology 9 (11-12), 395408. Boudouropoulos, I.D., Arvanitoyannis, I.S., 2000. Potential and perspectives for application of environmental management system (EMS) and ISO 14000 to food industries. Food Reviews International 16 (2), 177237. Bravo, M., de Brito, J., 2012. Concrete made with used tyre aggregate: Durability related Performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.0662011. BS ISO 1920-8, 2009. Determination of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for Samples Prepared in the Field or in the Laboratory. British Standard Institution, UK. Calabrese, D., Covington, A.M., Thompson, J.S., 1996. Production of group IIA atomic and molecular negative ion beams in a cesium-sputter negative ion source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 379 (2), 192195. Cheeseman, C.R., Asavapisit, S., 1999. Effect of calcium chloride on the hydration and leaching of lead-retarded cement. Cement and Concrete Research 29 (6), 885892. Cherry, C.R., Gottesfeld P., 2009. Plans to distribute the next billion computers by 2015 creates lead pollution risk. Journal of Cleaner Production 17 (18), 16201628. Choi, Y.W., Moon, D.J., Kim, Y.J., Lachemi, M., 2009. Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Construction and Building Materials 23 (8), 28292835. Corinaldesi, V., Gnappi, G., Moriconi, G., Montenero, A., 2005. Reuse of ground waste glass as aggregate for mortars. Waste Management 25 (2), 197201. Ho, A.C., Turatsinze, A., Hameed, R., Vu, D.C., 2012. Effects of rubber aggregates from grinded used tyres on the concrete resistance to cracking . Journal of Cleaner Production, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.09.016. Ismail, Z.Z., AL-Hashmi, E.A., 2009. Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Waste Management 29 (2), 655659. Jefferies, E., 2006. E-wasted. Toys and gadgets become toxic junk thanks to the circuitbored. Worldwatch 19 (4), 215. Kim, D., Quinlan, M., Yen, T.F., 2009. Encapsulation of lead from hazardous CRT glass wastes using biopolymer cross-linked concrete systems. Waste Management 29 (1), 321328. Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S., 2009. Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with recycled glass aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites 31 (2), 107113. Lee, G., Ling, T.C., Wong, Y.L., Poon, C.S., 2011. Effects of crushed glass cullet sizes, casting methods and pozzolanic materials on ASR of concrete blocks. Construction and Building Materials 25 (5), 26112618. Ling, T.C., Poon, C.S., 2011a. Properties of architectural mortar prepared with recycled glass with different particle sizes. Materials and Design 32 (5), 26752684. Ling, T.C., Poon, C.S., 2011b. Utilization of recycled glass derived from cathode ray tube glass as fine aggregate in cement mortar. Journal of Hazardous Materials 192 (2), 45156.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 15

Ling, T.C., Poon, C.S., Kou, S.C., 2011. Feasibility of using recycled glass in architectural cement mortar. Cement and Concrete Composites 33 (8), 848854. Mohammed, B.S., Hossain, K.M.A., Swee, J.T.E., Wong, G., Abdullahi, M., 2012. Properties of crumb rubber hollow concrete block. Journal of Cleaner Production 23 (1), 5767. Nnorom, I.C., Osibanjo, O., 2008. Overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management practices and legislations, and their poor applications in the developing countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52(6), 843848. Nnorom, I.C., Osibanjo, O., Ogwuegbu, M.O.C., 2011. Global disposal strategies for waste cathode ray tubes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55(3), 275290. Noon, M.S., Lee, S.-J., Cooper, J.S., 2011. A life cycle assessment of end-of-life computer monitor management in the Seattle metropolitan region. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 57, 22-29. Park, S.B., Lee, B.C., 2004. Studies on expansion properties in mortar containing waste glass and fibers. Cement and Concrete Research 34 (7), 11451152. Pelisser, F., Barcelos, A., Santos, D., Peterson, M., Bernardin, A.M., 2012. Lightweight concrete production with low Portland cement consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production 23 (1), 6874. Poon, C.S., 2008. Management of CRT glass from discarded computer monitors and TV sets. Waste Management 28 (9), 1499. Qiao, X.C., Poon, C.S., Cheeseman, C., 1999. Use of flue gas desulphurization (FGD) waste and rejected fly ash in waste stabilization/solidification systems. Waste Management 26 (2), 141149. Rahman, S., Subramanian, N., 2012. Factors for implementing end-of-life computer recycling operations in reverse supply chains. International Journal of Production Economics, doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.07.019 Ravi V., 2011. Evaluating overall quality of recycling of e-waste from end-of-life computers. Journal Cleaner Production, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.003 Rha, C.Y., Kang, S.K., Kim, C.E., 2000. Investigation of the stability of hardened slag paste for the stabilization/solidification of wastes containing heavy metal ions. Journal of Hazardous Materials B73 (3), 255267. Richardson, A.E., Coventry, K.A., Ward, G., 2012. Freeze/thaw protection of concrete with optimum rubber crumb content. Journal of Cleaner Production 23 (1), 96103. Saccani, A., Bignozzi, M.C., 2010. ASR expansion behavior of recycled glass fine aggregates in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 40 (4), 531536. Shi, C., Wu, Y., Riefler, C., Wang, H., 2005. Characteristics and pozzolanic reactivity of glass powders. Cement and Concrete Research 35 (5), 987-993. Shi, C., Zheng, K., 2007. A review on the use of waste glasses in the production of cement and concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52 (2), 234247. Socolof, M.L., Overly, J.G., Geibig, J.R., 2005. Environmental life-cycle impacts of CRT and LCD desktop computer displays. Journal of Cleaner Production 13 (13-14), 12811294. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Test Method 1311, 1992. Specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 16

Trocellier, P., Djanathany, S., Chene, J., Haddi, A., Brass, A.M., Poissoneet, S., Farges, F., 2005. Chemical durability of alkaliborosilicate glass studied by analytical SEM, IBA, isotopic-tracing and SIMS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 240 (1-2), 337344.

First author: t.ling.1@bham.ac.uk; tcling611@yahoo.com

Page 17