Project Abolo

CHAPTER ONE 1.
0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background The cost of fuel production is very expensive that is why product accountability is very much important to every fuel handling establishment. It also important to ensure that safety standards are upheld so as to protect the product, properties and human resource (personnel) which has been engaged to render essential services. There is several oil companies in the world and each of them have their peculiar missions, objective and targets. Basically, they are categorized into two (2) groups, thus; downstream and upstream oil sectors. The focus of the downstream sector is to ensure that petroleum product is accessible at the retail point; here it is made possible by limited liability companies privately owned by individuals/groups of investors such as bulk oil distributors like fuel trade, oil channel, first deep water, trafigura, Cirus, to mention a few through government established institutions like the Tema Oil Refinery (TOR), Ghana National Petroleum Company Limited (GNPC) and Bulk OIL Storage and Transportation Company Limited (BOST). TORs core mandate is to procure crude oil and refine, GNPC also does explorations as well as procurement of crude in large quantities whiles BOST focuses on strategic fuel reserves, including logistics for effective storage and transportation of petroleum product.
The upstream is basically, companies such as Tullow oil and FPSO whose main engagement is to drill and find oil in large quantities for either export or for domestic consumption. The upstream operations are done offshore (deep seas) where the drilling equipment has been installed; and staff (engineers and technician) normally go there by either helicopter/chopper or by boat. Their activities are of great importance since it
Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 1
generates a lot of revenue for government to embark on developmental projects as there is readily market demand for fuel worldwide.
Much as their work is appreciated, it is important also that products which are drilled from the oil fields are accounted for. It has been established that the product from FPSO is not properly or accurately measured to ascertain the actual quantities before they are dispatched to the world market.
FPSO, an upstream player in the industry has failed in this direction and it is absolutely unacceptable to allow these challenges to persist in this day and age of technological regime. As engineering requires that existing systems are improved to enhance productivity, efficiency and effectiveness, I have been motivated by the issues confronting FPSO in respect of product measurement and wish to design a metering system to curtail the problems, it will also ensure that the vessels are filled to the recommended capacities (quantities) whiles putting safety on the top indentation of operations.
1.2 Statement of the Problem FPSO drills crude oil in commercial quantity in Ghana for onward exportation to the oil market through GNPC. The mode of measurement is inflicting product loss on the economy since the mode of obtaining true quantity of product released into vessels is not just outmoded, but also not safe; this as resulted in loss of revenue to the state.
The bulk of the oil vessels have been calibrated, but need level surface to obtain perfection in measuring; a system which is a challenge on sea due to unevenness surface nature of the sea the vessels berth to receive product into them.
The mode of ascertaining the product quantity released from the field is mainly the use of measuring bars/level indicators which more often than not ends up resulting in inaccuracies.
Finally, it is not safe for this mode of operation to continue because product spillage can occur and this would endanger aqua culture and pollute the sea as a whole.
1.3 Objectives The main objective of this project is to highlight the enormous benefit of the implementation of the use of oil volume metering system which is to be designed as the main source of instrument in the determination of product quantity instead of the ancient existing ways of measurements and discharge of crude oil where the monitoring leaves much to be desired and consequently human factors come into play.
Furthermore, to highlight the effectiveness of this monitoring system of which huge savings is achieved for FPSO in particular and the nation as a whole.
The system to be implemented is to allow the operators to effectively and efficiently monitor the product flow rate and the level in the vessel /tanker. It will enable the operator to plan adequately and also to curtail the risk of crude oil spillage to the barest minimum whiles ensuring that sanity and fairness prevails in the oil industry. 1.4 Scope of study This project when completed will minimize the issue of over delivery/under delivery of petroleum products produced by both upstream and downstream petroleum sector.
It will also enhance the product accountability to optimize the proceeds of the oil emanating from the oil fields or product being delivered to the market by the oil marketing companies as well as refineries. Metering systems would be installed at the source from where the product originates. It can be on the pipelines, vessels, barges, tankers etc. to monitor, indicate and regulate the volume depending on the calibration of the system.
1.5 Significance of Study The significance of this project is to enhance the process of loading vessels at FPSO oil fields in respect of monitoring and controlling product levels in vessels to avoid over delivery/under delivery and also in the avoidance of spillage which will affect nature adversely. This metering system is very safe and conducive to work with since it is not risky to adopt, secondly, it will eliminate the incidence of accident in the cause of determining levels and human errors. Finally, it will improve revenue generation and reduce overhead cost of crude delivery to the world market.
