YOUR CAREER

10
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Your future is waiting for you

Low carbon economy creates new skills and new jobs

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the value of breadth in education

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OUR CAR YOUR CAREER A YOUR C EER

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Low ca rbon ec onomy creates new sk ills and ne w jobs

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PEN the value of brea in educat dth ion

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CRICOS No: 00116K

Considering a career in law?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If your dream is to pursue a career in law, follow the links to the Melbourne Law School to find out about the many career options, pathways and scholarships available.

coursesearch.unimelb.edu.au

New careers
3 How to thrive in the 21st century 4 Whats hot tomorrow 6  Love your work match your interests and your course to hot new career areas of the future 7  Get mobile make international experiences part of your learning

Contents

32

Business & I.T.

8 Broadband technology 9 Cloud computing 11 Microfinance 13 Social media and the law 14 Business analysis and informatics

16
51
36 Tissue engineering 37 Dentistry

Society & Culture

16 Criminology and policing 18  Aid and development 20 Profile: Erika Feller, Assistant High Commissioner, UNHCR 21 Profile: Lucinda Hartley, Community Oriented Design 23 Sports law 24 Animation 25 Cinema 26 Music for gaming

Energy & Resources

53 Geothermal energy 55 Rare earth metals

27 Teaching music 28 Digital teaching 30 Early education

45 The future of urban transport

Health & Wellbeing

32 Biomedicine 35 Rehab robotics

47 48 49 51

Environmental law Environmental policy-making Water management Helping businesses go green

59 Winemaking 61 Bioscience 62 Food science 64 Food retail

FREE PRINT COPIES OF KICK START YOUR CAREER.

If youd like single or multiple print copies posted at no charge, contact: careers-guide@lists. unimelb.edu.au Or, read the browser at www.cosmosmagazine.com/Melbourne. For all University of Melbourne course enquiries, call 1800 801 662 or visit: www.futurestudents. unimelb.edu.au

Dragan Radocaj; iSTOCK; Peter Casamento; Veer

Teaching & Learning

Animal Science Living Spaces Transport Nature & Environment

38 Zoonotic disease 39 Veterinary medicine

Manufacturing & Design

57 Solar cell production 57 Robotics 58 Structural design

41 Building tomorrows cities 43 Energy-efficient buildings

59

Feeding The Future

CRICOS No: 00116K

Considering a career as a scientist?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If your dream is to pursue a career in science, follow the links to the Bachelor of Science webpage to find out about the many career options, pathways and scholarships available.

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Foreword

hese days, career success is not just about how much you develop your skills, knowledge and experience; its also about how you extract value from social networks. This is because your education, work and social relationships both virtual and face-to-face can help create different types of career opportunities. In their influential book, The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era, authors Michael Arthur and Denise Rousseau argue that thriving in a career relies on being familiar with the three knows: knowing why, knowing how and knowing whom. Knowing why youre doing your work means having a clear sense of what you want to get out of it and what you want to put in and acknowledging that this might change during your lifetime. Knowing how to do it is about going out and getting the expert knowledge youll need to be successful. This will often come through university-level education, which has risen sharply down the generations: 35% of 25- to 34-year-olds have completed a university course, compared with 20% of 55- to 64-year-olds, according to a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Education can also play a big role in financial advancement and career satisfaction, particularly

for women, according to careers expert Thomas Ng. Knowing whom to team up with out of all the possibilities throughout your relationships and contacts can also play a big part in your career success. These relationships develop at high school and flourish at university. The better educated you are, the more relationships youll make throughout your life; it is also likely to mean your future will present fewer boundaries physically, psychologically and geographically and a less of a defined pecking order at work. New and developing technologies are shaking up the old ways of doing business so that it is more efficient, which means work is being decentralised and structured in very different ways. Open-source, digital and voice-over-internet technologies mean businesses can access people with the right skills, knowledge and experience no matter where they are around the world, as well as connecting buyers and sellers in novel ways eBay, for instance. All this means that many organisations particularly bricks and mortar companies

How to thrive in the 21st century

New careers

will need to rethink their business models and how they market their products and services. Working in the 21st century, you can expect a lifetime of employability rather than a lifetime of employment, according to Rousseau, who is a globally renowned expert in employment. This means that the workplace will be more diverse and intergenerational than in previous decades, as people come to a workplace from different employment and educational backgrounds, and at different stages of their lives, especially as older generations stay in the workplace longer. Kick Start Your Career provides an exciting insight into the possibilities ahead for those who anticipate these changes and are prepared for them. This useful guide highlights the importance of targeted educational experiences that will help you to thrive in your career and adapt to new areas of work, whether in business, manufacturing and design, law, energy and resources, education, health and wellbeing or green industries. And whether they exist, or are yet to be invented.

Thriving in a career relies on you being familiar with the 'three knows': knowing why, knowing how and knowing whom.

Whats hot tomorrow

Identifying the in-demand careers of tomorrow means understanding the changing world and looking out for trends.

A whole new world of job opportunities is opening up to meet societys rapidly changing needs.

limate change reversal specialists, pharmers of genetically engineered crops, alternative vehicle developers and social media strategists look back 10 years and youll see that several jobs in demand today didnt even exist back then. Tomorrows workforce might look very different from todays. Which jobs will be in demand will depend on the areas in which society is changing or needs to change. Green jobs, for instance, is an obvious growth area, with roles ranging from environmental educators to asset managers, and from green building experts to sustainability planners, managers and advocates. Innovative processes will need to be put in place for managing waste, water and emissions. And a range of other professions will make themselves more employable by having a connection to this sector. According to theAustralian Conservation Foundation,there will be a demand for: purchasing officers who implement a sustainable purchasing policy; office managers who help reduce energy waste; mining workers who help save fuel or rehabilitate land; and chefs who choose locally grown, environmentally friendly produce. Given the amount of attention governments are now giving sustainability, the green jobs area is likely to grow exponentially.

Businesses that deal withcarbon capture, carbon trading or emissions trading will see a jobs boom over the next decade. The regulations and taxes surrounding these issues might change with governments, but in the long term this will only change how things are done the need to do them wont go away. The same applies to any

area associated with the renewable and sustainable energy industry. Education and trainingis likely to remain Australias fourth-largest export. Overall, people will need to continuously update their skills over the course of their careers. At the same time, it will be common to change

Fergi Romero

occupations. Whats more, just as it is easier to obtain knowledge and information through new media, it will be easier for people to share their knowledge and skills, and geography will be less of a limitation. The food sector is going through great change. Jobs now exist in new areas such as ethical farming and treatment of animals, the development of ways to protect crops and animals from disease and pests, and even farm management for overseas companies or governments that have acquired Australian farmland for their nations food security. Great future prospects will also crop up in every facet of the security industry from national intelligence agencies to biosecurity, and anything to do withinformation security. For example, more people will be needed to install and maintain security systems, while at the other end there will be more work for forensic computer specialists who can detect and interpret hidden patterns in data. Finally, there is social media and the new service deliveries that will become possible through the National Broadband Network (NBN). Businesses are still developing methods to maximise the use of social media to compete, engage with customers and collect data. Its a similar case with the NBN businesses, government organisations and educators will all need innovative people who are savvy with the processes, but also creative enough to take full advantage of the potential the technology offers. The key to any career of tomorrow will be to keep looking over the horizon for the changes that are coming. No matter what your area of study or work, new jobs and new opportunities will always be there in anything that will help save time, do things faster, reduce cost, improve safety and reliability, make things easier to use or make things more sustainable and environmentally friendly. You can future-proof your career by having an open mind about the future and watching out for whatever opportunities arise in the trends developing. Most important is the willingness to keep learning and gaining new skills.

Robots and computers arent exactly emotional types, so well still rely on peoples unique human ability to connect with others in a deep and direct way, and to sense and stimulate reactions in order to build trusting relationships.

A proficiency at thinking and coming up with creative solutions and responses beyond the usual. High-skill jobs tend not to be autonomous and they frequently require flexibility and on-the-feet thinking.

The ability to operate in different cultural settings. As companies go global, work teams will involve people from many different backgrounds.

As we rely more on data to help us make decisions, computational thinking skills will be necessary to use this information effectively. Employers will be looking for people who have statistical analysis and quantitative reasoning skills.

1. Sense making 6. New media literacy 2. Social intelligence 7.Working across disciplines 3. Novel and adaptive thinking 8. Design mindset load management 4. Cross-cultural competency 9. Cognitive .Virtual collaboration Computational thinking 10 5.
A smart machine will be able to do the grunt work, but it wont be able to think and make an accurate decision thats where humans come in. An ability to develop tasks and work processes for a range of different goals, recognising which tasks require particular approaches, will be desirable. An ability to filter through the clutter to locate and prioritise the important information you need. You can work productively and make others feel engaged and part of a team, even if they arent physically sitting next to somebody.

Employers will look for people with sophisticated skills to assist them to present their own work through new media and make it more visually appealing. Youll need to be able to assess and develop content that uses new media.

Being skilled in one field of expertise will still be appreciated, but youll also need to work with people in other disciplines while being willing to diversify your own skill set.

Love your work

So You Want To Future Hot Spots

Link your interests to the right degree and you can set yourself up for an exciting and in-demand career of the future.

Cool Jobs
informatics analyst geneticist materials scientist engineer music therapist community worker  international aid worker dentist biomedical engineer

Start Studying
Bachelor of Commerce Bachelor of Science

Innovate & Invent Help Others Save the Planet Educate, Inform or Entertain Feed the World Build Tomorrows Society

broadband technology cloud computing robotics tele-health genetics microfinance tissue engineering biomedicine future dentistry aid and development  smart home design and construction geothermal energy water management urban transport energy efficiency clean energy city planning sustainable food environmental law

Go Further
Go further by undertaking a professional qualification at masters level once you finish your first degree. You can accelerate your career with intensive, focused study at graduate level at one of our world class graduate schools and graduate with a competitive advantage. Explore all your options here: www.coursesearch. unimelb.edu.au

Bachelor of Biomedicine Bachelor of Environments Bachelor of Music Bachelor of Oral Health

tree physiologist water resources engineer sustainability consultant climate change policy officer  environmental advocate

 Associate Degree in Environmental Horticulture Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Environments Bachelor of Science

digital teaching social media law sports law animation online content

psychometrician teacher games developer  educational programs developer music administrator animator sports/entertainment lawyer wine technologist crop engineer international aid officer agricultural researcher

Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Biomedicine Bachelor of Commerce Bachelor of Environments Bachelor of Fine Arts Bachelor of Music Bachelor of Science

food science international development biotechnology genetic engineering

Bachelor of Agriculture Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Environments

information management/informatics rare earth metals criminology clean energy green retrofits of buildings

urban planner telecommunications engineer technology consultant spatial information system technician minerals process engineer carbon accounting analyst architect

Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Commerce Bachelor of Environments Bachelor of Science

Get Mobile, get Ahead

In 2012, more than 20% of Australian undergraduate students will have completed an international experience as part of their degree.
Nigel Cossar, Associate Director, Global Mobility Programs, University of Melbourne

he question for many Australian university students is not whether they will be having an international experience, but where, and how many. Some will want a new educational opportunity or the ability to gain a different perspective, others will want to improve a second language, get a cross-cultural understanding or simply want to travel. Increasingly, students are also becoming aware that undertaking an overseas experience will give them an advantage that will kick-start their career. A student mobility experience on your resume will usually attract an employers attention, but often it isnt until the interview that an employer will see your international experience as a career boost. If you can articulate how you have used your international experience to obtain the knowledge, skills and abilities required by the employer, youll have a real edge over your competitors. A survey of employers conducted by Graduate Careers Australia showed that over the last few years employers continued to seek the same top three skills from their employees interpersonal and communication skills topped the list, followed by passion, drive and commitment, and finally, critical reasoning and analytical or technical skills. Obviously, these skills can be attained at home or overseas, but the ability of a returned student to articulate how he or she developed these skills when managing a class project in Beijing or a research assignment in Vancouver

Study overseas
The University of Melbourne sends students to partner institutions in more than 170 countries through its student exchange program, as well as helping students take up clinical, teaching and other industry-based placements globally. A growing suite of University of Melbourne overseas subjects are also available for credit. The federal governments Study Overseas Portal: www. studyoverseas.gov.au

clearly demonstrates a richer experience. Specific job knowledge can be difficult to demonstrate through education abroad; however all organisations can benefit from graduates with a global perspective, something that students can easily obtain by observing and reflecting on what goes on around them. The Australian Government strongly supports the mobility of university students and has a Study Overseas portal to help them (see box below). Australian employers, large or small, public or private, trade or profession, are looking for people who can contribute to their competitiveness in a globally connected world to join their teams. This is backed up by recent surveys of Australian employers that found an overseas study experience is becoming more valued by organisations, as the skills gained through studying overseas are important building blocks for understanding business protocols in other cultures. According to the Australian Government, employers believe an international experience has the potential to:

n  open doors, for both the individual and the employers business n  develop international networks, which industry values highly n  shape a globally minded, well-rounded, mature individual all qualities in demand by employers n  contribute to productivity gains n  provide exposure to other cultures, laying the building blocks for understanding business protocols in other cultures and for developing the empathy and patience needed when working with the challenges these pose.

BUSINESS and I.T.

Ready for the new internet

The National Broadband Network means so much more than fast internet. It will bring some of the biggest changes to the way our society and workplaces operate since the introduction of the internet itself.

he construction of the National Broadband Network (NBN), scheduled for completion in 2020, will directly employ at least 15,000 people. Many of these jobs will be in the technical trades, but skilled professionals in information and communications technology (ICT) and geographic information systems (GIS) will also be needed for roles such as network mapping. The rollout of the NBN, which has already begun in selected areas, is just the beginning of a change that will reshape the way we live, learn and work. Geography will no longer play as big a role in the services Australians can or cant receive; there will be greater access to a world of education and entertainment; small businesses will thrive

through their improved ability to trade online and keep up in A growing profession at the heart of all this is health and a globally connected world; and the Australian Government biomedical informatics. This is all about the acquisition, estimates that, by 2020, more than 12% of employees will be storage, retrieval and use of information that can be utilised working from home at least part of the week. for health services, and the design and management of The challenge for a new generation of students and information systems that will consequently improve researchers is to develop ways to make best use of the healthcare. Health and biomedical informatics crosses network. At the Institute for a Broadband-Enabled Society over into at least four fields of research health science, (IBES), researchers are investigating the barriers and the knowledge management, computer science and information potential of high-speed broadband for science. Australian business and society. Based Several of the project areas being at the University of Melbourne, the IBES investigated involve healthcare services collaborates with several faculties, that traditionally relied on human, faceother institutes to-face interaction to observe and engage Information technology and industry. with people. They involve developing drives 78% of productivity With Australias ageing population, the smart homes for the elderly; developing gains in services and rise in chronic disease and the spiralling an interactive system that addresses the businesses, and 85% cost of healthcare, health and wellbeing is needs of youths with mental health issues in manufacturing. Prime Minister Julia an important theme for IBES but it doesnt resulting from isolation; and tele-health, Gillard, 2011. just involve health professionals. More than where a monitoring system integrated 50 researchers from areas ranging from with a webcam or mobile phone provides architecture, computer science, information information that must be stored and systems, mechanical engineering, physiotherapy and social managed so an appropriate response can be given to the work are looking at: ways to improve aged care services; patient. support for youth mental health and wellbeing; the adoption Its already an information-heavy world, but with the of personal electronic health records; and opportunities for arrival of the NBN, managing information will be a vital skill remote healthcare. much in demand.

Fact

A healthcare application performing real-time health monitoring, running on a smartphone.

Graduate Study options Master of Information Systems, Master of Information Technology, Master of Science, Master of Engineering

First Degree Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Commerce

happen

Make it

BUSINESS and I.T.

Silver lining to the cloud

The rapid uptake of cloud computing is set to create a downpour of jobs across a wide range of industries and skill sets.
Manisha Lee

t is hard to imagine life before the internet a time when research began with library books, phone calls and microfilm, and back-up or storage meant 1.2MB floppy disks. The great advances in information and communications technology in recent years have prompted many to believe that in the future, computing services and solutions will be delivered as a utility. Just like electricity or water, we will simply subscribe to a service and get it. While this utility model has been around since the 1960s, cloud computing means it is now a reality, with more and more companies taking advantage of its many capabilities. Essentially, cloud computing allows a large number and variety of users to access computing applications and data as a subscription-based service from anywhere in the world at any time over the internet. The benefits to business are numerous from enterprise level down to small-medium enterprises, cloud computing promises efficiency and convenience.

