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Agenda
1. 2. 3. 4. Requirements for substation communications network Types of protocols and traffic patterns in IEC 61850 standard Typical network architectures Problem of Multicast and Physical vs. Logical separation of Process Bus and Station Bus
Substation Environment
Generation Plant HV/MV Substation Wind Farm
EMI & Environmental Phenomena Typical of Substation Environments Electric and Magnetic Fields Electrostatic Discharge Conducted High Frequency Electrical Transients High Energy Power Surges Ground Potential Rise during ground faults Climactic Variation: Temperature & Humidity Seismic / Vibration Pollution: Dust, Metallic Particles, Corrosive Chemical Particles, Condensation, Solar Radiation, Salt, Bird Guano, etc.
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EMI Phenomenon
Continuous
Phenomena Radiated RFI Induced RFI Power freq. Magnetic Field Slow Voltage Variations Harmonics, Interharmonics Ripple on d.c. power supply Power Frequency Voltage
DevicesinsubstationsmustdealwithacombinationofEMI phenomenawhicharebothcontinuousandtransient.
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Ethernetswitches,routers,deviceservers,mediaconverters shallmeetEMIrequirementstothesameextentasIEDs
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RuggedizedEthernetswitchshallbeseenasyetanotherIED
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LC
MTRJ
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Time Sync
SV
(Type 4)
GOOSE
(Type 1, 1A)
TimeSync (SNTP)
(Type 6)
UDP/IP
TCP/IP T-Profile
SMV
IP (O)
802.1Q
802.1Q
802.1Q (O)
802.1Q (O)
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Types of traffic
Client-server MMS services:
Polling Reporting (Unsolicited and/or periodic) Asynchronous and unsolicited Less often synchronous (for heartbeat and for analogue values) Synchronous unsolicited transmission
GOOSE
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Event occurs, GOOSE with incremented stNum sent immediately Heartbeat GOOSEs
Time
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Delay of frames introduced by network is almost zero Worst case of total network delay is
100 s at 100MBps links speeds 10 s at 1Gbps
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It is difficult to measure as defined in IEC 61850-5 Because the timestamp is added in IED after the internal function execution time (one scan period) Typical measured GOOSE total transfer time including function execution time in IED is in the range of 6-12ms
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Time synchronization
SNTP or IEEE 1588 For redundancy mutiple time masters used
File transfer
MMS over TCP, FTP, TFTP, other protocols e.g. Modbus/TCP Typically Oscillography, sequence of events, data logs. Ocassionally configuration, settings, firmware upgrades, etc. File size typically 4 200 kbytes,
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Star Topology
Not protected against single point of failure Simplicity
HMI
Gateway
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The entire network is duplicated Configuration and application complexity, cost issues Each device has 2 IP addresses, 2 application instances PRP will be the alternative HMI Gateway
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IEDs can be dual homed and connected via redundant links Redundancy with RSTP PRP or HSR will be the alternative HMI Gateway
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Primary Ring
Secondary Ring 1
Secondary Ring n
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Ring of IEDs
Dashed Lines Redundant LAN Connections
IEDs with Embedded Switch functionality Multiple rings may be needed Redundancy with RSTP HSR will be the alternative Gateway
HMI
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Problem of Multicast and Physical vs. Logical separation of Process Bus and Station Bus
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Problem of Multicast
Multicast is one-to-many communication scheme Multicast MAC traffic is by default propagated through the whole LAN Consumes link bandwidth and increases latency at switches Introduces significant overhead at receiving IEDs if multicast addresses not allocated properly
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Impact of Multicast
Red MU (Merging Unit) multicasts Sampled Values to small group of IEDs It is dictated by the protection application In a large substation there can be dozens of IEDs sending multicast GOOSE and dozens of Merging Units sending multicast Sampled Values
Primary Ring
Secondary Rings
P C MU
P C
P C MU
P C MU
P C
MU
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Impact of Multicast
All nodes get the traffic red area Repeat for every IED/MU in network Critical messages delayed or maybe dropped Steady state traffic load can exceed 100Mbps for many MUs Excessive MU traffic can cause IEDs and PCs can mis-operate or crash
NTP P IED IED
Primary Ring
Secondary Rings
P C MU
P C
P C MU
P C MU
P C
MU
Multicastmustbefiltered
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Multicast filtering
saves bandwidth and decreases latency at network switches by limiting the traffic only to restricted areas of the network Multicast filtering solves the primary problem of filtering unwanted GOOSE and SV traffic Use VLAN or MAC address filtering ? Static or dynamic filtering methods ?
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Example of Misconfiguration
Case Study
50 IEDs in the same network all sending GOOSE No multicast filtering used Wrong! All IEDs send multicast with the same destination multicast MAC address Wrong! In case of event there is an avalanche of GOOSEs in the network and approx 20ms additional processing delay observed at the receiver Improper functioning!
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Dest.
Src.
Length / Type
Data
Standard Frame
Variable
6 bytes
6 bytes
2 bytes 2 bytes
2 bytes
Dest.
Src.
TPID
TCI
Length / Type
Data
3 bits
1 bit
12 bits
Priority CFI
VID
Tagged Frame
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Use of VLANs
VLAN is suitable mechanism for isolation of unrelated traffic, eg. surveillance video from SCADA traffic VLANs configuration can be:
Static Dynamic (GVRP)
Today static configuration is a manual process Static configuration can be semi-automatic with future enhanced configuration tools Can use MAC address filtering instead of VLAN VLANs for priority tagging in order to increasing performance
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Differenttrafficflowsinasubstationnetworkmerit segregatingintoseparateVLANs
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Primary Ring
Secondary Rings
P C MU
P C
SV consumer sends a subscribe message to network periodically
MU
SV producer simply multicasts no change
FirstIEC61850110kVsubstationwithIEEE1588v2and dynamicGMRPmulticastfilteringcommissionedin2010
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Questions?
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