Theory

for

Originaldocument:4June2001.30Sept.03:changedcostosinin(8),(9),(10); RPto1/RPin(12)and(13) SpreadsheetoriginatedbytheIEEEPSRCcommitteeresponsiblefor C37.110"IEEEGuidefortheApplicationofCurrentTransformersUsedforProtectiveRelayingPurposes" PersonresponsibleforcorrectionsorimprovementsGlennSwiftatgswift@ieee.org

CTSATCalculator(PSRC)

Introduction ThespreadsheetCTSaturationCalculatorisintendedtoprovidequickindicationnotonlyof whetherornotaCTwillsaturateinaparticularapplication,butalsoanaccurateindicationof theactualwaveshapeofthesecondarycurrentsothatthedegreeofsaturationasafunctionof timeisapparent.Furthermore,thedataisavailabletotheusertouseasinputtoadigitalrelay model,ifsuchisavailable.TheusercanconvertthedataintoaCOMTRADEfile,forexample. Therearemanytechnicalpapersonthesubjectofmodelingthebehaviorofironcoredcurrent transformersusedforprotectiverelayingpurposes.Oneofthedifficultiesinusingan elaborate model(inanyfieldofengineering)isingettingtheparametersinaparticularcaseinorderto implementthatmodeleasily,efficientlyandaccurately.Forexample,theexcitationcurrentin theregionbelowthekneepointisacomplexcombinationofmagnetizing,hysteresisandeddy currentcomponents,theparametersofwhichareusuallynotknowninaparticularcase. Itturnsout(canbeshown)that,iftheexcitationcurrentwaveformreachesintothesaturated region,thepartofthewaveforminthebelowkneepointregionhasnegligibleeffectonthe overallsolution.Thissimplifiesthesolutiongreatly,withlittleeffectonaccuracy. Iferrorsunderlowcurrent,lowburdenconditionsareofinterest,amoreelaboratemodelmust beused. TestingoftheModel Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.Becausethismodelisnewandquitedifferentfromthose intheliterature,testingagainstrealhighcurrentlaboratoryresultswasimportant.Tothisend, twolaboratoryexamplespublishedinreference(1)werecomparedagainstresultsfromthis program.Theagreementwasveryclose.[Notethecommentattheendofreference(1).] Inaddition,theprogramhashadwidespreadcirculation,andtodatetherearetwoutilityuser reportsofagreementwithpreviousresultsandnoreportsofdisagreement.

Circuitmodel ThecircuitmodelisshowninFig.1.
current transformer model Rw 1:N ideal i1 l is ie burden Rb Lb

N_ ve

i2 = is - i e

nonlinear inductance

Fig.1Circuitmodel. ThesymbolsusedinFig.1aswellasthoseusedinwhatfollowsandonthespreadsheetare listedinthenextsection. Symbols AllunitsareSI:volts,amps,weberturns,ohms,henries,radians,seconds. i1 IP Off 1 i2 is ie Ie Ipk ve Ve Vs instantaneousprimarycurrent rmssymmetricalprimaryfaultcurrent dcoffsetmagnitude(perunit) systemtimeconstant instantaneoussecondarycurrent instantaneousidealsecondarycurrent instantaneousexcitationcurrent rmsexcitationcurrent peakexcitationcurrent instantaneousexcitationvoltage rmsexcitationvoltage rmssaturationvoltage

rem S A RP T Rw Rb Rt Lb

instantaneousfluxlinkages remanence(perunitofVs) inverseofslopeofVevsIecurve parameterofievs curve factordefinedasIe/Ipk radianfrequency=260 oneperiod:2radians windingresistance burdenresistance Rw+Rb burdeninductance

TheExcitationCurve TheexcitationcharacteristicoftheCTisinvariablyaplotofsecondaryrmsvoltageversus secondaryrmscurrent,onloglogaxes,asshowninFig.2. Forthismodel,onlytwoparametersneedtobeextractedfromthecurve: SandVS.SeeFig.3.