Prior to cloud, businesses would have to buy software research and development lab in response to the growing in CD form, often for thousands of dollars upfront, load demand for cloud-based services. According to the lab it onto their servers and use it that way, says University director, Professor Rajkumar Buuya, the future of cloud of Melbourne marketing lecturer and Webreep founder, computing is very, very bright. Dr Brent Coker. Now, cloud Software as a Solution (SaaS) By 2020 its going to be a trillion-dollar industry with tools, such as the analytics tools Webreep.com offers, allow many applications whether they are in business, science, businesses to use software through a browser via a monthly engineering, public services or social marketing. So many subscription and cancel when they wish. industries will get a boost from the adoption of cloud, he says. Microsoft, Google and Amazon have been offering cloudTake engineering. Designing a locomotive or transport based services for years and as more companies move to the system requires a lot of computing power. Cloud can cloud, more jobs are being created. According to a study by harness multiple computers in a network say 1,000 International Data Corporation (IDC), cloud computing will computers at once which speeds up computation and generate 14 million jobs by 2015, and many of these jobs reduces time to design and market. wont necessarily be in IT. Then theres healthcare, says Prof. Buuya. The [federal] A common misperception is cloud computing is a job government announced that it is going to invest in e-health eliminator, but in truth it will be a job creator a major initiatives to deliver healthcare services online, which will one, said the IDC studys author, John Gantz. And job be hosted on cloud. For example, a patient whose heartbeat growth will occur across continents and throughout needs monitoring might wear a wristwatch with integrated organisations of all sizes, because emerging markets, small heartbeat sensors. The data collected will then be sent to cities and small businesses have the same access to cloud cloud using their mobile device. All their healthcare data benefits as large enterprises or Graduate Study options First Degree developed nations. Make it Master of I.T. (Distributed) or Engineering Bachelor of Science The University of Melbourne Master of Engineering (Software). (Computing Software Systems) has established a specific cloud

happen

BUSINESS and I.T.

The Aneka platform, developed at the University of Melbourne, is already being used by major international organisations.

Figures

8.8m

In the period 20132016, the number of new jobs created by cloud computing will surpass 8.8 million. IDC

$400b
In 2011 IT cloud services helped organisations of all sizes around the world generate more than $400 billion in revenue and 1.5 million new jobs. IDC

and history will also be stored on cloud, and an application for ECG [electrocardiogram] analysis can take all this data into consideration and provide health guidance and diagnostics. Technical expertise in cloud computing alone wont necessarily be enough to secure a role in the industry. The IDC study identifies three industries expected to generate the most cloud-related jobs: communications and media, banking, and discrete manufacturing. With such a variety of industries set to benefit from cloud, people with inter-disciplinary skills will be highly sought. We could build the cloud technology for a bank, but ultimately we need someone who understands the needs of the banking industry to be able to design a tailored solution, Prof. Buuya says. Having cloud experience as well as domain knowledge in a particular field will be essential.

The skills that will be in great demand to fill all the newly created cloud roles range from cloud computing foundation parallel computing and distributed systems to software engineering and programming skills. Integrating sensor applications (such as the heartbeat monitoring wristwatch) will also be highly regarded, as well as creating applications for mobile devices, or what is now described as the app economy. The application industry will be even larger than the technology industry, Prof. Buuya says. There will be employment opportunities in every area where cloud is applicable.

Reuben Bond Bachelor of Software Engineering Software Engineer Microsoft, Redmond, USA Many opportunities exist in the U.S. tech industry, with several companies recruiting from Australian universities. There is a growing community of Australians at Microsoft, so you never have to feel too far away from home, says Reuben. He says he had plenty of opportunity to learn about and connect with industry during his degree, with guest lecturers talking to students about running startups, working on anti-malware at Microsoft, and intellectual property rights, among other things. I also undertook two year-long team projects, which involved liaising with real customers to elicit requirements for a software engineering assignment, which we then drove through engineering best practices to completion (through long, exhausting, fun-filled hours in our labs). At Microsoft, Reuben is involved in writing and testing product code and tools, critically evaluating design plans and writing quality assurance plans, and debugging issues. The best part is giving input into one of the worlds largest cloud services. I dive deep into the inner workings of our product to find and solve issues before they hit production, and have the opportunity to work with people from all over the organisation to collaboratively integrate our products and services, he says.

BUSINESS and I.T.

Theres a growing movement to use finance and business skills to help give everyone in the world the right to be respected as someone who can contribute to society.
Ana Penteado

aim small

big,
A shoemaker who opened his business with the help of microcredit, in the old town of Marrakesh in Medina, Morocco.

Think

M
happen
Make it
First Degree Bachelor of Commerce Graduate Study options

icrofinance refers to a system whereby low-income people, households or communities are provided with access to basic financial services such as small loans, insurance, savings, superannuation and financial advice. It also helps groups or organisations that would usually be excluded from mainstream finance. In Australia, microfinance still has a limited role; however, programs are available to assist low-income individuals and families and indigenous communities. There are some no-

Master of Commerce (Finance), Master of Management (Finance), Master of Finance

interest and low-interest loan providers, savings programs aimed at low-income families, financial education programs and enterprise development programs. Microfinance started in the 1970s when the first social entrepreneurs believed that people could get out of poverty if they were given some support. Professor Muhammad Yunus was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for his work in this area. He showed that well-structured loans for low-income people had very high repayment rates, and the social benefits were vast. Initially, the aim of microfinance was to decrease poverty and most work in the area involved non-government organisations (NGOs) working in partnership with the public sector and microfinance

BUSINESS and I.T.

banks. This situation has evolved to some non-profit organisations becoming profitoriented to guarantee their sustainability in the long term, opening a vast range of job opportunities in addition to those in the social-related, charity-based area. In terms of international development, Australia is increasingly recognising the need to assist less privileged countries, and programs such as the Melbourne Microfinance Initiative (MMI) are set to help with this. MMI is the first and largest microfinance organisation based at an Australian university, where students give their expertise in microfinance to communities in developing countries. It was founded in 2010 at the Faculty of Business and Economics at the University of Melbourne, and works in partnership programs with NGOs in Ghana, Kenya, Cambodia and Vietnam. The initiative provides financial education, microloans and financial consulting services and aims to invest in social projects, education and improve knowledge to increase means of production in farming, processing methods and potential exports. Various career opportunities exist in the microfinance area, which requires broader social science knowledge as well as a knowledge of finance. In the case of initiatives in developing countries, knowledge of local languages and customs is also required. Above all, most professionals involved in this area truly believe that poverty can be eradicated, giving their careers more meaningful goals than those offered by traditional jobs in the finance area. Another career path associated with microfinance is assisting venture entrepreneurs investors or businesspeople who support the expansion of microbusinesses. This is a challenging area, since these investors usually expect higher returns as the risks taken are bigger. In the field of venture philanthropy, the focus is on not-for-profit, charity, social or socially driven commercial philanthropists. Some sit on the board of directors of such organisations, where they can offer guidance and determine the most appropriate finance model for each organisation. Entry-level jobs in this area usually involve research, filling out reports and working with very limited staff to find ways to request and coordinate financial assistance. Volunteer and non-profit experience would be valuable, as well as a knowledge of finance, marketing or Counting cash at a social work. microfinance group meeting in Iloilo, Microfinance has many facets, but its essence the Philippines. lies in the ultimate goal of eradicating poverty and giving everyone equal chances to fight it and succeed. This gives new professionals a chance to work in an area that is fulfilling for its organisations working on venture capital business models. social role, while dealing with complex business models where This area can be very complex and changeable it started the profit and not-for-profit areas merge. with the traditional start-up grants, but those have been Microfinance revolves around the principle that everyone criticised as not sustainable. More modern models offer funding that is performance- in the world should have the right to be respected as a citizen who can work and be included, not only in the based, while others still only offer growth capital to financial system, but in society as whole. already established social enterprises, but they all tend to have more involvement and engagement from the venture

Fernando Tamayo Bachelor of Commerce Root Capital, Peru Fernando came from his home in Peru to study at the Faculty of Business and Economics in 2008 after he won the A.G. Whitlam Scholarship. After being inspired when he attended a seminar by Hugh Evans, founder of the Oaktree Foundation, Fernando decided he wanted to be a social investment banker. He also took the opportunity of going

to theUniversityofPennsylvania on exchange, where he learned about microfinancing. When he returned to Australia, he decided he wanted to set up an organisation in this area and founded the Melbourne Micro Finance Initiative (MMI), the first organisation of its kind in Australia. MMI forms consultancy teams and works with partnerships and NGOs dealing with microfinance projects across the globe. The consultancy teams provide their knowledge and experience to

ensure microfinance initiatives are more efficient. In 2011, Fernando graduated and went back to Peru, where he now works with a social investment bank and with communities to check if they are using bank loans properly. Fernando has been back to Australia to give his Lessons from the Poor talk, in which he aims to inspire and raise awareness of the issues involved in microfinance and also to challenge some ideas around poor people being natural entrepreneurs.

John Woudtsra/ALAMY

BUSINESS and I.T.

Social media law at work

W

The days of the internet as the Wild West of media are over. Online content and social media users are increasingly being brought into line with the law and workplace contracts.

hile the increasing presence of the internet and social media raises new areas of specialisation for legal professionals, its incorrect to say that this is a new area of law. We might think of social media as relatively new, but from a legal perspective the issues it brings up are just a modern extension of age-old legal concepts such as copyright, free speech, defamation, confidentiality and duty of care. Online, as in the real world, these are laws with very real consequences. Consequently, businesses will need to get up to speed by defining their social media policy. Poorly managed or nonexistent management of social media use now makes for risky business. The most obvious issue to employers is often decreased productivity through overuse of social networks sites in work time, but what happens after hours also counts. A big concern is inappropriate conduct that can negatively affect brands or may lead to bullying and harassment. In this regard, the law doesnt always consider comments you make in your own

iSTOCK

BUSINESS and I.T.

time on your own social networking page as private. In a landmark case, the tribunal Fair Work Australia upheld a decision by the director of an electronics company who sacked an employee after the employee made abusive remarks about a co-worker on a social network site, even though the comments were posted on the applicants social network page at home and outside work hours. The decision highlighted the fact that all interactions with co-workers, regardless of where they take place, can still result in the termination of an employmentcontractif a person does not conform to what is considered appropriate workplace behaviour. Similarly, employees discussing confidential information (whether deliberate or not) through social networking sites have been accused of being in breach of their contracts and even defamatory. Theres also bad news for employees who want to bring down former co-workers or employers by trolling their social media pages. Recent legislative changes have meant that stalking laws in each state may be applied. For example, the stalking laws in Victorias Crimes Act may be able to be applied, preventing an individual from visiting another persons social media page. As social media and the internet have led to new ways of conducting business and interacting with others, the law has evolved to cover issues such as forming contracts via social media, serving legal documents via social media, improved protection of copyright interests, plus the need to respect the copyright of others (as the arrest of Megaupload.com executives proved). Legal professionals will be required to help businesses develop policies that include a definition of appropriate social media use (in and outside of work hours) and the consequences of inappropriate use; a ruling on what privacy should (or more likely, should not) be expected if there is a sufficient connection to the workplace; and a clear statement of the obligations around the use of confidential information. It all makes for interesting times for specialists in this area.
Georgette Apostolopoulos  Master of Law (IP)  Senior Manager, IP Policy, Department of Treasury and Finance, Victoria Im responsible for developing Intellectual Property (IP) policy for the Victorian government how it uses third-party IP and how we share IP with the public. Were looking at the availability of government data through technology, so it can be shared through mobile phones and online services, using the leastrestrictive model. A review of the Commonwealths Copyright Act is underway at the moment, looking at IP laws and whether they need to be revised. [At the moment] you might jump on the website of a newspaper and print an article. That technically is a reproduction without permission and a breach of the Act. I think the new approach will be more relaxed, with more exceptions. Ive given presentations on professional presence online. Students trying to find jobs in law firms need to be mindful of the privacy settings in the social media they use, and, if they have Facebook, their profile photo. If its you with three glasses of alcohol, itll probably be held against you. Technically thats discrimination, but people will form a view. We judge people based on what they wear at a job interview. Similarly, people will judge your online profile.

Make sense for dollars

Overloaded with information from new means of communication and purchasing, businesses will need people to make sense of it all.

Graeme Shanks, Australian Professorial Fellow in the Department of Information Systems, University of Melbourne

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First Degree Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Commerce

Graduate Study options Juris Doctor

usiness analytics refers to the use of statistical techniques to investigate and explore business data to gain insights and understand business performance. It is used to better understand the preferences and behaviours of customers, to predict demand for products and optimise supply chains, and to analyse social networking data to determine public sentiments and opinions. Business analytics has been around for many years. As technology and consumer behaviour has

BUSINESS and I.T.

evolved, so too has this field. For example, large telecommunication companies analyse mobile device usage patterns today to optimise mobile phone plans and pricing. Organisations have gained benefits and competitive advantage with business analytics by establishing large, high-quality and integrated databases, having highly skilled business analytics professionals, and encouraging the innovative use of data in decisionmaking. Recent trends, including the widespread use of sensor devices, social networking and smartphones with GPS, have led to the generation of enormous amounts of potentially useful data. The term big data refers to the massive databases that will be required to store and make use of this data. Many industry experts predict that business analytics and big data will be increasingly important strategically for organisations. It will be enable them to gain competitive advantage by generating useful insights more quickly and effectively than their competitors. A shortage of skilled people in business analytics is expected. Professionals who have extensive knowledge of statistics and data analysis and who also know how to generate and apply insights within business will be in demand. There will also be a need for people who know how to communicate these insights so they can be effectively used within the business. As such, business analytics is not just a back room activity it also offers exciting opportunities for creative and innovative people.

Graduate Study options Master of Information Systems or Master of Information Technology

First Degree Bachelor of Science (Informatics) or Bachelor of Commerce

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SOCIETY & CULTURE

Behi n d the crime

From Sherlock Holmes to Lisbeth Sandler in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, there is no shortage of role models tackling criminal behaviour.
Misa Han

T
Veer

oday, especially with the huge growth in intelligence agencies, there are many tantalising opportunities to go beyond the TV screen and join in the challenge to outsmart criminals and prevent security threats and antisocial behaviour. The Australian Government now spends more than $1 billion a year on Australias six intelligence agencies, which includes the domestic security agency ASIO and the foreign intelligence service ASIS, as well as the Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO), the Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO), the Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) and the Office of National Assessments (ONA). ASIO alone grew by a whopping 471% between 2001 and

2010. This year, a new headquarters worth $590 million will open up in Canberra. These agencies are involved in supporting military operations, protecting maritime borders and detecting terrorist activities in Australia and the wider region. As border protection and intelligence agencies such as the Australian Crime Commission, Australian Federal Police and Australian Customs and Border Protection Service become bigger, more criminologists are working in the field as data analysts, intelligence officers and researchers alongside investigators and uniformed personnel. Professor Alison Young, a lecturer in criminology at the University of Melbourne School of Social and Political Science,

points out that criminology covers a much broader area of study than what we see on television crime shows. TV shows tend to focus on forensic scientists or forensic psychologists, which are very specialised sub-sets of criminology, so TV represents a very narrow version of what criminology involves. Most criminology graduates will never find themselves working in a crime scene, for example. Prof. Young defines criminology as the study of crime and the ways in which society responds to crime. She says it is interested in how and why certain behaviours are defined as criminal, how we measure the nature and extent of crime, why crime occurs and how crime is represented in popular culture. Criminology also studies how society deals with crime through

the criminal justice system and other social institutions. Criminology students have a much broader range of study than these shows imply, Prof. Young says. At Melbourne, the curriculum covers topics such as crime and public policy, global and international criminality such as people-trafficking and organ trafficking, and problems of state-based violence such as genocide, along with the more traditional areas of study such as policing and criminal law. Prof. Young says that criminology is inherently a multidisciplinary area that involves contributions from law, the social and behavioural disciplines such as psychology and sociology, psychiatry, history, philosophy and statistics, among others. In this way, criminology shares similarities with disciplines such as law and politics, while at the same time, the focus is on helping or supporting particular groups of people. Criminology graduates may become social workers later, but might equally follow quite different career paths, such as law, journalism, policy analysis or academia, Prof. Young says. Some criminology graduates join the public service,

working for government in areas such as housing, welfare, treasury and finance and, of course, criminal justice. Others enter the criminal justice system as professionals, often at management levels in various agencies or institutions. Criminologists also work in social justice in areas such as policing drugs, rehabilitation and domestic violence. Those interested in social justice issues, at home or abroad, might find employment in a non-governmental agency or social welfare agency, for example the Brotherhood of St Laurence, the Salvation Army, Amnesty and so on, Prof. Young says. Others have become policy analysts, working for organisations such as the Australian Institute for Family Studies, or the Australian Institute of Criminology in Canberra. Criminology is also a popular foundation for a law degree, and many students go on to study law at the graduate level. Opportunities are also opening up in the private sector as high-tech crimes such as computer hacking threaten corporate security and consulting companies are commissioned to provide specialist services for the prevention of corporate theft and fraud. Pursuing a career in criminology takes imagination beyond what you see on the TV screen, and it can be a rewarding path whether you thwart terrorist attempts on the front line or police criminal behaviour behind the scenes.

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First Degree Bachelor of Arts

Graduate Study options Master of Criminology, Master of Social Work, Juris Doctor

Zoe Butler Master of Criminology Detective, Victoria Police Zoe Butler works as a detective attached to the Sexual Offences and Child Abuse Investigation Team (SOCIT) unit of Victoria Police. At the same time, she is completing her Master of Criminology at the University of Melbourne. I chose criminology as it can have direct relevance to my work, but it also covers areas such as drug policy, human rights and terrorism which I simply find interesting and a break from the area I deal with every day, she says. In my line of work it is easy to get caught up in the day-to-day details of the justice system such as specific offences, arresting offenders and trying to get them to court. I enjoy the challenge of trying to understand the bigger picture. It is challenging to think about the theoretical basis and broader aspects of the criminal justice system when on a day-to-day basis I deal with how those policies and decisions actually play out. Zoe says that through doing the course she has discovered a new appreciation for the people who shape and influence legal policy and the extent of the gap that exists between the policy makers/advisers and those who end up feeling the impact at a street level.