1.6 Limitations of the study This project when completed is to be used for the metering of fluid such as kerosene, gasoline, gas oil, premix fuel, fuel oil, aviation turbine kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, water, crude oil etc.
It is highly sensitive equipment which is designed so as not to exceed the required temperature, pressure and velocity. For this reason it will encounter challenges when it is applied for bitumen or semi-liquid substances.
CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The determination of the quantity of a fluid, either a liquid, vapour, or gas, that passes through a pipe, duct, or open channel. Flow may be expressed as a rate of volumetric flow (such as litres per second, gallons per minute, cubic meters per second, cubic feet per minute), mass rate of flow (such as kilograms per second, pounds per hour), or in terms of a total volume or mass flow (integrated rate of flow for a given period of time). Measurement is accomplished by a variety of means, depending upon the quantities, flow rates, and types of fluids involved. Many industrial process flow measurements consist of a combination of two devices: a primary device that is placed in intimate contact with the fluid and generates a signal, and a secondary device that translates this signal into a motion or a secondary signal for the indicating, recording, controlling, or totalizing the flow. Other devices indicate or totalize the flow directly through the interaction of the flowing fluid and the measuring device that is placed directly or indirectly in contact with the fluid stream. [1]
2.2 Flow Metering System

There are numerous types of flow metering system. The most common types of fluid metering systems are: 1. Velocity flow meter 2. Differential pressure flow meters 3. Positive displacement flow meter 4. Mass flow meters 5. Open channel flow meters
2.2.1 Velocity Flow Meter

These instruments operate linearly with respect to the volume flow rate. Because there is no square-root relationship (as with differential pressure devices), their range ability is greater. Velocity meters have minimum sensitivity to viscosity changes when used at Reynolds numbers above 10,000. Most velocity-type meter housings are equipped with flanges or fittings to permit them to be connected directly into pipelines. [2]
Figure 2.1 shows a turbine flow meter that consists of a multiple-bladed, free spinning and permeable metal rotor housed in a non-magnetic stainless steel body. In operation, the rotating blades generate a frequency signal proportional to the liquid flow rates, which is sensed by the magnetic pickup and transferred to a readout indicator.
Figure 2.1 Velocity Flow Meter 2.2.2 Differential Pressure Flow Meter In a differential pressure flow meter the flow is calculated by measuring the pressure drop over an obstruction inserted in the flow. The differential pressure flow meter is based on the Bernoullis Equation, where the pressure drop and the further measured signal is a function of the square of the flow speed. [3]
2.2.3 Positive-Displacement Meter Operation of the positive displacement meter consists of separating liquids into accurately measured increments and moving them on. Each segment is counted by a connecting register. Because every increment represents a discrete volume, positivedisplacement units are popular for automatic batching and accounting applications. Positive-displacement meter is a good choice for measuring the flows of viscous liquids or for use where a simple mechanical meter system is required. Fiqure 2.2 shows an oscillating piston meter that operates on a magnetic drive principle so that liquid will not come in contact with parts. A partition plates between inlet and outlet ports forces incoming liquid to flow around a cylindrical measuring chamber and through the outlet port. The motion of the oscillating unit is transferred to a magnetic assembly in the measuring chamber, which is coupled to a follower magnet on the outside of the chamber wall.
Figure 2.2 Rotary-Piston Meter
2.2.4 Mass Flow Meter The continuous need for an accurate flow measurement in mass-related processes (chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc.) has resulted in the development of mass flow meters. Various designs are available, but the most commonly used type for liquid flow applications is the Coriolis meter. Its operation is based on the natural phenomenon called the Coriolis force, hence the name. Coriolis effect is a deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the right. The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth and the inertia of the mass experiencing the effect. Newton's laws of motion govern the motion of an object in a (non-accelerating) inertial frame of reference. When Newton's laws are transformed to a rotating frame of reference, the Coriolis and centrifugal forces appear. Both forces are proportional to the mass of the object. The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal force is proportional to its square. The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object's speed in the rotating frame. The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame. These additional forces are termed either inertial forces, fictitious forces or pseudo forces. They allow the application of simple Newtonian laws to a rotating system. They are correction factors that do not exist in a true non-accelerating "inertial" system. Perhaps the most commonly encountered rotating reference frame is the Earth. Because the Earth completes only one rotation per day, the Coriolis force is quite small, and its
effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean. Such motions are constrained by the 2-dimensional surface of the earth, so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important. This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to appear to veer to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern. Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would on a non-rotating planet, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator, and to the left of this direction south of it. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones.[4] A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the mass flow meter, an instrument that measures the mass flow rate and density of a fluid flowing through a tube. The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes. The vibration, though it is not completely circular, provides the rotating
reference frame which gives rise to the Coriolis effect. While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter, sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency, phase shift, and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes. The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid. [5]
2.2.5 Open Channel Flow Meter

The
"open channel" refers to any conduit in which liquid flows with a free surface.