Measured points: Ve volts rms

Ie

amps rms

Fig.2Factorysuppliedinformation:theexcitationcurve.

Vs Ve volts rms
actual data model used here

slope = 1/S
log-log plot, equal decade spacing

10 Ie amps rms
Fig.3MethodofdeterminingtheparametersVsandS forthesaturationcurveusedinthemodel. Thereasonforchoosingthesaturationvoltage,Vs,atthepointwheretheexcitationcurrentis tenamps,isthatthisisthedefinitionusedinthestandard.Forexample,aC400CTisonein whichtheexcitationvoltageis400voltsrms(ormore)foranerrorcurrentof10amps.Caution: insettingupaparticularcase,usetheactualvalueforVsratherthantheratingvaluebecausea CTratedC400mayactuallysupply,forexample,423voltsat10amps. Inordertocheckthevalidityofignoringthehighslopelowendofthesaturationcurve,two modelswerecompared:onethemodelofFig.3,andanotherthemodelofFig.4.Aslongasthe conditionwasatornearsaturation,therewasnovisibledifferenceinthesaturationcurves, becausethebelowthekneepointcurrentsareverysmallbycomparisonwithevenmild saturationcurrents.Thedecidedadvantageofeliminatingthisregionfromthemodelisthat thehysteresisandeddycurrentparametersareverydifficulttodetermine.Theyarenot includedinstandarddataforCTs. 3

Vs Ve volts rms
test model

10 Ie amps rms
Fig.4Temporarytestmodel. ConversiontoInstantaneousQuantities Thestraightlinecurvewithslope1/SshowninFig.3isnotlinear.Itisacurvedefined mathematicallyas log Ve = 1 log I e + log Vi S (1)

whereViisthevalueofVeforIe=1,thatisforlogIe=0.Removingthelogs:

Ve = Vi I e S .

(2)

Rememberthattheseareallrmsquantities,presumablymeasuredwithtruermsvoltmeters andammeters.[Astudyhasshownthatifrmscalibratedmeterswereused,witheitherpeak sensitiveorrectifiedaveragesensitiveelements,theeffectonaccuracyisnotsubstantial.] InordertosolvethedifferentialequationsimpliedbythecircuitofFig.1,oneneedsthe instantaneousversusiecurve.Itispostulatedherethatacurvedefinedas

ie = A S

(3)

issuitableaslongastheexponentSisanoddinteger.InordertoallowStobeanypositive number,andkeepthefunctionodd,wecanusethefollowingmoregeneralexpression:

ie = A sgn( ) | | S
wheresgn()isthesignof.SeeFig.5showingasampleplotofthisfunction.

(4)


wb-turns

ie

amps

Fig.5.Postulatedinstantaneousvaluessaturationcurve. ThenextstepistodeterminetheconstantAintermsofknownparameters. First,thefluxlinkagesarerelatedtotheinstantaneousexcitationvoltagevebyFaradays law(TheerrorduetoignoringRwhereisverysmalllessthanthemeasurementerrors involvedindeterminingtheVevsIecurve): ve = d dt (5)

Theexcitationcurveisfoundusingsinusoidalvoltage,whichimpliesthatthefluxlinkagesare alsosinusoidal:
ve = 2Ve cos( t ) ,and

(6) 1 sin(t ) . (7)

= v e dt = 2Ve cos(t ) dt = 2Ve

Theexcitationcurrentisnonsinusoidal,sinceitisanSthorderfunctionof:

2Ve 2Ve S ie = A = A sin(t ) = A sin (t )

S

(8)

Thermsvalueofthiscurrentis,bydefinition:
2S 1 2 2 1 2 2 2Ve 2S Ie = ie dt = A sin (t )dt 2 0 2 0

 2Ve = A

1 2 2S sin (t ) dt 2 0

(9)