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Care
- a part of career
T
he most intellectually engaging and challenging aspect of working in the aid and development sector is its diversity. According to the Australian Council for International Developments Facts About Australian Aid publication, aid and development are delivered through: bilateral aid (including large regional development n  schemes); multilateral aid (work based around the aid for trade n  principle); emergency humanitarian relief (for example doing pron  bono nursing after the Thailand floods); partnerships with non-government organisations n  (NGOs) for example, coordinating construction of houses following an earthquake). These programs are not necessarily government-focussed they are actually mostly delivered by well-known NGOs, such as World Vision. The area of careers in aid and development is an exciting and fast-growing one that has received much more serious attention from government, private and not-for-profit sectors

SOCIETY & CULTURE

Polly Banks  Program Coordinator with Save the Children, Australia  Bachelor of Arts w(Journalism) Bachelor of International Relations Master of Development Studies Polly coordinates the Youth Engagement Program in the West Kimberley region of Western Australia for Save the Children Australia, whose work focusses on securing the rights of children to a happy and safe life. The program I manage employs nine casual youth workers and includes a night patrol to engage with at-risk young people on the streets of Broome. My role involves me identifying and applying for funding, managing and supporting a team, collecting data about the project and its participants for reporting and referral purposes, promoting the project in the local media and planning local events that engagethe projects target audience. Polly originally hoped to pursue a career in journalism, but after completing her undergraduate degree she began volunteering at a small homeless shelter in Melbourne while looking for a media job, and discovered an affinity with that area. Soon I began a Master of Development Studies at the University of Melbourne and applied for a number of internships so that I could build up the skills and knowledge to work in this sector. I did both a domestic internship in Melbournewith World Vision and an international internship in New York with the UN, both of which contributed to credit points for my Masters. I was also supported to do my thesis (on Public Place Dwelling of Aboriginal Young People) in the field while I was working for Save the Children in the East Kimberley Region of WA. I only visited my supervisor once in Melbourne. The rest of the timewe communicated by phone and email. This allowed me to continue working in the area I love while also completing an essential part of my studies.

Aid and development is about helping people help themselves. This challenging but rewarding sector provides limitless opportunities for people from all kinds of professional backgrounds. Tom Neale
in recent years. Since the recommitment of the international community to the Millennium Development Goals to halve poverty by 2015 and the local emphasis on ensuring 0.7% of Australian GDP is dedicated to aid, there is and will be large demand for workers and volunteers. This is despite the delaying of money for overseas aid and development in Australias 201213 Federal Budget. Jemma Parsons worked for AusAID in Indonesia on the Learning Assistance Program for Islamic Schools (LAPIS) for six months. While there she helped prepare curricula for Indonesian high-school students. Once she finished the program, she decided to pursue a Master of Development Studies at the University of Melbourne, knowing the universitys reputation for helping globally aware youth develop conceptual skills they can use in the aid and development sector. The University of Melbourne and AusAID have many professional linkages, including regular career programs at the university, an alumni program for alumni from the Ambassadors for the Youth Development Program and

professional networking opportunities. The Department of Employment, Education and Workplace Relations also runs a program called the Australia Awards for Development, which are a number of scholarships supporting aid and development programs for undergraduates and postgraduates. Working in the aid and development sector helps you develop interpersonal skills such as the ability to network as well as conceptual skills such as the ability to critique a policy or administrative process, which are highly valued by Australian and international employers. Most travel opportunities in the Australian aid and development sector are in the Asia-Pacific region as Australias local neighbours receive the majority of aid money, including $558.1 million for Indonesia and $482 million for Papua New Guinea. Degree requirements for the aid and development sector are particular to the area you are interested in joining. The policy-related programs for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and AusAID normally recruit students taking any degrees, whereas the graduate program for the Department of Climate Changes international stream generally hires Juris Doctor students with some knowledge and/or exposure to environmental law. If you are interested in working in the private sector, prior knowledge and/or work experience in the industry area will be an advantage. For example, if you want to work in micro-finance, businesses will usually require excellent mathematical and reasoning skills as well as knowledge of the relevant country.

Jennifer Butcher helps develop new water filtration techniques with the Ilahita community in Papua New Guinea as part of an expedition partially funded by the Melbourne University Credit Union Dreamlarge Student Engagement Grant.

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First Degree Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Environments

Graduate Study options Master of Development Studies, Juris Doctor

Matthew Ampt Bachelor of Arts In 2012, Matthew travelled to East Timor representing the Oaktree Foundation, Australias largest youth-run aid and development organisation. As part of a nine-member delegation, he met with NGOs, government officials, community leaders and local youth. A scholarship from the Faculty of Arts at the University of Melbourne helped him with his expenses. The trip deepened our understanding of aid and development issues and was an opportunity to build sustainable partnerships that would allow us to improve the quality of our own development work, Matthew says. We quickly learnt that simply giving money and aid was not good enough. What is important is giving effective aid. In Dili (the capital), we saw how foreign aid could be wasted on highly paid expat consultants and projects that benefited the donor countries more than it did Timor. It was surprising to see how politicised such a young nation could be, he says. In Aileu, we were lucky enough to see the work of one of Oaktrees funding partner organisations. We visited a number of small businesses that had been set up with the help of vocational training and small amounts of capital. One business in particular, a bakery, was providing jobs for over 15 local youths. What was most impressive, however, was how an aid program like this could empower and change people. These young people, with the tools and knowledge to build a successful business, were passionate and excited about their futures.

Changing Lives
A
s Assistant High Commissioner of the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), Erika Feller oversees the protection of 34 million refugees, internally displaced and stateless people through the development of UN policies and legal procedures. Her position requires an understanding of international law and global displacement trends, but she always keeps her focus on refugees as individuals. Youre actually quite close to the impact of what you do, which can be quite immediate and quite dramatic, she says. Humanitarianism is Fellers passion, but she didnt discover this until years after graduating in 1972 with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Psychology, and Bachelor of Law with Honours. During my final year of studies I was quite taken by people I met from the Department of Foreign Affairs, as it was known then, who encouraged me to act on a kind of intuitive feeling I had about where I wanted to go in life, she says. She was accepted into a graduate position at the Department of Foreign Affairs and a diplomatic posting in Berlin. When my posting ended, I was sent back to Australia, she says. There I was in Canberra as a married woman with an eight-month-old baby... The Australian Government supported her request to be seconded to the UNHCR in Geneva for six months. We had a second child and things developed. Soon I was
First Degree Bachelor of Arts

SOCIETY & CULTURE

It may be a clich to say you want to do something for the good of humankind, but for Erika Feller, every day can involve making decisions that will bring positive change to thousands of lives.

Pakistani internally displaced people (IDPs) grab for ice in the hot sun at the Chota Lahore relief camp in Swabi, Pakistan, which houses thousands of people.

I can certainly say, based on my own experience both as a graduate At the end of 2011, 25.9 million of and now, that internships with the worlds 42.5 million displaced international organisations like the people were receiving protection UN are fundamentally important to posted with UNHCR to Malaysia, where or assistance from UNHCR. potential employers, she says. They I served for three-and-a-half years, she demonstrate a breadth of interest and says. skills development, particularly if they She now monitors the movement and are different and rather challenging internships. They show treatment of refugees around the world. that people have a preparedness to reach out and be a bit Australia has a program of over 13,000 humanitarian more adventurous, she says. places of which 6,000 are made available to UNHCR to Feller also points out that leadership can come through the fill with UNHCR-referred refugees in need. This makes pursuit of a passion, rather than being a career goal in itself. Australia one of the biggest resettlement countries in the Ive always believed that the most honest and world, along with the US and Canada, she says. rewarding path to leadership is to do something you really She recommends that students gain a breadth of like and committing yourself to it not by lobbying and knowledge and interests, and some experience working exerting whatever influence you have or through who you overseas, in order to have the best chance of working for an know, she says. organisation such as the UN.

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Graduate Study options Executive Master of Arts, Master of International Relations, Master of Public Policy & Management, Juris Doctor, PhD

To learn more about UNHCR in Australia, visitwww.unhcr.org.au.

SOCIETY & CULTURE

Building a future
Architects, engineers and designers can play a key role in building a future for disadvantaged communities around the world, just as University of Melbourne graduate Lucinda Hartley has.

ucinda Hartley is a landscape architect with development experience across Australia, Asia and the Pacific, including positions with the UN, AusAID and Habitat for Humanity. Lucinda co-founded CoDesign (Community Oriented Design) studio, a non-profit social enterprise with expertise in architecture, landscape architecture, planning and design. She also represents the Asia-Pacific region on the Youth Advisory Board of UN-Habitat. Lucinda initially moved to Vietnam in 2008 to work with the Asian Coalition of Housing Rights on resettlement and upgrading of slums and informal settlements. As an Australian landscape architect, she found this was an opportunity to explore linkages between professional design and community development, and to build relationships between organisations in Australia and Asia. Now back in Australia, she continues to maintain an involvement with projects in the region and locally in Australia through CoDesign studio. A recent project is CoDesigns collaboration with youth mental health service providers to transform a local mental health support facility in Frankston, bringing health professionals and some of the young beneficiaries of the centre together to co-design a youth-friendly environment. The exciting part about this project is that we are seeing

the ideas and vision of the young people using the centre come to life, and they are gaining skills and confidence in how to shape their environment, says Lucinda. Working with so many different cultures is a career highlight. It reinforces to me that there are no right and wrong ways of going about problem solving, just differences that we can all learn from, she says. I find design is a powerful tool to work across cultures and working visually can often help to overcome language/cultural barriers. Through CoDesign, Lucinda is focussing on building connections between young professionals and communities in Australia and Asia. Design education is generally focussed on aesthetic outcomes, without much training in community engagement, yet young professionals often find themselves working alongside communities without any preparation in capacity building or cross-cultural communication, she says. This can lead to outcomes that are unsustainable. CoDesign offers professional development training in participatory design; it also gives professionals from Australia and Asia the opportunity to work together on grass-roots projects. In 2010, CoDesign Studio partnered with Global Citizens for Sustainable Development (GCSD), a Bangalore-based NGO working to increase the dialogue between young people across cultures. The resultant program was WE BUILD, which brings young people from Australia and India together to work on hands-on building projects in Bangalore. While CoDesigns projects have tangible outcomes such as improving educational opportunities, an overriding aim is to improve the capacity of designers to engage with communities, sparking long-term change. Design has enormous leverage in shaping the world, says Lucinda. By shaping designers, and the way they think, we can create a better world.
First Degree Bachelor of Environments or Bachelor of Science

Graduate Study options Master of Landscape Architecture, Master of Architecture, Master of Engineering

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CRICOS No: 00116K

Jemila MacEwan, Postgraduate Diploma Visual Art 2011. Artwork: Totem, discarded clothing. Image by Drew Echberg.

Considering a career in the arts?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects or training youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If your dream is to pursue a career in the arts, follow the links to the Bachelor of Fine Arts webpage to find out about the many career options, pathways and scholarships available.

coursesearch.unimelb.edu.au

Fai r play
Earlier this year, when the father of her rival intimidated her during the qualifying events for the London Olympics, Australias fourth-ranking archery contestant initiated a fight in the courtroom one of many examples of where sport meets law.
Misa Han

SOCIETY & CULTURE

oth professional and amateur sports can involve a range of legal issues, from the gambling policies on Melbourne Cup Day to a breach of anti-doping rules during the AFL season. Sports law covers most of the big legal issues, including property, intellectual property, competition law, negligence, corporate governance, employment law, health and medical law and dispute resolution. The entry of big commercial players in the sports industry means that now many large law firms advise sporting organisations as part of their media and entertainment practice. For example, Allens Arthur Robinson acted for the International Olympic Committee and the International Rugby Board regarding the broadcasting rights during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Today even smaller law firms such as Browne & Co and Lander & Rogers have dedicated sports law teams, while an increasing number of large sporting organisations such as the AFL now have in-house counsels at both managerial and senior executive levels. Robert Macdonald, Senior Fellow at Melbourne Law School

and lecturer in sports law, predicts that there will be more jobs in sports law in the next 10 to 20 years. Sport is being increasingly regulated by governments and by itself in fields such as anti-doping, anti-corruption and match-fixing, sport dispute resolution and the medico-legal interaction. At the domestic level, larger sports will continue to grow their in-house legal departments, while smaller sports will require the expertise of legal practitioners because they wont be able to afford in-house counsel. Meanwhile, international sporting organisations are continually expanding their regulatory frameworks. Many practitioners with sports law expertise will move into the management structure of sporting organisations, while others may move into larger consulting, accounting and marketing firms that have sporting groups; plus there are many smaller firms that specialise in a particular sportrelated issue. Students of sports law could also end up practising in the wider entertainment and events industry or working for a larger consulting organisation which gives

you the necessary skills to work across many industries. Robert Macdonald thinks Australias passion for sports plays a large role in the growth in the field. Australia is a small market, but sport is an all-pervasive part of our culture. Even the local football and netball clubs need legal advice from time to time, he says. The best way to get into the sports industry is to be a part of it at a local level. Play your favourite sport, join a committee, take up opportunities to be involved in the decision-making of a team, club, competition or governing body. Sport has a certain mystique, he says. There will be no shortage of candidates for positions either as a sports lawyer or a sport manager. So make sure you have the necessary combination of training, skill and experience to be able to capitalise upon opportunities to turn your enthusiasm into a professional career.
Graduate Study options Master of Laws (specialising in Sports Law), Master of Commercial Law (specialising in Sports Law)

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SOCIETY & CULTURE

The the

story s draw
In the age of new media, animation, whether hand-drawn or computergenerated, is an art form that is not just surviving its flourishing.
David Price, Head, School of Film and Television, Victorian College of the Arts

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First Degree Bachelor of Fine Arts (Animation, Screenwriting)

Graduate Study options Master of Film and Television, Master of Screenwriting, Master of Fine Arts (Film and Television)

Production still from Daniel Agdags Paper City Architects (VCA Animation 2006)

he invention of the cinematograph camera in the 1890s meant the exploration of animated images expanded dramatically to a point where animation became a significant art form within the discipline of film. The Golden Age of animation is defined by some as beginning from the time of the creation of the Disney and Warner Bros. studios a period when the first feature-length animated stories were introduced to screens around the world. The introduction of television in the 1950s brought another avenue for animation to reach audiences. The advent of the internet and new media technologies then brought possibilities never anticipated by those early pioneers. Animated images now populate web pages, mobile phones, computer interfaces and computer games in fact, all conceivable forms of screen content. Whether they are feature-film length, a television series, an online story or short creative works, they capture audiences imaginations

all over the world. Animation is also often used to educate and train across a range of areas, including the military, industry and medicine. The craft of animated storytelling places content above form. It doesnt matter if the images are created by hand-drawn animation, CGI, clay animation, stop-motion or other processes from Hollywood animated blockbusters such as Pixars Brave to TV series such as The Simpsons and independent animation such as Adam Elliots Harvey Krumpet, it is the story that ultimately engages the audience. Whats more, these examples are not just different in their scale of production, they also use different techniques to animate

Facts
In 2013 the VCA School of Film and Television will introduce the Bachelor of Fine Arts (Animation) a three-year plus honours degree that will continue to build on the excellence of animation training offered by the school since 1972.

their characters Pixar specialises in CGI, The Simpsons is created using 2D hand-drawn digital ink and paint techniques while Nick Parks Wallace & Gromit and Adam Elliots characters are three-dimensional stop-motion claymations. The Australian animation industry has enjoyed many successes, including Academy Awards for George Millers Happy Feet (2006), Adam Elliots Harvey Krumpet (2004) and Shaun Tans The Lost Thing (2010). Animation graduates find work across all screen industries from interface and web design to CGI characters, from web animations to animated cut scenes for computer games. The opportunities are many.

SOCIETY & CULTURE

Two recent graduates received the call to head to Hollywood, but the scripts for their stories were very different.
Elizabeth Debicki Bachelor of Dramatic Art Actor Barely a year after graduating from the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA), Elizabeth Debicki landed a dream role opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in Baz Luhrmanns remake of The Great Gatsby. She began work on the film, her second, in early 2011. Her first film role was as Maureen in the Australian-British comedy A Few Best Men (2012). I sent in a tape from Australia and tried not to think about it after that, she recalls. I received a phone call about a month later, telling me that Baz would like me to test for the part of Jordan in LA. As a child Elizabeth loved theatre, music and dancing, which she began doing from a very young age. As she matured, her interest shifted toward the power of the live performance. There is nothing like the electricity that can be generated in the theatre, she says. She enrolled at the VCA in 2008 and credits its teaching staff with nurturing her career. I was taught by some incredible teachers and experienced so many varied styles of theatre training. I was surrounded by amazing, interesting people and took in so much new information every day. It was a very solid, diverse training. She recalls the actor, director and VCA lecturer Tanya Gerstle, telling the students that everything and everyone has an effect on you when you are in a state of learning and training. Elizabeth says looking inwards is also important. Nobody can be you, think like you, sound or dance like you, she says. Sometimes I think as students we can get caught up trying to emulatebut the most powerful thing you have to offer your art form is your individual self.