Included are tunnels, non-pressurized sewers, partially filled pipes, canals, streams, and rivers. Of the many techniques available for monitoring open-channel flows, depthrelated methods are the most common. These techniques presume that the instantaneous flow rate may be determined from a measurement of the water depth, or head. Weirs
and plumes are the oldest and most widely used primary devices for measuring openchannel flow in hydraulics. Weirs operate on the principle that an obstruction in a channel causes water to back up, creating a high level (head) behind the barrier. The head is a function of flow velocity, and, therefore, the flow rate through the device. Weirs consist of vertical plates with sharp crests. The top of the plate can be straight or notched. Weirs are classified in accordance with the shape of the notch. The basic types are V-notch, rectangular, and trapezoidal. [6] Meters normally consist of the following components to enable it function effectively and efficiently: 1. Magnetic pickup 2. Rotor assembly 3. Rotor ball 4. Bushing 5. Thrust ball 6. Meter body 2.3 Magnetic pickup A magnetic pickup is essentially a coil wound around a permanently magnetized probe. When discrete ferromagnetic objectssuch as gear teeth, turbine rotor blades, slotted discs, or shafts with keywaysare passed through the probe's magnetic field, the flux density is modulated. This induces AC voltages in the coil. One complete cycle of voltage is generated for each object passed. If the objects are evenly spaced on a
rotating shaft, the total number of cycles is a measure of the total rotation, and the frequency of the AC voltage is directly proportional to the rotational speed of the shaft. (Output waveform is a function not only of rotational speed, but also of gear-tooth dimensions and spacing, pole-piece diameter, and the air gap between the pickup and the gear-tooth surface). The pole-piece diameter should be less than or equal to both the gear width and the dimension of the tooth's top (flat) surface; the space between adjacent teeth should be approximately three times this diameter.[6] Figure 2.3 below, shows a magnetic pickup used in conjunction with a 60-tooth gear to measure the rpm of a rotating shaft. Such a gear is often selected because the output frequency (in Hz) is numerically equal to rpma situation that allows frequency meters to be employed without calibration. For very high rotational speeds, a smaller number of teeth may be used. A magnetic pickup may also be used as a timing or synchronization device for example, in ignition timing of gasoline engines, angular positioning of rotating parts, or stroboscopic triggering of mechanical motion. [7]
Figure 2.3 Magnetic Pickup
Figure 2.4 shows how a turbine flow meter can measure the volumetric flow of a fluid. The fluid flow exerts a force on the turbine blades, causing the meter to rotate. In properly designed flow meters, the output frequency produced by the magnetic pickup is a linear function of the volumetric flow rate. Each output cycle therefore represents the passage of a known volume of fluid, and the flow meter can be accordingly calibrated in cycles per gallon or similar units. This rating is known as the "K factor" of the flow meter. It will vary with the viscosity and flow rate, but is usually quite predictable, with repeatability to within 0.1% in many units.
Figure 2.4 Turbine flow meter
2.3.1 Rotor Assembly
Rotor assembly basically consists of a shaft ad die- cast and both components may be completely machined and assembled. The rationale for the various rotor assembly options are unit volume and desired electric motor efficiency, which relates to concentricity and the air gap between the rotor and stator.[8] 2.3.2 Rotor ball Rotor ball the rotor support is made possible by a ball or a sleeve bearing in a shaft which in turn is held rigidly inside the meter.
2.3.3 Bushing It is a type of vibration isolator. It provides an interface between two parts, damping the energy transmitted through the bushing. A common application is in flow meter rotor suspension systems, where a bushing made of rubber (or, more often, synthetic rubber or polyurethane) separates the faces of two metal objects while allowing a certain amount of movement devoid of metal to metal contact to reduce friction. These bushings often take the form of an annular cylinder of flexible material inside a metallic casing or outer tube. They might also feature an internal crush tube which protects the bushing from being crushed by the fixings which hold it onto a threaded spigot. Many different types of bushing designs exist. An important difference compared with plain bearings is that the relative motion between the two connected parts is accommodated by strain in the rubber, rather than by shear or friction at the interface.
