SOURCES OF WATER AND WASTEWATER POLLUTION

Wastewater Engineering
Mehrab Mehrvar, Ph.D., P.Eng.

Dept. of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

REFERENCES
Industrial Water Pollution Control, by W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr., 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2000 ISBN: 0-07-039364-8 Water Supply and Pollution Control, by W. Viessman , Jr. and M. J. Hammer, 6rd Ed., Addison Wesley, 1998 ISBN: 0-321-01460-X Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, by Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 4rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1993 ISBN: 0-07-041878-0

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

Chapter 1 Eckenfelder

Definition of Hazardous Waste: (Various legal ones): Working definition (UNEP): Hazardous waste means wastes (solids, sludges, liquids, and contaminated gases) other than radioactive and infectious wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics, cause danger or likely will cause danger to health or the environment, whether alone or when coming into contact with other waste.

UNEP = United Nation Environmental Program

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) definition of toxic chemical :

Section II, CEPA (paraphrased) a substance is toxic if it is entering or may enter the environment in a quantity or concentration, or under conditions: a. having an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the environment; b. constituting a danger to the environment on which human life depends; or c. constituting a. a danger in Canada to human life or health.

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

Sources of Water Pollution

inorganic organic

INORGANIC WASTEWATER POLLUTION SOURCES: 1. Wastewater from Non-Metallic Minerals: In the manufacture of mortar binding agents and glass , as well as concrete blocks and ready -mixed concrete.

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

INORGANIC WASTEWATER POLLUTION SOURCES (contd...):

Wastewater arise from sand, gravel, and crushed stone washing, wet dust removal, washing of the raw materials, or further processing of materials, such as grinding and polishing. In sandy limestone producing plants in manufacturing bricks pH >10 [Ca2(OH)2] suspended and dissolved substances organic substances up to 50 mg/L In cement factories wet removal of dust from the removal of the residue left after washing Electrofilters are often used to remove dust, therefore, significant wastewater minimization
Sources of Water & Wastewater Wastewater Engineering 6

INORGANIC WASTEWATER POLLUTION SOURCES (contd...):

In porcelain factories, kaolin, quartz, and feldspar are used: precipitation waste domestic waste the so-called white waste (main wastewater) waste containing phenol mainly inorganic suspended solids from the raw materials used. cloudy, 1-10 m (even <1m) in ceramic industries cleaning the mills transport vehicles processing equipment

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

INORGANIC WASTEWATER POLLUTION SOURCES (contd...):

2. Wastewaters from the Metal Processing Industry:

Wastewaters from rinsing the products, which contain emulsions (soap, naphthalene, naphthenosulfonates, detergents, etc) Concentrates discarded after decomposition of the active substances (acids, alkalis, metals) and enrichment with foreign substances. Half-concentrates; this refers to the closed rinsing baths used after chemical baths. Regenerates from the ion exchangers. Other metal processing wastes: wastewaters from iron works wastewaters from steel and rolling mills wastewaters from machinery production and mechanical workshops wastewaters from ELOXAL (ELectrolytic OXidation ALuminum ) works wastewaters from electroplating plants
Sources of Water & Wastewater Wastewater Engineering 8

INORGANIC WASTEWATER POLLUTION SOURCES (contd...):

3. Wastewaters from the Chemical Industries Mineral acid production (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, ) Antimony pentasulfide production .

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

Examples of Organic Industrial Wastewaters

Factories manufacturing pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, organic dyes, glue and adhesives, soaps, synthetic detergents and biocides (pesticides and herbicides) leather industries textile industries cellulose and paper manufacturing plants plants of the oil refining industries tanker washing plants metal processing plants hospitals .

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

10

Regulatory Characterization / Classification

Ref: Handbook of Environmental Compliance in Ontario, J-D Phyper, B. Ibbotson, McGraw Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1991. Ontario Reg. 309 (347): 3 Classes: Hazardous waste, liquid industrial waste, registerabl e solid

Hazardous Waste: Primary Classifications: Severely toxic: e.g. pentachlorophenol, 2, 4,5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid contains > 1ppm of any compound listed in Schedule 3. Pathological - human body parts/fluids, disease infested waste. PCBs - contain >50 ppm Acute Hazardous Waste Chemical

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

11

Regulatory Characterization / Classification (Contd)

Hazardous Waste Chemical - off-spec products/intermediates, containing certain ingredients (Schedule 2). Hazardous Industrial Waste: generated by a process listed in Schedule 1. Ignitable Waste: flash point < 61oC; solid which will burn vigorously; ignitable compressed gas with Tcrit < 50oC; oxidizing substance. Corrosive Waste: aqueous & pH 2 or > 12.5; corrodes steel @ rate >6.35 mm/yr @ 55oC Reactive Waste: normally unstable; reacts violently (Na) with H2O or forms potentially explosive mixtures; generates toxic vapours; capable of detonation (picric acid).

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

12

Regulatory Characterization / Classification (Contd)

Leachate Toxic: anything that produces leachate (under standardi zed conditions) containing a Schedule 4 substance @ > 100 times the listed concentration. (solid waste) In addition to above, contaminated soil is a hazardous waste if it contains benzo(a)pyrene at > 1ppb (g/kg). See Some of the regulations in Section of 1.2 Text (Eckenfelder).

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

13

Table 1.2 Variation in flow & waste characteristics for some representative industrial wastes

Flow, gal/production unit %frequency

BOD, lb/production unit %frequency

Suspended solids, lbl/production unit %frequency

Waste
Pulp & paper Paperboard Slaughterhouse Brewery Tannery

10

50

90

10
17.0 10 3.8 0.8 575

50
58.0 28 13.0 2.0 975

90
110.0 46 44 44 1400

10

50

90

11,000 43,000 74,000 7,500 165 130 4.2 11,000 27,500 800 370 9.0 4,300 600 13.6

26.0 105.0 400.0 25 3.0 0.25 600 48 9.8 1.2 66 31.0 2.45

1900 3200

Sources of Water & Wastewater

Wastewater Engineering

14