True Hollywood stories

Max Yang  Master of Cinema Management  Freelance production coordinator Max Yang turned a passion for cinema into a job. Today, working as a freelancer with a team of close colleagues, he helps foreign film studios that produce Chinese-themed feature films in China. The big firms know having a film coproduced in China by a Chinese firm makes it more likely to be approved for distribution in mainland China, he says. We not only help them negotiate these partnerships, assemble local cast and crew, but also help them analyse scripts and give advice on cultural sensitivity. After completing a Bachelor of Arts at Shanghai University, Max sought out a program that would teach him more than just film production, including how movies are financed and marketed, and even how cinemas operate, he says. He began a Master of Cinema Management at the University of Melbourne in 2005, and halfway through this he went back to Shanghai to work in film, including being production assistant for director Ang Lee for Lust, Caution, and assistant to the producer for The Mummy 3. When he returned to Australia he began an internship at Nova Cinema in Melbourne as part of his studies. This led to ongoing work as the cinemas multifunctional coordinator, which included the roles of publicist, programmer, graphic compositor and more, he says. Staff at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Melbourne helped him to secure an internship at Universal Studios in Hollywood. He worked there in the distribution and marketing departments for four months before moving back to Shanghai to establish himself in the local industry. Among other jobs, he has assisted American hip-hop singer RZA, who was directing his debut featureThe Man with the Iron Fists (starring Russell Crowe), and coordinated production for the Shanghai shoot of the latest Bond movie, Skyfall .
Graduate Study options Master of Film and Television, Master of Screenwriting, Master of Fine Arts (Film and Television), Master of Cinema Management, Master of Producing, Master of Transnational Arts

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First Degree Bachelor of Fine Arts (Animation, Screenwriting), Bachelor of Fine Arts (Contemporary Music) or Bachelor of Arts

SOCIETY & CULTURE

W Old musi c , new game

Orchestral music for game projects has certainly grown in prominence and frequency since the early days of the games industry, but it is by no means the only type of music used in the production of video games.
Stephan Schutze

hile its true that the most significant orchestral scores for game projects can consist of several hours of music and a team of composers, it must be understood that these are rare examples and involve composers at the pinnacle of the industry. They can, however, be seen as very good examples of what to aspire to. Another issue is that as video game technology and narrative practices develop, the supporting aspects of games must also develop and this directly effects the musical score. As games are not a form of linear media, traditional linear music (which follows a clear arc that unfolds over time

Fact
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First Degree Bachelor of Music or Bachelor of Fine Arts Graduate Study options Master of Music Studies

The Super Mario Galaxy soundtrack was composed for a 50-player symphony orchestra. The composers asked the orchestra to play at different tempos in order to perfectly synchronise with the rest of Marios movement.

iSTOCK

through melody) can fall short in providing for the needs of a game project. Interactive musical scores and generative music (a term popularised by experimental British musician Brian Eno to describe music that is always changing and is created by a system such as a software program) are growing in popularity as they often suit the needs of game narrative more than a traditional film-type score. The most important aspect in composing for games in any style is to understand the genre and the dynamics of how games work. If you cant answer the question, What is your favourite game? then you shouldnt be considering this industry as a career path. In the same way a film composer should understand and love film, or an opera composer love opera, a good game composer will be passionate for the genre, rather than just being a musician looking for work. The games industry is a rapidly growing and constantly evolving one, and its challenges and creative opportunities are worth the effort to achieve, but it would be a mistake to think of it merely as an industry making toys for children. It is a multi-billion dollar industry and as such the expectations are high. Someone wanting to get into composing for games would be advised to establish a level of maturity as a musician first. Know your craft, develop your skills as a general musician and composer while also understanding the genre by playing and analysing games. Once you have developed your musical chops, then you can focus on developing the skills specific to the industry but be a musician first, as that is your strongest and most important skill set.
For examples of orchestral scores for games, see: http://www.stephanschutze.com/scores.html

Teaching & Learning

P u m p u P t h mu s i c
E
A new generation of teachers and musicians will have a challenge on their hands re-igniting interest in music among school-age kids.
Silvia Dropulich

n schools, the numbers of music participants, especially in the senior high school years, are very low, says Professor Gary McPherson, Ormond Chair of Music and Director of the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music. One of his current research projects is Creating musical futures in Australian schools and communities: refining theory and planning for practice through empirical innovation, which is a fouryear study through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery program. The research looks at what can be done to raise the status of music in schools and improve the equity of access, participation and engagement in school music for all Australian students, in line with a key concern raised in the Commonwealth Governments 2005 National Review of Music Education (NRME). The NRME established an immediate priority for improving and sustaining the quality and status of music education, based on stark evidence about the shortcomings and inequalities in school music. Our research project aims to produce new knowledge concerning music education in Australian schools and communities, Prof. McPherson says.

Some of the greatest mysteries in music education concern how students beliefs in their own abilities are shaped and change over time, and why so few of them are able to move from the initial sampling stage of experiencing music for fun, through to greater technical and expressive competence. While thousands of studies have been conducted on compulsory academic areas of learning, the literature in elective subjects such as music is embarrassingly scant. Our proposed studies will impact significantly on conceptions of teaching and learning across all areas of education. Prof. McPhersons research involves a series of studies analysing the music learning process an individuals motivation, the personal and social developmental assets they acquire from it, and an examination of family, peer group, teacher/tutor and other factors that either help or hinder it. It will also include profiling schools and other educational contexts (both formal and informal) that will help to establish the main conditions and factors that encourage personal commitment to and engagement with music-related learning opportunities.
Graduate Study options Master of Music Studies, Master of Music (Performance Teaching), PhD

Gideon Brazil  Bachelor of Music (Music Performance, Saxophone Repertoire) Post-Graduate wDiploma of Music Musician Im a jazz and classical/contemporary musician, playing saxophones, flutes and clarinets. I do a wide range of activities, including writing and performing original music; working as a session musician in theatre shows and in the recording studio; and as an entertainer at private/corporate functions and weddings. I am a member of the bands Gotye, The Natives, Cleverhorse, Hoodoo Mayhem New Orleans Brass Band and others. I also work as an instrumental music teacher privately and in schools. The Music course gave me the opportunity to explore a broad range of music specialisations and find the path that suited me best. I also took a few semesters of Arts subjects, which satisfied my interest in web development and IT. While studying music at the University of Melbourne I forged lasting friendships with faculty staff and students that have helped me to become a creative artist; in fact, a number of my teachers have become close friends and I have benefited greatly from their mentoring. The connections Ive made while studying Music at the University of Melbourne have given me so many amazing opportunities. The most exciting of these has been playing with Gotye weve played sold-out concerts all over Australia.

First Degree Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Fine Arts or Bachelor of Arts

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Teaching & Learning

With
Tom Neale

TEAchiNG

Rather than making teachers obsolete, digital and information technologies are providing new opportunities for teachers and expanding the range and quality of content that can be taught in the classroom.

g o h o e tcn L y
n  It will be able to provide access to research archives. n  The costs to schools will be able to be reduced through the use of digital reference books. n  Where appropriate, 3D technology will be used to improve learning outcomes. A project at the University of Melbourne is investigating different scenarios to see where these might be superior to 2D content. n  Teachers will have more opportunities to work from home. The prevalence of digital technologies will open up opportunities for teachers too. According to Professor Patrick Griffin, project director of the 21st Century Skills project at the University of Melbourne, the greatest area of demand for teachers in the digital area will be in training people in information skills. Communication, collaboration and problem-solving are vital skills in the 21st century workforce, and yet were not teaching them to our children in schools, he says. Graduates who show they can instil a desire for knowledge and understanding in their students through the use of information technology are likely to be successful in their careers. The Assessment of Teaching of 21st Century Skills project helps facilitate this process, and reports that future curricula will require graduates to focus on building communication and collaboration, problem-solving, citizenship and digital fluency in their students. Instilling this love of learning occurs differently depending on whether the technology has a teacher-to-student function or a self-education function. In terms of the teacher-to-student technology, the use of smartboards is increasingly common. These are digital blackboards that can be used for presentations, to watch

he Australian Government is in the process of implementing its National Broadband Network (NBN) and associated digital education policy, the Enabled Education and Skill Services Program, to support the development of online education projects. The NBN will influence the delivery of education in many ways, including: n  Small schools that might not be able to provide some subjects will be able to link to another school that will let them use their classrooms virtually, so students will have more choices. n  Research at the University of Melbourne is looking at the impact of creating a presence in the classroom for children who are absent due to health conditions.

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Master of Teaching

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Graduate Study options

Teaching & Learning

Maths for teachers

The growth prospects for the education sector are very good because of a generational shift in teachers. By 2020, one-third of the current workforce of teachers in the 4555 age group will have retired, creating a large demand for intelligent, qualified young teachers. A 9.1% real growth per year is forecast for the numbers of primary, secondary and tertiary teacher positions to be filled.

video and listen to audio. They can be mouse-driven or respond to touch. There seems to be a correlation between the use of smartboards and positive changes in teaching style, with staff demonstrating a noticeable improvement in their ability to teach in a wider range of contexts while working with this technology. This includes, for example, skills such as reinforcing routines and schedules. More new teachers are now utilising online resources that students can use without supervision, providing students with a greater potential for independent learning. This is especially beneficial for language teachers, who often need to use podcasts and assessment resources to maintain conversation in learning difficult languages. One of these resources is ChinesePod, a Chinese language podcast service with 3,000 themed podcasts for language students of every level. Podcasts make it easier for teachers to keep students interested in learning because they allow easy access to the lesson material and present it in a modern, technologically aware format that is very appealing to them.

Renee Christensen Master of Teaching (Secondary) United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), Geneva I work in the Emergency Services Branch, managing several training platforms that are being developed to strengthen the skills of international and national stakeholders in responding to emergencies. For a year prior to this I was working at UNICEF and Save the Children with the Global Education Cluster Unit, which coordinates the global response for education in emergencies. My role included communication with and provision of support to U.N. and nongovernment organisation staff working in various emergency/humanitarian contexts. Together, we respond to the communities education needs arising from the emergency. These vary from the provision of school supplies and teacher training to working with the Health, Shelter and Child Protection sectors for using schools as safe spaces for children, distributing food, water and medical supplies, and, most importantly, trying to continue education in a protracted crisis. Most of my work was with South Sudan, Haiti, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia and [the Deomcratic Republic of the Congo]. The Master of Teaching taught me much about education systems, policy and pedagogy, which Ive used daily in my work. It made realise that as a teacher, youre really in a position to change how Renee Christensen when she was on placement at Balwyn High School in students see themselves and Victoria while studying for her Master their future. of Teaching (Secondary) degree.

Cameron Murray

Teaching & Learning

Busy lifestyles, greater workplace participation and a better understanding of the importance of early learning add up to a growing need for more professional early childhood teachers.

o u e h r p g i u u t r A f S N
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indings from the neurosciences demonstrate that the human brain grows more in the first three years of life than at any other time, and that the environment in which children spend their time directly affects their brain development. International research shows that improving the quality of learning environments for young children is associated with substantial social, economic and educational and benefits for them, their families, educators and the community. Investing in quality early childhood education programs and early experiences has also been shown to reap greater returns than at any other time of life.

Facts

13,899 869,770 17 hours

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First Degree Any undergraduate degree Graduate Study options Master of Teaching (Early Childhood)

The number of approved early childhood services operating in Australia.

The number of children in approved early childhood education and care.

Marcel Aucar Photography

The average time per week Australian children in approved early childhood services spend in their care.

With all this in mind, reforms were introduced to the Australian early education system in January 2012, with its key requirements to be phased in over time until 2020. The reforms will focus on providing quality learning environments to enhance childrens social, emotional and cognitive development. They will go a long way towards ensuring that more children grow up healthy, happy, educated and employed and less likely to engage in antisocial behaviour. This acknowledges that the way we teach and care for young children influences more than the individuals themselves; it extends to the community and even the economy, since in the longer term, early childhood education is believed to generate substantial cost savings from improved health and productivity as well as reduced expenditure on social services. A big emphasis of the reforms is on professionalising the early childhood workforce. All services will be assessed and receive a rating against the new National Quality Standard. Educators will have to upgrade their qualifications over time to keep up-to-date with changes, so that a high-quality learning environment is maintained. Another key point is to improve the ratios of teachers to children to encourage more purposeful interactions that give attention to the individual needs of each child. This means there is, right now, an urgent need to grow the workforce of early childhood educators. These educators will be required to have higher qualifications than ever before, with a new emphasis on service leadership, community engagement, educational programs and practice, and child and educator hygiene and safety. It all seems like a lot of training, but it places a huge value on creating high-quality learning environments full of positive interactions with caring adults and stimulating experiences and materials. With these kinds of quality relationships and environments, children are more likely to enjoy success in building and maintaining friendships, have better health and establish themselves as lifelong learners. As an early childhood educator, youre shaping the building blocks that will create the future of Australian society the children.

CRICOS No: 00116K

Considering a career in medicine?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If your dream is to pursue a career in medicine or the health sciences, follow the links to the Bachelor of Biomedicine webpage to find out about the many career options, pathways and scholarships available.

coursesearch.unimelb.edu.au

HEALTH & WELLBEING

to bedside
Peter Casamento

Think biomedicine is just research? New directions in this exciting field aim to speed up the process of taking the results of research from the bench to the bedside, providing opportunities to help alleviate some of the biggest health problems of our age.

HEALTH & WELLBEING

ustralia already punches well above its weight in biomedical research, producing 3% of the worlds research with only 0.3% of the population. What happens with the results of that research is now being put under the microscope. In some ways, the field is experiencing a golden age, Australias Chief Scientist, Professor Ian Chubb, said in a keynote address at the BioBreakfast in Melbourne in April 2012. The amount of basic research being conducted is sky high and budgets are far larger than they were in the 1980s or 90s. Now, Prof. Chubb says, the emphasis has to be on translational research, an area of research that has only come onto the scene in the last decade or so. It is used to find ways to translate research findings into practice more quickly. My favourite description is the bridge across the valley of death where on one side of a great divide, you have doctors and medical practitioners, and on the other are the basic researchers there is a gap between basic research and clinical applications, and it is to the detriment of our healthcare options. We need some sort of link to facilitate a pathway from discovery to health, says Prof. Chubb. Australias international reputation in biomedicine builds on historic breakthroughs that have improved the health and quality of life of people around the world. These include the creation of the bionic ear and establishing the ability to purify and clone three of the major regulators of blood cell formation. While the amount of fundamental discovery is staggering and medical journals are choked with quality science, Prof. Chubb says that research advances have not led to a marked increase in new cures. Much of what we now use to treat many common ailments is based on research from years ago, he says. Two examples come to mind depression and obesity. Depression is the second highest cause of disability. Suicide, which is mostly a consequence of depression, is the eleventh overall cause of death and the third cause of death in the age group of 15 to 24 years.

This bat-shaped bunch of electrons, propagated through space, willnot lose its shape because the electrons are so cold.

Physics takes a cold approach

Physics is playing a significant role in the development of new drugs, with a new source of very cold electrons that will improve the quality and speed of nano-imaging for drug and materials development to a trillionth of a second. Better visibility of the structure of a cell membrane protein and how it functions will assist in more targeted drug design, explains Associate Professor Robert Scholten from the Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science (CXS), which has its headquarters at the University of Melbourne. The team led by Prof. Scholten used lasers to cool atoms to a few millionths of a degree above absolute zero and then to extract a beam of extremely cold electrons. Using new technology, they were able to create beams in complex shapes, and because the electrons are so very cold (about 10 degrees above absolute zero) the beam retains that shape, rather than exploding as it would for a conventional hot electron source. Depending on the target, nanoimaging using electron microscopy with conventional hot electron sources can take several minutes to several hours and the resulting image is not very clear. With cold electrons and our new technology, we will be able to take a snapshot of the whole sample with atomic resolution and to reduce the imaging time to a trillionth of a second, Prof. Scholten says.

D.V. Sheludko, A.J. McCulloch and R. Scholten

HEALTH & WELLBEING

Prof. Chubb points out that the action of the majority of antidepressants is based on a scientific principle dating back to The minimum time for 1961. This is despite the evidence to reach reviews, papers fact that Australia alone and textbooks. has spent $140 million on research into depression in the last 10 years. The average additional In obesity, the story time it then takes for evidence from reviews, is similar two-thirds of papers and textbooks Australians are overweight to be implemented into or obese, Prof. Chubb says. clinical practice. In the last 20 years, there has been an explosion in the science underlying the genetics, basic biology and neuroscience regulating food intake and satiety. In the last 10 years, we have spent almost $200 million on research. And yet such knowledge has not been translated to any new drugs that decrease weight safely and effectively. Prof. Chubb notes that the lack of new treatments is not restricted to obesity or depression he says the story is the same across most human diseases. It hasnt always been this way. In the 1960s, there were fairly strong links between basic and clinical research. Medical research was largely done by physician-scientists who also treated patients. But as molecular biology exploded, clinical and basic research started to separate. Nowadays, the majority of biomedical research is done by highly specialised PhD scientists who have never seen a patient before, he says. Translational research is thought to be the answer. It has a key part to play in improving our lives and also in justifying taxpayer dollars, because the underlying question is always, Is the country gaining the greatest possible practical benefit from its research investment?