Next,wedefinetheratioofrmsvaluetopeakvalueoftheexcitationcurrentas RP:
RP = rms . peak

ForasinusoidRF=0.7071,andforieRPisgivenby

RP =

1 2 2 2S I pk sin (t )dt 2 0 1 2 2 S = sin (t )dt I pk 2 0

(10)

Theabovedefiniteintegral,(andhenceRP)canbestbeevaluatedusingnumericalintegration, andinfactthisisdonedirectlyonthespreadsheetusingtrapezoidalintegrationforthe particularSenteredbytheuser. Fig.6illustratesthedifferencebetweenrms/peakforasinusoidandrms/peakfortheassumed excitationcurrentwaveform:theformfactorRPgetssmallerasthevalueofSincreases.

v e or

peak rms

ie

peak rms

Fig.6Comparisonoftherms/peakrelationshipfortwowaveshapes. Left:excitationvoltageorfluxlinkages.Right:excitationcurrent. Substitutingthisresultintoequation(8),yields

2Ve I e = A RP
S

(11)

ButweknowthatwhenIe=10,Ve=Vs.Substituting,

 2Vs 10 = A RP .

SolvingforA:

A=

10 S

2Vs )

1 . RP

(12)

Equation(4)becomes,therefore,thefundamental ievsrelationship:

ie = sgn( )

10 S

2Vs )

1 | |S asillustratedinFig.5. RP

(13)

SolutionofCircuitModel ThecircuitofFig.1issolvedsimplybywritingKirchhoffsVoltageLawaroundtherighthand loop: ve (i s ie ) Rt Lb d [ i s ie ] = 0 dt (14)

Theforcingfunctionanditsderivativeare:
is = i1 = N 2 Ip N

[Off e

t / Tau1

cos(t cos 1 Off )

(15)

dis = dt

2 I p Off t / Tau1 e + sin(t cos 1 Off ) N Tau1

(16)

Notethat

die die d = dt d dt
and

(17)

die = A S | | S 1 . d
Finally,withsubstitutionsandmanipulation,equation(14)isrewrittenas:

(18)

di d 1 + Lb A S | | S 1 = Rt ie + Rt is + Lb s dt dt

(18)

dependentvariable

forcingfunction

Thisfirstordernonlineardifferentialequationissolvedfor (t)usingstandardnumerical analysistechniques,suchastrapezoidalintegration,RungeKuttaintegration,orsimplestep increments.Thelatterisusedinthespreadsheetprogram,forsimplicity,sincetheaccuracyis sufficientforthisapplication. Thentheexcitation(error)currentieisgivenbyequation(3),andtheactualsecondarycurrent thegoalofthisexerciseby

i 2 = i s ie

(19)

Remanence Withthesinglevaluedsaturationcurveassumedhere,conventionalremanenceisnotpossible becausenonzerocannotoccurforzeroie.However,remanencecanbeapproximatedvery closelybysimplyassumingthattheinitialexcitationcurrentisnonzero.Aquitesmallinitial excitationcurrentwillaccomplishthis,evenforalargeremanence.Forconvenience, remis expressedinperunitofVssincethekneepointitselfisnotdefinedinthismodel.SeeFig.7. Inordertospecifyremaccurately,xmustbespecifiednogreaterthanVkneeinFig.7.Inother words,ifVkneeis80%ofVSthenthevalueofremcannotexceed0.8perunit.

Vs Vknee Ve volts rms y

remanence rem = x/y

10 Ie amps rms
Fig.7Definitionofperunitremanenceusedinthismodel. References (1)Tziouvaras,D.A.,etal,MathematicalModelsforCurrent,Voltage,andCouplingCapacitor VoltageTransformers,WorkingGroupC5ofPSRC,IEEETrans.onPowerDelivery,Jan 2000,pp.6272.(Notethatthereisanerrorinfigures4aand5aofthispaper:therewas actuallynonzeroremanenceforthiscase,asconfirmedwiththeauthors.)