Fact

6.3 years 9.3 years

Ritu Chaurasia Bachelor of Biomedicine Ritus love of science and human biology was were the major factors that led her to study at the University of Melbourne. I knew I loved science, in particular human biology, but I didnt know exactly which stream I wanted to venture into. The Bachelor of Biomedicine allowed me to get straight into tertiary studies and work towards a degree while still keeping my options open, she says. Another drawcard was the fact that the University has strong connections with some of the leading health institutes and hospitals in Victoria. Ritu intends to stay at Melbourne when she completes her course in order to embark on the Master of Public Health. She hopes that completing a pathway from Biomedicine to a graduate degree will one day lead to her dream of working for a leading non-government body or the World Health Organisation, for example. My course has opened my eyes to so many fantastic things that biomedicine can do for the world and for people less fortunate than us and I really want to use the knowledge Ive learned in this degree to help lift global health and eradicate diseases in areas that need it most, she says.

HEALTH & WELLBEING

for humans
If you like mechanical engineering and youre fascinated by the human body, theres a growing area where the two interests come together.

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First Degree Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Biomedicine

Graduate Study options Master of Health Sciences or Master of Engineering

Getty Images

he study of robotics, biomechanics and virtual simulations are coming together as a means of helping rehabilitate patients. When combined with broadband technology, these systems can be designed for remote access through a computer. For example, the Melbourne University Virtual Environments for Simulations group (MUVES) has developed a low-cost in-home tele-rehabilitation system to assist stroke patients. Of those who suffer strokes, 85% have some initial loss of arm function, and early rehabilitation of the arm and hand after a stroke can be highly effective. For a number of reasons, arm training has often been given a lower priority than walking training in hospitals and clinics, with a recent study finding that only 6% of rehabilitation time is allocated to the affected arm, even though hand function has a huge impact on a persons ability to lead an independent life. Using broadband technologies to provide alternative rehabilitation methods for stroke survivors could significantly improve healthcare outcomes. The prototype system from MUVES involves a

A robotic arm being used in physiotherapy.

rehabilitation robot being placed in the patients home. The robot makes use of haptic technology that provides force feedback over a broadband connection. This enables physiotherapists to understand how patients are exercising, even though they are in another location. Remote monitoring of patients through broadband connections has many other possibilities still to be explored. For instance, the Institute for a Broadband Enabled Society (IBES) and Ericsson

60,000 $2.14 billion

Fact

The annual number of Australians who have a stroke (approx.)

The cost of the above to the health system.

fund researchers at the University of Melbourne who are developing a device to wirelessly monitor patients with knee osteoarthritis. The device consists of small inertial sensors, accelerometers and a gyroscope connected to the patients body to monitor joint movements. The data is transmitted to an Android smartphone carried by the patient and then transmitted back to a server, allowing real-time recording of movements to help the patient with their physiotherapy.

HEALTH & WELLBEING

Bio-artificial tissue created by printing living cells and viscous polymer onto a tissue scaffold.

Building the body

For hundreds of years humanity has dreamed of growing human body parts. Today the field of tissue engineering constructs the building blocks that make this a reality.

issue engineering is the creation of new body parts from the building blocks of cells, a matrix (a structure to bring and hold the cells together) and a blood supply.The cells may be autologous (coming from the same person they are going to) or from an outside source. The type of tissue that forms can be controlled through the type of cells used and the environment created in the chamber in which the cells are placed. Using this technique, researchers at the OBrien Institute in Melbourne have been able to make skeletal muscle, fat and bone, as well as heart, pancreas, thymus, liver and growth hormone-secreting organs. This has exciting implications for the future of organ transplants and reconstructive surgery. Two important research areas in tissue engineering are the construction of heart tissue and vascularised adipose tissue otherwise known as fat. Why is making fat important when so many people want it to disappear? One reason is that since vascularised adipose tissue is the major component of the human breast, tissue engineering with this would seem to be the ideal way to grow a replacement breast using the patients own tissue and cells after a mastectomy or body-contour defects resulting from the removal of head and neck tumours.

Heart tissue is also a major focus, because the heart does not regenerate after a heart attack. The development of new cell and tissue therapies will help improve repair to the heart. Another important use for tissue engineering is for the testing of new drugs to test how a drug works, and whether it is toxic or causes damage and disease to real human tissue without a person or animal being involved. The Tissue Engineering Group at the University of Melbourne conducts research into tissue engineering and biomaterials, with a particular focus on techniques for growing three-dimensional soft tissues. Their research is a collaboration that involves a range of professions engineers, surgeons, cell biologists and mathematicians in league with researchers at theOBrien Institute. One of the Groups current projects is the design of the next generation of hydrogel-based scaffold materials. Hydrogels are water-insoluble polymer gels that have a flexibility very similar to natural tissue, so they are used as scaffolds in tissue engineering. They may contain human cells. The success of the project will provide a significant contribution to the solution of organ shortage for organ transplantation both in Australia and globally.

David Ackland Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical)  Bachelor of Science (Neurophysiology) PhD (Biomechanics)  Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne My research is primarily in experimental biomechanics, with an emphasis on muscle and joint function. I really only became interested in biomechanics during my PhD. My PhD opened me up to the many interesting techniques that are used in the study of musculoskeletal biomechanics. I enjoyed the challenges of problem solving, and designing and building experimental testing equipment. I was particularly fascinated with the human shoulder, as it is a very complex joint to model we still know relatively little about the roles of the muscles spanning this joint. One of the major challenges in biomechanics will be to move to non-invasive in vivo experiments (on live subjects) and the development of patientspecific computer models of human motion. These models most accurately represent a given joint and/or joint pathology, and are useful when certain parameters cannot easily be measured on live subjects. It is hoped that an accurate method for measuring magnitude of muscle force will be developed in the future. This will instantly revolutionise the field.

SPL

HEALTH & WELLBEING

The University of Melbourne is preparing tomorrows dental workers with high-level practical skills that simulate real-life experiences through two state-of-the-art facilities that opened in 2012. The Melbourne Oral Health Training and Education Centre (MOHTEC) has a 50-seat simulation laboratory integrated with computeraided learning suites that include simulated patient dummies. For second-year student Casey Edgar, who is in the process of completing Despite a greater awareness her Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) of dental care, job prospects degree, the new laboratory and its in dentistry are excellent facilities are proving to be stimulating and the role of the dentist learning tools. is changing. Weve got all our own instruments and equipment it represents what a normal dental practice is. Its a realistic environment with instruments on one side and a spot for the dental assistant other treatments are necessary, the technology available will to sit on the other. It makes you feel comfortable with an verall, Australians have better teeth now than ever provide more effective treatment with less pain for patients. actual dental setting, she says. before, but this doesnt mean less work for dentists. As the demand for dental services increases, dentists The new Melbourne Dental Clinic, which complements For example, a greater awareness of dental care are likely to need more dental assistants and hygienists MOHTEC, gives students experience in patient contact means that elderly people in the future will be likely to to handle routine services, which will increase the staff in in a private and commercial environment. The clinic retain their teeth longer than ever before, so theyll need private practices (67% of Australian dentists are in private features 50 dental chairs 10 for general dentistry, four more complex dental care for longer. According to the practice). This means that in addition to their technical Australian Dental Association, dentists will be treating that are multi-purpose and 36 for specialist treatments. The skills, dentists will require a range of skills to manage their more older patients with complex medical conditions specialist chairs are split between orthodontics, endodontics, staff and their practices. that will influence dental disease and dental treatment. periodontics and prosthodontics. The Australian Dental Association says employment Recognising and managing these conditions will become a In a pioneering concept, a number of suites at the clinic opportunities for dentists are excellent, with a shortage more important part of dentistry. will be installed with advanced clinical microscopes featuring For younger people, dentists are more likely to be especially in regional, rural and remote areas, and in in-built video cameras, allowing complex dental procedures to providing instruction to prevent the loss of teeth than to government clinics. There is also a greatly increased demand be filmed and then viewed by students and staff for training be carrying out fillings, for example. But when fillings or for aesthetic services. and research purposes. For all the whizz-bang technology and equipment, however, arguably the most important feature of First Degree Graduate Study options the clinic is that it provides students with exposure to direct Make it Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Biomedicine Doctor of Dental Surgery patient contact in a private clinical environment.
Students Ibrahim Hussein and Casey Edgar in the new MOHTEC simulation lab.

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Animal Science

Animal disease and human health

Bird flu, swine flu, SARS, foot and mouth disease and even AIDS many of the biggest health threats in our generation have given rise to the need for specialists in zoonotic diseases. Sally Sherwen

oonotic diseases are a huge global health problem, according to Professor Colin Wilks, veterinary virologist from the University of Melbourne. It is estimated that around 75% of diseases including AIDS and SARS which have emerged to infect humans in recent decades, have come from animals. Anyone in close contact with animals, such as farmers and veterinarians, is at a higher risk of contracting such diseases, but some diseases can also spread very easily through indirect human contact with infected animal products like unpasteurised milk. Prof. Wilks has been travelling the world as a zoonotic disease specialist working with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation in recent years. When a potential outbreak or problem is detected, Prof. Wilks heads straight to the area and works with the local citizens and government to develop global programs that will enhance their veterinary services and management techniques. The focus is to raise the level of understanding in the local community on how best to prevent and manage outbreaks and this largely involves screening the animals for diseases. We help the community to develop preparedness plans so they are ready to fight any outbreaks, Prof. Wilks says.

Most of his work for the UN has focussed on the control of avian and the connection between animal and human influenza, or bird health, he says. flu, which has been Prior to his work with the UN, Prof. Wilks was recognised as a highly In Australia, the involved in some of Australias most significant lethal viral disease of most common zoonosis eradications of diseases through his work with the birds since the mid(animal disease that can affect humans) is Department of Agriculture in Victoria. He played an 1900s and has proved bacterial infection instrumental role in a coordinated national program difficult to eradicate. from an animal bite to eradicate the dangerous zoonotic diseases One particular strain usually from a cat brucellosis and tuberculosis from cattle in Australia. of avian influenza virus or a dog. During the 1930s about 25% of tuberculosis in has acquired the ability children was caused by the cattle organism. After to spread directly from decades of hard work, brucellosis was confirmed poultry to humans, eradicated in 1989 and bovine tuberculosis was killing about 50% of those it infects, says Prof. Wilks. declared eradicated in November 2006 in Australia, We are therefore working to better understand he says. the disease process in birds because protecting the Prof. Wilks looks forward to more students taking animals from the disease is step one in controlling an interest in the zoonotic diseases area. I am hoping infection in people. that over my years of teaching I have instilled some Prof. Wilks was trained as a veterinarian at the interest in veterinary public health so Australias University of Melbourne and returned to teach future vets will think big picture, he says. there in 1999 and to develop a new Global Program for Veterinary Public Health at the Graduate Study options First Degree Faculty of Veterinary Science. The Make it Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Bachelor of Science program is designed to highlight the significance of animal health globally

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Animal Science

Across the animal world

A career in veterinary science can see you working all across the animal kingdom and the world, as the following people show.

s a doctor of veterinary medicine, you could be working with anything from cats to cattle, salmon to snakes, or horses to hens. The profession also provides an incredible opportunity to work all around the world. Dr Ben Mason graduated from the University of Melbourne in 2001 and began working three different jobs at once in the Northern Territory. Monday to Thursday he did a small animal locum, Fridays and Saturdays he worked for a cattle exporter drenching, de-horning, pregnancy testing and vaccinating cattle being exported to the Middle East, and on Sundays he occasionally worked with horses at the Darwin Turf Club. After six months, I flew to Dubai and completed a one-year internship in equine medicine and surgery at Sheikh Mohammeds Dubai Equine Hospital, which was a career highlight, Dr Mason says. There was a huge colic caseload, due to the sand environment. In August 2003, Dr Mason headed to Newmarket, England the capital of horseracing in Europe where he spent three years working at a huge equine hospital treating horses for lameness, orthopaedics and respiratory disease. His next stop was the famous Hong Kong Jockey Club, where Dr Mason worked with racehorses based at Sha Tin Racecourse. He describes his experience there as an exciting career move, as Hong Kong is a fast and furious place to live and work.

Dr Ben Mason at the Sha Tin Racecourse in Hong Kong where he worked with racehorses an exciting career move.

here has also been a growing need around the world for specialists working in exotic animal medicine, especially as the popularity for reptiles and other unusual pets has increased. Dr Geoff Pye began in private practice, working with dairy cattle and small animals before his career took a turn to exotic animals through jobs at Melbourne Zoo and the Western Plains Zoo in Dubbo. Later he became Acting Senior Veterinarian at Currumbin Sanctuary in Queensland. Dr Pye then

went to the United States and did an internship in Exotic Animal, Wildlife and Zoo Animal Medicine at Kansas State University, and a residency in Zoological Medicine at the University of Florida. He passed the American College of Zoological Medicine exams and did a clinical instructorship at Disneys Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida, in 2002. Today Dr Pye is Senior Veterinarian at San Diego Zoo, where he does clinical work, preventive medicine, quarantine, and manages the koala health program.

Animal Science

and during his internship in equine medicine in Dubai.

eterinary medicine can also play a part in international development. Dr Peter Gray had a two-year placement with Voluntary Service Overseas in western Uganda, where part of his role was to educate the indigenous Banyoro tribe on nutrition, deworming, and pest and tick control for cattle. He did his calls on a motorcycle, carrying a box of essential drugs for direct treatment services for farmers. He also offered artificial insemination services, carrying a small flask of liquid nitrogen in a rucksack on his back. Dr Skye Turner replied to an advertisement for veterinary volunteers and headed to Samoa for a sixweek stint with the Animal Protection Society to help reduce the stray dog population through educating the community and de-sexing. She ended up staying in Samoa for a couple years. Back in Australia, she is now in a government role working on projects in collaboration with the animal health and quarantine authorities in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste.

He says his scariest encounter with a zoo animal was having to snatch a hypothermic rhino calf from its mother in the middle of a 10-acre exhibit. quaculture is a specialist area that can lead to jobs in some of the leading fish and seafood exporting nations. Dr Paul Hardy-Smith followed his interest in the sea and an aquatic lifestyle by moving to Victoria in British Columbia, Canada, where he managed a farm growing Pacific salmon. He then worked in private practices in the United Kingdom and Australia before studying for a Postgraduate Diploma in Aquaculture. After working as a field veterinarian for the aquaculture industry in Tasmania for five years, he returned to Vancouver Island, Canada, to take up a position as head of the fish health

huge range of work is also available for management team of a large fish farming veterinarians at home in Australia. company. He also became a director on the board Dr Louise Sharp joined Department of of the Salmon Health Consortium. This is a Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), working national group of fish farming, pharmaceutical in Biosecurity Australia on tasks ranging from and feed companies working together to facilitate prawn import risk analysis to giving advice to the the safe and responsible use of Australian Quarantine and Inspection chemotherapeutants in Canadian Service. aquaculture. I would thoroughly recommend the Now back in Australia, Dr DAFF Graduate Development Program Vet practice can Hardy-Smith runs Panaquatic for any vet who, for whatever reason, take you overseas to wants a non-traditional veterinary Health Solutions, which consults exotic locales. career, she says. to Australian and international operations involving finfish, crustaceans and molluscs.

Fact

Graduate Study options Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

First Degree Bachelor of Science

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Living Spaces

Building tomorrows cities

Cities accommodate half the worlds population, but generate 75% of world greenhouse gases. Its a problem that requires a major re-think of how we structure and provide energy and water to our cities.

A students impression of VEILs Invisible Tree design project which envisions a sustainable future for the Melbourne suburb of Sunshine, with vertical farming and food distribution on site.

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First Degree Bachelor of Environments or Bachelor of Science

Graduate Study options Master of Urban Horticulture, Master of Architecture, Master of Information Technology or Master of Information Systems

ike all good plans, it starts with a vision. Visiondriven research in urban design explores potential new scenarios, often built on the re-organisation of an existing space, to understand what could work when you try to find a balance between economics, technology, materials structures, lifestyles and the typical behaviour of the people already living in the area. The University of Melbournes Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning houses the Victorian Eco Innovation Lab (VEIL), which brings together a series of research and scenario hubs where students and researchers identify new eco-innovation opportunities. These research hubs map out their future concepts and prototypes for sustainable goods and services, buildings, energy, water, food and transport to bring low-carbon, lowconsumption living to existing Victorian communities. A major theme for VEIL is the City of Short Distances. This revolves around the idea of a Melbourne public transport system that is networked and decentralised, includes some metro rapid transport, and involves most trips taken being only 25 km (for freight and passengers) because of increased access to local services such as food, health, education and work. The City of Short Distances is based on the idea of providing more local options in order to cut down the number of trips taken by cars every day. This relies in part on connections to fast, efficient and reliable transport systems which allow people to easily change between different types of transport modes. Other key factors include a move to local production wherever possible to reduce transport costs, and the design of carbon-neutral houses and public buildings. We can also expect cities to quite literally go green. People with skills and knowledge in horticulture and botany can expect high demand for their services from the public sector. In Melbourne especially, raingardens have been identified as a way of protecting waterways from pollution and storm damage. Raingardens are systems engineered to treat urban runoff (which can flood roads and cause massive erosion and other damage to the urban landscape), while making more effective use of rainwater. So far, Melbourne raingardens have almost exclusively

Living Spaces
used native plants, which have been selected for their ability to metabolise pollutants and survive stressful growing conditions. It is thought that if raingardens could also act as vegetable gardens, they would gain greater acceptance. Turning rain into food; the benefits and performance of vegetable raingardens is a project where research teams are experimenting with raised garden beds at the University of Melbournes Burnley campus to see if a vegetable raingarden can be as effective in treating urban runoff as a raingarden using other plants. If so, theres the added benefit of locally produced food. Green roofs, walls and facadesare some of the City of Melbournes latest tools to cope with climate change, as they can reduce stormwater drainage and help insulate buildings all year round. On a larger scale, Melbournes Urban Forest Strategy aims to fight the damaging effects of heat stress on the city and the people who live and work there. Typically, a city transforms an area from soil and plants to concrete and asphalt, which absorb more of the suns radiation and heat the air. On top of this, air-conditioners and vehicles release heat exhaust, especially in summer when air-conditioner use peaks. Consequently, a city can have air temperatures three to four degrees Celsius higher than its surrounding rural areas in the summer months a phenomenon called the urban heat island effect. Research shows that increasing tree-canopy cover in a city can bring temperatures down by up to two to four degrees in summer. If this urban forest had already been in place, Melbourne and much of southern Australia could have avoided some very expensive incidents. For example, on 30 January 2009, a heatwave caused two of the three 500kV lines supplying electricity to South Australia, western Victoria and the western side of Melbourne to stop working due to the load placed on them and the extreme heat. Basslink (the cable connection linking the Tasmanian and Victorian electricity grids) shut down as it went over its maximum operating temperature. As a result of these failures, an estimated 500,000 Melbourne residents were without power. On a less organic note, the city of the future is expected

Fact
More than 80% of in poor air quality and its subsequent health to be smart, with sensing capabilities that Australias population live in cities. costs. (In Melbourne, managed motorways reach across many areas of modern living and variable speed limits are estimated to through an emerging technology called The City of Melbourne aims to be carbon-neutral provide a 13% reduction in travel times.) Internet of Things (IoT). This is a radical by 2020. In its 2011 report on emerging evolution of the current internet into a Internet of Things will technologies, Gartner Inc. projected that network of interconnected objects that peak in the next 10 years. IoT will peak in the next 10 years. IoT harvests information from the environment involves several different areas, including and interacts with the physical world. It will opportunities for graduates with interests transfer information, provide analysis and in engineering (sensing, networking, web services, communicate with the public or to automated systems. This transportation, visualisation, critical infrastructure), could play a big part in managing urban energy use and architecture, building and planning (urban landscapes and greenhouse emissions. design), law, land and environment (urban monitoring), A simple example would be the use of sensors to control social and political science (for privacy and ethics issues) and lighting to buildings only when needed, or the use of traffic economics (working out costs). monitoring to ease traffic congestion, which costs the city

Fruit trees grow down from the lowest level of the vertical farm, encouraging the public to share in food production through an honesty system for the fruit they pick.

Living Spaces

uilt-in energy efficiency systems and designs will be a given for major new urban constructions, but the need to save energy is too important for us to wait until existing buildings fall down before changing their energysapping ways. In almost every aspect of building construction and design, a boom is coming from the almost unlimited potential of building retrofits. In buildings, a retrofitmeans making changes to the systems inside the building or even the structure itself at some point after its initial construction and occupation. The City of Melbournes 1200 Buildings program aims to support building owners and managers to retrofit commercial buildings in the municipality of Melbourne to improve their energy/water efficiency and reduce the waste to landfill. Building retrofits can cost a lot of money, but the area is set to boom in Victoria due to environmental upgrade finance. Under Victorian legislation, financial institutions will be able to lend money to commercial building owners for environmental retrofit works and the funds will be recovered by the City of Melbourne through a charge linked to rates

collection. These funds are declared by Melbourne City Council as an environmental upgrade charge, and property owners will be able to pass these charges on to their tenants, but only with their consent. Another attraction to both owners and tenants is that in the long term, a retrofit will help protect their building from rising energy costs. One example is the $1.3 million retrofit of 123 Queen Street, which aims to cut CO2 emissions by about 2,500 tonnes per year. The retrofit will include occupancy sensors (to help control heating, cooling and lighting as needed), doubleglazing and a trigeneration system to generate electricity, heating and cooling. Trigeneration is a highly efficient and low-pollution energy system that runs on natural and renewable gases to produce low-carbon energy, heating and air-conditioning for clusters of surrounding buildings. These can reduce the carbon emissions of connected buildings by 40 to 60%. An experimental

Old buildings, new energy

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First Degree Bachelor of Environments or Bachelor of Science Graduate Study options Master of Architecture, Master of Engineering, Master of Construction, Master of Energy Systems

The owners of 530 Collins Street in Melbourne have dramatically improved the buildings energy efficiency through a retrofit that includes an on-site cogeneration plant to generate gas-fired electricity and use waste heat in the building.

Photo courtesy of GPT Group

building called CH2 (Council House 2) at 240 Little Collins Street, Melbourne, has been designed to conserve energy and water while improving the wellbeing of its occupants through having more natural light, less glare, improved circulation of clean, fresh air and access to nature. At CH2, because the building and its air-conditioning system are designed to capture and use the heat created by human activity and electronic equipment, the major need is for cooling. One way this has been done is through the use of chilled beams and ceiling panels. Chilled water runs through filament radiator coils and heat gain is absorbed by cool air falling from the beams. This growing practice of retrofitting requires skills from architects, engineers, materials scientists, mathematicians, economists and more. Working together, they will help keep the charm of cities existing buildings, while avoiding tonnes of greenhouse gases and high energy costs.

CRICOS No: 00116K

Photo: Shu Kee Lam

Is saving the planet part of your career plan?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If saving the planet is your goal, follow the links to the Melbourne School of Land and Environment to find out about the many career options, pathways and scholarships available.

coursesearch.unimelb.edu.au

Transport

Highway to the future

T

Personal hovercraft? Teleportation? The visions of science fiction may be a long way off, but the need to manage growing cities and environmental concerns means that engineers, environmentalists, scientists and artists will be needed to update urban transport.
Manisha Lee

he Australian population is expected to increase by between 2.97 million and 5.77 million people by 2026. Coupled with rising oil prices and a greater awareness of climate change, this means a strong demand to provide efficient and sustainable transport solutions.

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First Degree Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Environments

Graduate Study options Master of Urban Planning, Master of Urban Design, Master of Operations Research and Management Science

The Maglev, the worlds first commercial Magnetic Levitation train, in Shanghai, China.

Several technological advances in passenger transport have already revolutionised the way we move about the world from Shanghais high-speed Maglev train to the quieter and larger Airbus A380 planes. But another, very important challenge is freight transport, according to Associate Professor Kim Hassall of the Department of Infrastructure and Engineering at the University of Melbourne. As population spreads and more land is released, such as north of Epping in Melbourne, there is a greater need for rail systems and high-density road systems that can handle longer, articulated buses and slightly bigger trucks to connect to major logistics parks, he says. Ass. Prof. Hassall also suggests that more highcapacity roads will be essential in future, especially in

Transport

Melbourne, following the great success of the Western Ring Road for freight and passenger transport. People dont like freeways, but put them in the right places and use tolls appropriately, and they work very well, Hassall says. He also sees great potential for further innovation in developing high-capacity infrastructure around ports in Melbourne. Unlike Sydney or Brisbane ports, which face increasing amounts of cargo with no room to put in extra roads and rail to accommodate it, Melbourne is still well positioned to build. When it comes to planning for the future, it is a matter of following population trends, and building in before a city is built out, he says. It is not just the engineers and planners who have visions for the future. Jacque Fresco, futurist and founder of The Venus Project in Florida, is an industrial designer The Tindo solar electric bus used by the Adelaide City Council provides free transport looking at ways that technology and nature can co-exist. through the citys central business district. Claimed as a world first, the bus is charged by a solar panel array on the Franklin Street bus terminal. His vision for the future of the Maglev, for example, sees the train transformed to consist of removable, conveyorbelted segments. Various segments of the passenger According to Telstras principal regulatory compartments on these trains could be economist, Dr Flavio Romano, information removed as the train passes through the communications technology can improve station. These removable sections could then the sustainability of urban transport take passengers to their local destinations networks. He claims that Australia is lacking while other compartments are lowered in a collaborative infrastructure strategy, and delivery vans and their place. This method allows the main that this is stifling the implementation of trucks go into the body of the train to remain in motion, which intelligent IT and cloud technology solutions Melbourne CBD subsequently conserves energy, he claims. in the countrys transport networks. every day. In order to enable this integrated, Closer to home, the University of future-proof vision for urban transport in Melbournes collaborative research centre, Australia and beyond, a range of skills will GAMUT, also has sustainable aspirations. share bicycles were set up in 50 locations be essential. The centres vision is for seamless public (mainly through the Ass. Prof. Hassall says a strong foundation transport networks, even for dispersed urban City of Melbourne) in in cloud computing, economics, business, areas and a reduced role for private cars. May 2010 by the RACV project management and mathematics will In this vision, the main issue is seen as the and the Victorian be highly regarded. impact of transport on climate change, oil Government. Engineers work a lot with applied prices and an eventual reduction in oil supply.

Keren Su/China Span / Alamy CTR Photos/Alamy Doug Steley/Alamy

Fact

Urban planning will increasingly feature cycleways, such as this one in Brisbane.

3,872 400

mathematicians to optimise transport networks and logistics, he says. My background is originally in mathematics, and I suspect youll find the best mathematicians are in logistics positions around the country, rather than in your top financial services firms. It is an exciting area and one in which you could just find yourself changing the world.

NATURE & ENVIRONMENT

Natural law and order

Tom Neale

People expect the law to reflect their values. Consequently, the field of environmental law has grown to deal with the regulation of resource exploitation, pollution emissions and the protection of ecosystems and biodiversity.

nvironmental law will be a major growth area as Australian governments seek to control pollution by using price controls and regulation, such as Australias new Clean Energy Package legislation. This legislation includes associated programs: carbon farming, which will require environmental lawyers working out how to measure and price soil carbon for farmers; and the Clean Energy Regulator, which will require many environmental lawyers to administer the soil carbon scheme, the 20% renewable energy target and the national carbon accounts. Environmental laws are separated along government lines. The Federal Government tends to look after the regulation of water and national heritage areas, while the states regulate minimum standards for sustainable development and protect national parks. Environmental law is also significant on an international level, with many UNaffiliated NGOs running graduate programs

Fact

1.6m

The number of jobs expected to be created by 2020 due to the carbon price according to the Clean Energy Package.

21,500
The number of environmental lawrelated workers in 2009. A 40% growth in the number of lawyers and environmental scientists is forecast for 2020, according to Graduate Careers Australia.

associated with the United Nations Environment Programme. For example, the World Resources Institute in Geneva focusses on improving natural resource management in large corporations and the International Conservation Union develops programs with domestic NGOs to improve land management. Law graduates do not necessarily need to look overseas or at government environmental programs to find rewarding work. If you gain some practical commercial legal experience in a well-established firm, it can set you up well for work in niche private investment firms and government unit trusts. This was the story for Robert Jamieson, chair of the Victorian Government unit trust, Sustainable Melbourne Fund. This trust was set up as an investment vehicle to subsidise and establish innovative environmental projects in the Melbourne City Council municipality. After graduating with a law

degree from the University of Melbourne in 1983, Jamieson practised as a lawyer with Ashurst law firm today he is the firms Head of Environmental Practice. Jamieson brings all of these experiences together in his current work investigating the long-term effects of chemical contamination in Victoria and how the provisions of the Environmental Protection Act 1970 (Victoria) have enabled the cleanup of various worksites. The government sector doesnt have all of the challenging and rewarding work the not-for-profit sector also has a number of organisations specialising in environmental law, many of whom are part of the Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices (ANEDO). The EDOs specialise in class actions against industries that grossly violate national and state environmental laws. You need to show some commitment to join their ranks. Graduates who wish to apply for work in ANEDO must complete a compulsory volunteer internship before being considered for paid work. The environmental law sector is one of the fastest growing areas of law, although not necessarily the most highly paid. Environmental lawyers are rewarded by inspiring values through their interpretation and enforcement of the law.

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First Degree Bachelor of Environments or Bachelor of Arts

Graduate Study options Juris Doctor

Dreamstime

NATURE & ENVIRONMENT

y g e t a r t s o t e c n e From sci
studies w she hopes to use her ental policy. ho s ain pl ex ith m ws ro onm Lucy Ar ake a big impact in envir and research skills to m
urs gree and current Hono My undergraduate de of in ma do the ly in project are well and tru at I but when I think of wh ce, en sci l nta environme comes in my career, it always would like to achieve her than vironmental policy, rat back to developing en rch. doing scientific resea d r of Science (Botany an elo ch Ba a ed I finish and 11 20 in ide ela Ad rsity of Ecology) at the Unive t in for an Honours projec moved to Melbourne Ive ere wh e, urn lbo Me ty of Botany at the Universi policy l eze in an environmenta also managed to sque ine t Ill manage to comb course. Im hoping tha t in Lucy Arrowsmith eer where I have a foo my interests into a car me an co be t gh mi I t. en vernm both research and go entist, t-focussed research sci en rnm ve go y unusuall either te policy officer, but in or a more science -litera me on ntal nce the way that envir critically endangered case, Id like to influe ting the presence of a dic pre ct. era int licy po ntal elea spinescens subsp. science and environme torian plant species (Pim n ee Vic tw be p ga ard kw aw ditional problem of I want to straddle the scens) which has the ad ne spi a en , oft is re the cause ld sur veys. If it works science and policy be es very hard to spot in fie tag ing be van ad dis t ich tha wh ly o, the tw probabilities not on disconnect between Ill be able to provide t l decisions. Scientists nta me on vir e, but the chance tha en of ty the quali ecies is present at a sit sp t en the fer dif m ely the l let tel d mp eak co not spot it, an and policy-makers sp yors will accidentally ve the sur : ers e. sw sur an be ite to fin nts de to look for it languages. Policy wa ly how hard they need act the ex e sav to ect ed dir uir of d ter req n, I enjoy that kin number of litres of wa As an impatient perso D forest to burn off, ch mu w ho d an definitely attempt a Ph en wh Murray, ct. Later I will almost ions. pa iss im em s ga use . ho ies en ilit our gre ne my research ab how much to reduce in ecology to really ho ent give them a number to fer pre uld nding on the governm wo ts g Scientis Im also considerin sta n) tai cer un t t (bu en ble ssi applied for governm of options, with the po side of the fence. Ive two realms are largely e Th . ch ea of which would expose ces en 20 consequ ate intakes for 13, du e tiv gra jec ob l, na that ter ex ts as process itself. I hope separate, with scientis to the policy-making t me tha h ug ho the Alt ere s. wh ces pro derstand more advisors to the policy in en I see that, I will un y, wh rit eg int s. ic en tif pp en ha sci nt to earch and policy objectivity is importa t for connect between res en dis um arg an is a e re tak the s side, Id probably environmental decision on If I stay on the policy entific e to prevent informati lin the ng rri blu y to balance out my sci all licy occasion me sters in Public Po tco Ma ou r tte be a t d ge an d n an on, of how to pla being lost in translati , who education with knowledge pe that people like me ho I nt. me on vir a. en ide for the begin implement a policy theres d both languages, can of study, but frankly, attempt to understan It may seem like a lot big a ke rn! I want to ma that process. well a lot more I want to lea I need w scientists work, as ho d an rst de un l policy, and for that, to nta nt I wa ct in environme pa the im to gs din fin ir the icate as how they commun Im to be an expert. m to make decisions. the use can o wh people for l ved statistical mode now designing an impro
Graduate Study options Masters of Science, Executive Master of Arts, Masters of Forest Ecosystem Science First Degree Bachelor of Environments, Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Art

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NATURE & ENVIRONMENT

Flooding in January 2011 in Melbournes Flinders Street.

A flood of ideas
Harvesting stormwater is set to be one of the challenges of the future, with new career areas in managing water resources a key part of developing sustainable cities.

espite only recently coming out of a 10-year drought, Melbourne wasted more than three times as much water in the form of stormwater as would be generated by the citys new desalination plant, according to research from the Melbourne School of Land and Environment. At the same time, this stormwater caused pollution, erosion and degraded waterways. The growth of cities leads to vast areas of vegetation being replaced by concrete, and water falling on these surfaces cannot be absorbed into the soil. Instead, it runs into stormwater drains that take it directly to the nearest

waterway. The frequent flushes of polluted stormwater, together with lower dry-weather flows, cause the loss of many species and encourage the growth of nuisance and potentially toxic algae. Urban runoff also increases the size and frequency of large floods, which threaten both property and life. During dry weather, the loss of infiltration through porous soils means that creeks are starved of precious baseflows, causing a further loss of biodiversity.

Researchers at the University of Melbourne are conducting several integrated research programs with the aim of developing a new approach to stormwater management, one which values stormwater as a resource and prevents degradation to rivers and creeks.This research is expected to reinforce the case for using rainwater tanks and raingardens (a self-watering garden that receives runoff from a house roof, for example) so that urban stormwater can be a substantial water supply, and also protect urban areas from damage from flooding streams. The Green Infrastructure Research Group is developing and testing a range of new green technologies for managing stormwater. These include green roofs and vegetated walls, passive irrigation systems and a range of techniques for infiltrating stormwater and restoring natural soil moisture in the urban landscape. These techniques have important benefits in helping to insulate buildings; they also help cool the urban environment by restoring evapotranspiration. Among the most exciting of these projects is the Vegetable Raingarden trial, which is testing whether self-watering vegetable gardens can help retain stormwater while boosting urban food production. Harvesting urban stormwater is only one aspect of green infrastructure, a field that has an increasing buzz about it. New techniques will need to be implemented to improve and integrate vegetation into urban environments. The area has many opportunities besides research, manufacturing and maintenance, with skills also needed in environmental or urban horticulture, arboriculture and garden The Darling Street design, for example. stormwater project If the researchers get their way, stormwater in East Melbourne will become a major part of the urban has the capacity to capture an estimated landscape in the future helping to keep the 21 million litres of urban landscape lush and green all year round stormwater each year and allowing cities to restore their waterways thats 18 Olympic as corridors of biodiversity. swimming pools

Fact

worth of water.

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First Degree Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Environments

Graduate Study options Master of Science, Master of Forest Ecosystem Science, Master of Environmental Engineering

NATURE & ENVIRONMENT

Pollution of the waterways is a major problem for many species, including this baby swamp hen.

Testing the waters

Better identification and management of water pollution will continue to be one of the big challenges for the future in order to protect aquatic ecosystems and water resources.
Sally Sherwen

esearchers at the Victorian Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM) are on the case, working hard to develop novel methods to identify and manage previously undetected pollutants and overcome limitations in current monitoring techniques. In the past, scientists in this area faced challenges such as being unable to distinguish exactly where the pollutant was coming from and then measure it at a variety of concentrations. Drought, climate change, the fast-growing human population and the needs of industry all place demands on our increasingly precious water resources, posing great challenges to maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems. Pollution is a major threat to these systems, but currently it is difficult to know what effect pollution has on aquatic ecosystem health, what specific pollutants are causing stress and what can be done to reduce pollution impacts, says Dr Vincent Pettigrove, CAPIMs Chief Executive Officer. CAPIM brings together world-class researchers to use available technologies and develop new ways to isolate

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pollution impacts, he says. We didnt have the right tools to be able to identify certain toxins, but the new monitoring approaches developed at CAPIM allow us to measure chemicals that have never been measured before. CAPIM has brought together a wide range of expertise to focus on correcting the problem a team that includes zoologists, entomologists, geneticists, chemists and ecotoxicologists. According to Professor Ary Hoffmann, the Research Director of CAPIM, the Centre uses the latest chemical detection methods and new biological approaches that take advantage of rapid advances in DNA and protein technologies. The Centre is led by the University of Melbourne, working with experts from Melbourne Water, the Department of Primary Industries (VIC), Environment Protection Authority (VIC) and RMIT, demonstrating the kind of typical multipartner structure that is likely to become the standard for tackling the big environmental problems in the future.

Kerri Rusnak Master of Forest Ecosystem Science (MFES) Kerri, originally from Edmonton, Canada, had a successful career in business and IT, but she felt a strong urge to help counter the adverse impacts of climate change. In 2011, she completed her studies in a Master of Forest Ecosystem Science (MFES). She says the MFES gave her the information to make the change she sought. This degree offers the knowledge, skills and analytical capabilities to shape the development of forest and natural resource management enterprises worldwide, she says. Through her studies, Kerri took a placement in Colombia in 2011 with Anthrotect, a project developer working with landholders and community groups to make conservation, rather than land clearance, a viable alternative for forestbased communities. These projects seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity and preserve the livelihoods of those who live in and from threatened forests. Kerri also had placements with Intrepid Travel, URS, Timbercorp, CO2 Australia and Fauna and Flora International. She sees her IT background as an advantage, as it can help her engage with stakeholders through the implementation of adaptable project management and business-development techniques. This can start as early in the process as the generation of ideas, through to productisation, which is when they are translated into viable and profitable business models.

NATURE & ENVIRONMENT

Greening
business
The move to a low-carbon economy is creating new fields of work in innovation and the use of traditional motives of competition and profit to help push business in greener directions.

arbon tax, low-energy lightbulbs, sustainable materials in packaging these are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the scope of transformation required by both business and government. If we are still relying on fossil fuels, we are still running towards the cliff, just a bit more slowly, says Dr Adam Bumpus from the Melbourne School of Land and Environment. Pricing carbon alone will not be the answer, he says. Market forces alone cannot innovate us to a low-carbon future because, up until now, we have taken global public goods like clean air for granted. New clean technologies can be scaled-up using competition and profit in capitalism, but they need policy and societal support to counteract the inertia of the fossil fuel status quo. Dr Bumpus leads the Carbon Governance Project, a series of international workshops with leading industry experts, scholars and government representatives, which aims to gain a better understanding of how to achieve the transformation needed. One of their main findings is that the low-carbon transformation requires a shift in what is valued and not just priced. The low-carbon transformation will come from a positive vision of the future, and out of new industries that generate financial value by making, selling and exchanging goods that recognise the value of the climate system in everyday transactions. In other words, for the long term, business needs to see beneficial economic prospects in low-carbon options, rather than thinking of them as constraints. For Dr Bumpus, genuine transformation means we will

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First Degree Bachelor of Commerce, Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Environments

NATURE & ENVIRONMENT

Ellen Sandell National Director of the Australian Youth Climate Coalition Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Science While I was enrolled at the University of Melbourne, I took part in the student campaign to encourage the University to become carbon-neutral. After three years of getting students to sign petitions, getting staff on board, researching options and running a big public campaign, we eventually won in 2007 and the Uni invested $3.5 million in sustainability projects. This gave me a taste of what it feels like to actually change something and I wanted to do more of it. I got an internship and then a job as a climate change policy advisor for Premier Brumby, but after 18 months I realised that my skills were better utilised outside of government, creating campaigns that change policy, because all big social change throughout history (whether its getting women the vote or ending apartheid) came from big social movements. You need good people inside government, but you also need lots of people on the outside pushing for change. Going to a University with a vibrant student life and where students were engaged in social issues was really important for me. Strictly speaking, I havent used my degree in my current work, but the skills I learnt (such as critical thinking, writing and research) have stood me in good stead.

REUSE REDUCE RECYCLE

Fact

to support consumers with their lowmake it possible for companies to save the carbon purchases. Examples are EnergyStar climate simply by making profits. appliances or the Greenstar.org initiative, Because climate change policy is often which is a tool for consumers to rank uncertain (for example, the difference a From 20082028, more than three products according to their carbon footprint. change of Federal Government in Australia million Australians The tool was co-developed by Dr Bumpus might make), Dr Bumpus and collaborators are expected to before he joined the University of Melbourne. at Oxford University, UC Berkeley and the undergo retraining Its slightly pessimistic in one respect, but University of British Columbia are looking in more sustainable the problems are not going away, therefore at how low-carbon transformation through work practices. TheAustralian the jobs in this area will continue to grow, government-business-society relationships Human Resources says Dr Bumpus. can be achieved. Institute(AHRI) The manufacturing and distribution of On the one level, there will be an increase products that deal with low-carbon concerns in jobs at the state, federal and international and provide services people want will help levels to regulate or lobby businesses to take accomplish this. For example, the use of biochar as a positive action on climate change liability. fertiliser and form of carbon sequestration, or information On the second level, there is a great deal going on in the systems that integrate smart houses with smart grids. area of scientific research and a lot of funding is going in Information systems on energy usage are important this direction.

Perhaps the biggest growth in jobs is happening in private enterprise. The big four consultancies (PwC, Ernst & Young, KPMG and Deloitte) all have big sustainability departments in which they employ social scientists, mathematicians, climate change specialists and so on, says Dr Bumpus. At the moment, they mainly focus on the accounting side, while consultancies such as McKinsey and PCG offer services to help with strategy. At a local level, Melbourne-based consultancy Net Balance, which has offices in London and around Australia, specialises in helping corporations move towards more sustainable options. The staff come from a wide range of backgrounds, including finance and economics, environmental management and engineering, earth sciences and climate change science.

Energy & Resources

Geothermal for jobs

The renewable energy needed to heat and cool our buildings is right under our feet and the growth of the direct geothermal energy industry will create jobs across a range of skills.

D
Workers lay the ground loops that will deliver heat from the Earth to buildings in winter and reverse the process to cool the buildings in summer.

irect geothermal energy uses the ground not too far below the Earths surface as a source for both heating and cooling buildings. I believe that over the next few years, the direct geothermal energy industry will grow considerably, says Professor Ian Johnston, Golder Associates Chair of Geotechnical Engineering at the University of Melbourne. Literally millions of these systems have already been introduced around the world over the last 10 to 15 years, especially in Northern Europe and North America. The growth that is now taking place in Korea, Japan and China could be described as spectacular.
First Degree

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Graduate Study options Master of Energy Systems or Master of Engineering

Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Commerce or Bachelor of Environments

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Energy & Resources

Geotech

The key element of any direct geothermal system is the ground-source heat pump (GSHP). In winter, the GSHP extracts heat from water circulating in ground loops and delivers it to a building. In summer, the GSHP extracts excess heat from the building and dumps it into the ground. Your household refrigerator has a heat pump that follows the same basic system. A GSHP about the size of a small bar fridge would heat and cool an average house. Prof. Johnson leads a team of geothermal experts from the University of Melbourne demonstratingdirect geothermal systems in Energy use in buildings accounts for 26% of Victorian conditions. He says the increasing Australias greenhouse gas cost of electricity means we will start to think emissions. Heating and about alternatives and direct geothermal has cooling accounts for more massive potential to provide heating and cooling than half of this. for buildings and a wide range of industrial CSIRO processes. The introduction of direct geothermal heating and cooling to Victoria and Australia on even a ground-source heat pump is the key element of any direct geothermal system. Operating on the same moderate scale would have a significant impact on A principles as a household refrigerator, it can move large quantities of heat to and away from buildings. power requirements, with enormous economic and environmental benefits. The key to this is that for each kilowatt of electrical energy put into a direct that provide economic, efficient and sustainable Industries launched the Direct Geothermal Pilot geothermal system, about four kilowatts of energy is contributions to assist with our chosen lifestyles. As Demonstration Project for Victoria, which will educate developed for the purposes of heating and cooling. This always, the politicians, lawyers, accountants, regulators, the general community about direct geothermal means that outside the capital costs of the installation, administrators, marketers and salespeople can do their energy and provide specific training to the trades and 75% of the power is free. Furthermore, as much of the bit for the environment, but basically to make it work professions. electrical power in Victoria is generated with brown coal, and work effectively, we need engineers. A total of up to about 40 new and retrofitted buildings replacing 75% of the energy used with a clean, renewable At the same time, architects will need to know how will have direct geothermal systems installed under the energy source will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions to incorporate geothermal systems into their buildings, Project, ranging from houses to an existing commercial to as little as about 25% of what occurs now. while economists will have to develop ways of assessing building in Port Melbourne with a 750m2 area over two floors. The retrofitted geothermal system will provide The skills that will be required for this and economic benefits, particularly with the shifting heating and cooling to one half of the building while the associated industries to develop are basically the same influences of fuel costs, carbon and associated taxes existing conventional system will be used for the other ones that have always been required for the modern and the massive complications of the energy market. half. This will provide a very useful direct comparison of world engineering skills, says Prof. Johnson. This Regulators and lawyers will need to consider who owns energy use and costs. requires an understanding of the principles involved, the heat in the ground and to what extent individuals how these can be modelled (usually mathematically) and companies can remove it. leading to design, installation and construction skills In 2012, the Victorian Department of Primary

Fact

26%

Energy & Resources

Mining for hi-tech

Iron ore, copper and gold might grab the headlines, but the worlds thirst for computers, mobile phones, tablets and other electronics will put the spotlight on rare earth minerals.
Ana Penteado

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First Degree Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Environments

Graduate Study options Master of Engineering, PhD (Engineering)

Getty Images

are earth elements are used in many electrical devices because they are good conductors of electricity and very resistant to corrosion and demagnetisation. They are especially widely used in the fields of medical technology (for example, MRI scanning machines), clean energy and military applications, as well as in the manufacture of high-tech devices such as electric cars, computers and mobile phones. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry defines rare earth elements or rare earth metalsas a group of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table 15 lanthanides plus scandium andyttrium. All 17 elements tend to occur in similar ore deposits and have comparable chemical properties. Apart from promethium, rare earth elements are easily found in the Earths crust; however, they frequently occur in low concentrations and they are difficult to isolate, which means that mining and processing rare earth minerals can be long and expensive. The United States used to dominate the production of rare earth elements, but towards the end of the 1970s, the Chinese government realised how rich the countrys reserves of these elements were and supported the necessary development of mining techniques. Today, China dominates the mining of rare earth elements, producing more than 95% of the total used by manufacturers worldwide. However, some issues are affecting Chinese production. One is illegal mining its

Samples of rare earth compounds are displayed in the showroom at Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel RareEarth Hi-Tech Co. in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China.

estimated that one-third of the rare earth elements leaving China are illegal. Another issue is environmental damage many operators do not comply with environmental standards in order to skimp on costs, and they use toxic chemicals to isolate rare earth elements. Specialists predict that Chinas near monopoly on rare earth elements will end soon. This in itself creates an opportunity, not a problem. It is well established that substantial rare earth deposits exist in Canada, Brazil, India and Australia. It simply means that more advanced mining technology and processes will be needed to make mining rare earth elements more efficient and environmentally friendly to be both economically and environmentally viable in these other countries.

Research and development is a critical part of finding new and viable sources of rare earth elements outside China as, after 50 years of intense exploration, Chinese reserves are declining. The mining is now relocating to areas of more difficult access, making it more costly. No mining of rare earth elements is curently underway in Australia, although sites in New South Wales and the Northern Territory are undergoing feasibility studies. Whether the future mining of rare earth elements occurs in Australia or elsewhere, the industry will create great opportunities for Australia. This is because Australia is almost the go-to nation when it comes to mining technology. Some 60% of the worlds mining computer software is developed in Australia for the global mining industry, while general exports of mining equipment, technology and services are currently valued at more than $5 billion a year.

CRICOS No: 00116K

Considering a career as an engineer?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If becoming an engineer is your dream, follow the links to the Melbourne School of Engineering to find out about the many career options, pathways and scholarships available.

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Manufacturing & Design

Solar cells

The gap between innovation and commercially viable manufacturing comes down to the price and lifespan of the product. Solar cell technology has been a prime example of this.

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First Degree Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Environments

Graduate Study options Master of Engineering, Master of Environmental Engineering, Master of Energy Systems

Dr David Jones

sale

for

Marita Cheng Bachelor of Engineering (Mechatronics) Bachelor of Computer Science In 2012, her sixth and final year of studies, Marita became Young Australian of the Year for her work promoting engineering to girls through Robogals Global. Robogals, which Marita founded in 2008, uses fun activities to teach secondary school girls about science and technology.Robogals now has 17 branches across Australia, New Zealand and the UK. Marita really liked the fact that engineers build all the things around us. She also appreciated the flexible career options that engineering makes available. Im really enjoying studying engineering at the University of Melbourne because it has allowed me to engage in hands-on learning about robotics, she says. Her final-year project lets her delve into this area by actually building a robot both the electronic and mechanical parts of it. The robot will be able to solve a Rubiks cube, making use of widely available components and open source software so she can share her invention online for other budding engineers to build. Marita says her ultimate goal is to start her own robotics company manufacturing bipedal robots that will help people with a range of daily chores.

Manufacturing & Design

or a long time, solar energy has seemed to be an Flagship, has developed an alernative solar cell based on abundant and sensible form of renewable energy. a thin film of cadmium telluride. The challenge, however, has always been to The total amount of material used in these cells is bring down the costs of materials for solar cells while about 1% of what you would use for a typical silicon solar increasing their efficiency. Each advance in these areas cell, says MacDonald. makes it possible for solar energy to be used more widely. Their patented technology is based on inks containing The most common types of solar cells in the tiny, semiconducting nanocrystals (particles with a marketplace are bulky, expensive and mounted on diameter of a few millionths of a millimetre), which can be a relatively heavy brittle glass base. Ironically, the printed directly onto a variety of surfaces. By choosing the manufacturing process for these solar cells is still right combination of ink and surface, it is possible to make relatively efficient solar cells using very little material or energy. energy-intensive. The technology is not limited to The field of organic photovoltaics solar cells. It can also be used to make (OPV) has recently emerged as a dynamic printable versions of other electronic new technology frontier that promises devices, such as light-emitting diodes More power arrives from a low-cost route to lower materials and (LEDs), lasers or transistors. the Sun in one hour than manufacturing costs. Funding from both the federal and the Earths population Research from the Victorian Organic Victorian governments is helping the uses in one year. Solar Cell Consortium (VICOSC) has development of new materials and It is vitally important for Australia to develop developed new solar cell structures, devices for the printing process, which the technologies bringing organic solar cells a step will be the key to inexpensive, massto utilise this closer to the efficiencies and lifetimes produced solar panels. wonderful resource. required for large-scale printing with a We expect our new solar cells, printed Dr David Jones commercially viable performance. by the VICOSC consortium to drastically Flexible, paper-thin plastic solar cells increase the use of solar electricity in will be able to be printed via a roll-toAustralia, says Dr David Jones from the roll manufacturing process, which will produce sheets Bio21 Institute at the University of Melbourne and Program of solar cells that can be integrated into the exterior of Coordinator at VICOSC. buildings, automobiles and even personal accessories As the cost of producing solar panels significantly such as handbags and jackets. To date, the photovoltaic decreases, the technology will become more accessible. sheets just havent had enough energy per square Our aim is to make solar cells cost-effective, so that its centimetre to make them more widely attractive to a logical choice to use solar energy rather than any other manufacturers. sort of energy. In another project, Brandon MacDonald, a University of Melbourne doctoral student working in the Bio21 Institute and with CSIRO Future Manufacturing

Fact

Hayden Jackson Master of Engineering Structures Structural Engineer, Hyder Consulting My job involves the engineering design of a wide range of building and civil structures, and the project management and advisory services for major engineering projects, Hayden says. In the course of my career Ive been fortunate to have been involved in some big projects, including the Victorian Desalination Project, Dubai Fountain, Nakheel Tall Tower, M1 Upgrade (West Gate Freeway Alliance) and a major coal seam gas facility. One of the biggest highlights of Haydens career was contributing to the design and coordination of Dubai Fountain at 275 metres long and spurting water 150 metres high, this is the worlds largest performing

Alamy Images

water fountain. During his studies, Hayden developed technical expertise in structural dynamics, earthquake engineering, concrete technology, and he particularly enjoyed learning about engineering contracts and procurement. I worked on complex and technically demanding international engineering projects, especially in the area of structural analysis of building and bridge structures. I gained valuable skills in preparing bid documents and reviewing construction contracts, which will be exceptionally important in my work in the near future. Prior to joining Hyder Consulting, Hayden worked part-time with the land survey and civil engineering firm, Land Management Surveys, which was also helpful in equipping him with the skills required for his current role.

Feeding the future

Toby Yap undertook a Masters degree to extend his capabilities as a well-rounded wine professional. Anna Hooper Master of Agribusiness Winemaker at Cape Jaffa Winery After completing a winemaking degree, life for Anna became all about the grapes she worked in Harrods fine wine department in London, a winery in South Africa, then landed jobs in wineries in Bordeaux and Burgundy during a hitchhiking adventure in France. A keen interest in sustainability led her to Cape Jaffa Winery, the first fully certified biodynamic vineyard on South Australias Limestone Coast. Given the nature of her role, Anna felt she needed to become more business savvy, so she enrolled in the University of Melbournes Master of Agribusiness course. Ive used everything I learnt during my Masters to assist us in improving our business, she says. I was able to focus on the wine industry, yet still maintain the flexibility to branch into other areas of agriculture. Anna gained a position on the local Natural Resource Management Board, a field she feels passionate about. Medium-sized enterprises, such as Cape Jaffa Wines, have the flexibility to involve themselves in social, financial and environmental outcomes at the local level. I am proud to have played a major role in shaping the companys sustainability credentials through biodynamic certification, as well as assisting with winery and community-instigated re-vegetation projects, she says. As custodians of the land, I think its important to achieve a balance between productivity and conservation.

G ra pe s n o i t a t c ex p e
New markets, new challenges, new directions and opportunities for small operators its an exciting time to be thinking about a career in winemaking.

ustralian wine is on the crest of a potential boom due to the United States facing a shortage of grapes and New World players such as Chile and Argentina unable to fill the supply that was the prediction of one of the nations most respected winemakers, Brian Croser, in May 2012. At the same time, the growing wine markets of China and India provide a huge opportunity for Australian winemakers, but Croser said that the focus needs to be on the quality end of the wine market (above $15$20 a bottle) rather than

cheap and cheerful wines. Older European countries used to have annual wine consumption rates up at about 70 litres per head, but this has settled to around 2022 litres now, and consumption in the United Kingdom has plateaued. North American wine consumption is growing very rapidly and the U.S. will be the largest purchasing country in the world in the next five years. In India, wine sales have increased in volume by 30% a year for the past three years. A conservative estimate is that there are 11 million potential wine drinkers in India; the

Dragan Radocaj

Feeding the future

estimate for the number of current wine drinkers there is about 150,000. This shift in Australias export market means a change in the types of wine made, with the U.S. and Indian markets creating a demand for New World-style wines. The opportunity to target very specific export markets, along with the growth of big retailers partnering big brands backed by large companies, means that smaller wine producers will do best with a recognised point of difference to fill the gaps in supply. They will also benefit from teaming up with specialist retailers using the internet to target niche tastes. (An example of a very specific export outlet is the emerging Indian luxury hotels market.) The impact of rising temperatures is also forcing change in the industry. Professor Snow Barlow from the University of Melbourne has led a team looking at the vintage records collected over the past three decades in more than 40 vineyards. They found that grapes ripened, on average, two days earlier each year for the past 15 years. In Coonawarra, South Australia, a region famed for its cabernet sauvignon and shiraz, farmers are harvesting their grapes 3.5 days earlier. As well as early ripening, a warming climate will also affect the characteristics associated with specific wines. For example, the molecules that make the grassy flavours of New Zealands Marlborough sauvignon blanc are not expressed as much in warmer climates, Prof. Barlow says. Wine growers with grapes that are vulnerable to climate change will have two choices, he says: You can either change the style of wine you make, or move. Brown Brothers, a Victorian family-owned wine company, has said climate change was one of the main reasons it bought land in Tasmania. Prof. Barlow says a warmer climate could lead to exciting new styles of wine. The process will be helped by advances in wine science that take producers closer to identifying the molecules that give wines their unique characteristics, and the climate conditions that favour their development. That gives us much more information about where to go if we want to produce wines with those qualities, he says.

Toby Yap Master of Wine Technology and Viticulture Export and sales, Langmeil Winery Proprietor, Tomfoolery Wines Tobys day job at Langmeil Winery in South Australias Barossa Valley involves developing tailored production, packaging, marketing and export sales strategies for the AsiaPacific region, along with reinforcing established export partnerships and fostering potential new business. By night he works on his own company,

Tomfoolery Wines, a boutique wine brand he formed in partnership in 2004. Toby explains that Tomfoolery Wines focus is on small-parcel production of handcrafted wines across varying varietals and blends. Due to the nature of small-batch premium wine production, our wines are only selectively distributed through aspirational restaurants and independent retailers. Toby grew up in a wine-making family and consequently had more than 15 years industry experience, but he wanted to take on formal study to extend his capabilities as a fully rounded wine professional.

I chose the Master of Wine Technology and Viticulture to gain greater knowledge in the theory and application of wine science, he says. The course offers a subject mix that has a broad spectrum of topics from viticulture, oenology and production through to agribusiness and environmental sustainability. Due to full-time work, travelling professionally four months of the year and operating my own business, it was essential to find a degree that not only had relevant course subjects, but also catered to my lifestyle.

happen

Make it

First Degree Bachelor of Agriculture or Bachelor of Commerce

Graduate Study options Master of Agribusiness or Master of Wine Technology and Viticulture

Feeding the future

 Su Ann Ong Bachelor of Food Science (Honours)  R&D packaging technician,  Mars Chocolate Australia I studied Food Science because it made me realise how important food is in our lives. We consume it every day but rarely think about how it is made or how it arrives at our plate. Chocolate has always been a big part of my life, so it turned out that many of my assignments during the course were based on chocolate. At the University of Melbourne I was also able to study subjects out of my field such as supply chain management, product and brand management and public relations, which helped me have a better understanding of the different aspects of the business. One part of my work is ensuring the databases and systems we use are maintained and kept upto-date to ensure that each packaging transition in the factory operates seamlessly. The other half of my job allows my creative juices to flow I develop new ways for our consumers to enjoy our products. At the same time, I also work on improving efficiency in other areas of the business such as logistics and supply. Currently, there is a big push in our society for the use of sustainable packaging, so I review our current formats and research new materials that are environmentally friendly. Once in a while, as a trained sensory panellist, I take part in sensory testing for cocoa liquors, cocoa butters and new chocolate recipes, which is always a highlight of my job.

, s T S e p L e ss d o o F e m or
Want to feed a billion people? You can play your part through studies in genetics and food science.

ndias economy is rocketing along, but the worlds second most populous nation still faces the age-old problem of feeding its people. Research from Australia will bring exciting changes to this battle which are sure to strengthen the IndiaAustralia relationship deep into the future. India is the worlds largest grower and consumer of cauliflower and cabbage, and cauliflower in particular is a major dietary item for a billion people, says adjunct Associate Professor Derek Russell from the Department of Genetics at the University of Melbourne and the Bio21 Institute. About a third of the national crop is lost to insect pests despite about 30% of the total costs of producing the crop being spent on buying and applying insecticides, he explains. Ass. Prof. Russell leads a collaborative research project, Crop Plants Which Remove Their Own Major Biotic Constraints, which aims to produce plants that control pests without the need for pesticides. (Biotic constraints is the more formal term for pests.) This technology has the capacity to remove all that expenditure and human and environmental health impact and greatly reduce the price of these key foods in this significantly vegetarian country, says Russell.

Research with a similar aim, assisted through funding from the AustraliaIndia Strategic Research Fund (AISRF), will genetically improve chickpeas in order to give them protection against pod borer, a major chickpea field pest, and this will greatly reduce the need for chemical insecticides. We tend to think of grains such as rice, wheat and maize, and legumes such as peas and beans, when we think of global food security, but the World Health Organisation is heavily promoting vegetables and their oils as important in healthy diets across the planet. The Genetics Department at the University of Melbourne will take the lead in developing and testing the genetic constructs which will provide novel resistance to aphids. The Department of Food and Agriculture Systems will then introduce the genes into canola and test them against key pests. Russell says this type of protection can have a major impact on canola crops in Australia and Australia is the worlds second-largest exporter of canola, the worlds thirdlargest source of vegetable oil. Insect control in canola is a key element in the costs of production, but insect attacks are sporadic and unpredictable, so this technology can remove the need for costly monitoring and control of the key pests and reduce the environmental footprint of the crop. If successful, the plan is to then transfer this knowledge for use in wheat and other crops, which could completely change the cost and methods of aphid control worldwide.

Shutterstock

Feeding the future

s population suffer s ld or w e th of e thre Australian Incredibly, one in t recent work by bu , cy en ci fi de ce that on from ir significantly redu to l ia nt te po e worlds scientists has th iron in one of the of ls ve le ng si ea figure by incr . staple foods rice most important

g n i d Ad e u l a v

Feeding the future

increase the amount of iron transported to the endosperm of the grain (the part people eat in white rice). Its a tricky process, but one with a simple explanation. Rice naturally produces a chemical compound called nicotianamine (NA), which increases uptake of iron from soil and prevents iron from precipitating as it is transported throughout the plant. Genes that control the production of NA, known asnicotianamine synthase (NAS)genes, are tightly regulated and only turn on at high levels when the plant senses that it needs more iron. What we have been able to do is turn on theNASgenes all the time, not only during times of low iron, Dr Johnson says. This results in rice plants with an enhanced ability to absorb iron from soil and, more importantly, to load more iron into the grain. As an added benefit, the NASgene strategy also increased the concentration of zinc in the grain. Experts estimate that about 14 ppm (parts per million) of iron is needed in rice endosperm to provide enough dietary iron in rice-based diets, yet traditional breeding to increase iron in rice endosperm has not reached even half of that value. Using biotechnology, Dr Johnson and his team were able to increase the iron concentration in rice endosperm to 19 ppm. Dr Johnson is now training a new generation of researchers in this important field, through programs such as the Master of Science in the Melbourne Graduate School of Science. The Master of Science provides the perfect foundation for scientific leaders in research, industry or business through a combination of training in scientific disciplines, business skills such as financial and communication skills, and experience in a research or industry environment.

Fact

Rice

is one of the most widely consumed cereal grains in developing countries and provides up to 80% of total daily calories in areas such as South-East Asia.

The polished grain

Commonly called white rice , this contains very low concentrations of the essential micronutrients iron and zinc, and no vitamin A.

Laura Moreno, a postgraduate student working with Dr Johnson, assesses iron-fortified rice at the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia.

>2 billion
More than two billion people (30% of the worlds population), suffer from iron deficiency, with symptoms ranging from poor mental development in children to low immune function and anaemia.

Unlike mineral supplements,

which rely on health infrastructure for dispersal and can miss remote locations, biofortified crops represent a cheap, sustainable method for increasing intakes of iron and other important micronutrients.

iofortification is an exciting new field in which breeding and biotechnology are used to increase the nutritional value of crops and therefore the health of the worlds people. The World Health Organisation and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations have recognised that more than two billion people worldwide suffer from a variety of micronutrient deficiencies. Although biofortification is not the sole solution to these deficiencies, it represents a big step towards reducing their prevalence and the health problems they can cause. Dr Alexander Johnson, a plant biologist based in the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne, has genetically engineered rice to increase its iron concentrations by 400% and zinc concentrations by 200%. Zinc is another micronutrient essential for good health, yet billions of people are at risk of being deficient in it. Working with researchers involved in the HarvestPlus Challenge Program, a global initiative aimed at developing more nutritious crops, Dr Johnson used biotechnology to

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First Degree Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Biomedicine

Graduate Study options Master of Food Science, Master of Science

Feeding the future

T h g u o h T r o f d Foo
People come into the food industry from all different backgrounds. For Maylynn Tsoi and Hugh Morley, studies in Arts and Law and passions for philosophy and cinema were key ingredients to their colourful patisserie, La Belle Miette.
Christopher Strong

hen Maylynn Tsoi began her studies at the University of Melbourne, she knew she was destined to follow a creative path, but she wasnt sure in which field that would be. I first enrolled in a double degree in Arts and Law. Fortunately, my brother had already completed these courses before me and because he knew me very well and thought I was not right for Law, he advised me to focus only on Arts, Maylynn says. She met Hugh Morley in the final year of her Bachelor of Arts, in which she was majoring in English and Cinema Studies. He had already completed the Bachelor of Arts with majors in Philosophy and Chinese Language, and the Juris Doctor at the Melbourne Law School. Both Hugh and I loved studying our Arts degrees, Maylynn says.The mode of thinking that you develop in being able to assess things from different angles has been incredibly useful in creating and developing our business, she says. Today their business is La Belle Miette, a tiny retreat on Hardware Lane in Melbournes CBD where shoppers and

workers can take a break and step into a Parisian fantasy to indulge in handcrafted macaroons that are gourmet in both flavour and design. Prior to the opening of La Belle Miette, Hugh was working at a Melbourne law firm and weighing up a career change. Maylynn had been creating French patisserie since she was young, but hadnt considered it as a career until that point.

For Hugh, the idea of going to France to work on something with Maylynn seemed a far more more Cafs, restaurants and other food businesses glamorous option than accounted for 17% of processing a document Australias $125.7b in and it helped that he was retail food sales in already 200910. Source: Australia a fluent French speaker. Food Statistics, DAFF We travel together to France to learn from the masters through dessert research, Hugh says. When we find something we love and would like to try, I ask the chefs and patisserie owners questions about their methodology. The pairs knowledge of French language, culture and philosophy has not only helped them learn about the secret techniques and ingredients used in the finest Parisian patisseries, but also helped them build professional networks in Melbourne. Their love of philosophy is front and centre in the name of their shop. One of their original choices for its name was Objet Petit, a term coined by French philosopher Jacques Lacan which refers to the unattainable object of desire. The term was fitting for macaroons as little objects of desire that can be frustratingly difficult to make, says Maylynn.It was also an indirect reference to Luis Bunuel, director of Cet Obscur Objet du Dsir, whom Maylynn discovered while studying cinema at the University of Melbourne. Ultimately they decided the pronunciation would be difficult for a nonFrench speaker, so they agreed on La Belle Miette the beautiful small thing.

Fact

Graduate Study options Master of Food Science

First Degree Bachelor of Arts

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CRICOS No: 00116K

Considering a career as a vet?

Your future is waiting for you at Australias World Standard University
Year 10 or 11 may seem light years away from university, but its a great time to start doing some research about your options, starting with what subjects youll need to consider if your dream career is to become a reality. The course search tool on the Study at Melbourne website makes gathering information about your future options simple and straightforward. If becoming a vet is your dream, just follow the links to the Melbourne School of Veterinary Science to find out about the many pathways and scholarships available.

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CRICOS No: 00116K

Your dream can become reality

At Australias World Standard University
Access Melbourne is the Universitys special entry and access scheme. It can help you realise your dream to study at Melbourne, even if your ATAR is below the clearly-in rank. Apply for an undergraduate place and scholarship through Access Melbourne using one or more of these categories: Disadvantaged financial background Rural or isolated areas Under-represented school Difficult circumstances Disability or medical condition Non-English speaking background Indigenous Australian Mature age applicant Guaranteed entry is offered for some categories.

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