Figure 2.5 Mechanism of a flow meter
2.4 Manual flow meter This type of flow meter in (fig 2.6) can also be employed to measure product quantity into tanks, vessels, barges, oil tankers etc. but has limitations. It is normally applied in a closed loop system to avoid air getting trapped in the metering system but its main disadvantage is that when it is applied in a pump station or vibration area it malfunctions.
Figure 2.6 Manual flow meter

2.5 Design & Construction Variations Most industrial turbine flow meters are manufactured from austenitic stainless steel whereas turbine meters intended for municipal water service are made of bronze or cast iron. The rotor and bearing materials are selected to match the process fluid and the service. Rotors are often made from stainless steel, and bearings of graphite, tungsten carbide, ceramics or sapphire combined with tungsten carbide. In all cases, bearings and shafts are designed to provide minimum friction and maximum resistance to wear. Some corrosion-resistant designs are made from plastic materials such as PVC. Small turbine meters often are called barstock turbines because in sizes of 1.905 to 7.62cm. They are machined from stainless steel hexagonal barstock. The turbine is suspended by a bearing between two hanger assemblies that also serve to condition the flow. This design is suited for high operating pressures (up to 333bars). Similar to a pitot tube differential pressure flow meter, the insertion turbine meter is a point-velocity device. It is designed to be inserted into either a liquid or a gas line to a depth at which the small-diameter rotor reads the average velocity in the line. Because of their sensitivity to the velocity profile of the flowing stream, they are profiled at several points across the flow path. Insertion turbine meters can be designed for gas applications (small, lightweight rotor) or for liquid (larger rotor, water-lubricated bearings). They are often used in large diameter pipelines where it would be cost-prohibitive to install a full size meter. They can be hot-tapped into existing pipelines (15.24cm or larger) through a valving system without shutting down the process. Typical accuracy of an insertion turbine meter is 1% FS, and the minimum flow velocity is about 0.061m/sec.[9] 2.6 Past modes of measuring petroleum product
In the past, various forms were employed in the determination of fluid volume in tanks and vessels. Some of the modes were the use of measuring tapes; with this process, the operator has to climb the tank, assume the product level and apply product paste. The dipping point of the storage tank is located and the tape is lowered into the tank and until it touches the bottom or datum plate where it is rewound back for the actual level of the product. After, the dipping process is completed; a calibration table is referred to for the height to be converted into actual volume of product in the tank. This process is very cumbersome since there can be variations in dipping as well as reading of the volume. The other problem is that when the calibrations of the tanks are not properly done wrong result can be obtained. Since one deals with expensive product like crude oil/ petroleum products, accuracy is required in the day -to- day operations. Safety is another important area of concern in that, with the process of climbing to the top of the tanks and vessels if care is not taken one could slip and fall from a height and this can cause injuries/death to innocent operators/staff no matter how careful one is. Finally, the issue of spillage also comes up since actual volume of product entering tanks is not known immediately.
2.7 Oil Volume Metering System Oil Volume metering System is used for measuring product quantity entering or leaving a fuel depot or oil tankers of vessels. Completion of this project will capture other parameters of great importance. In the oil industry, density and temperature are very essential since it aids in the determination of actual product quantity.
CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The project ensures that product flowing into vessels/tankers is accurately measured by a volumetric meter designed to actualize that achievement. Several oil meters are in existence but this one is unique since it will address most of the critical volumetric issues in respect of the above mentioned and it will also put to rest issues confronting the oil industry for example, loss of revenue. It will also highlight the components which would be employed so as to bring this project into fruition.
3.2 Block Diagrams The Electromagnetic meter consists of a non-ferromagnetic tube wrapped with a magnetic coil. Electrodes in the tubes inner isolated surface are in contact with the liquid (must be conductive) that flows through the tube. The coils around the pipe generate a magnetic field within the tube. The magnetic field inducts a voltage in the liquid, which is proportional to the speed of the liquid in the tube. This voltage is
measured via the electrodes. As the measured voltage is very low, precise low-noise signal conditioning is required. Coriolis meter is a popular Flow meter that directly measures mass flow rate. The pipe through which the fluid is flowing is made to oscillate at a particular resonant frequency by forcing a strong magnetic field on the pipe. When the fluid starts flowing through the pipe, it is subject to Coriolis force. The oscillatory motion of the pipe superimposes on the linear motion of the fluid exerting twisting forces on the pipe. This twisting is due to Coriolis acceleration acting in opposite directions on either side of the pipe and the fluids resistance to the vertical motion. Sensor electrodes are placed on both the inlet and outlet sides which pick up the time difference caused by this motion. This phase shift due to the twisting forces is a direct measurement of mass flow rate. The field coils can be excited with AC or DC or Pulsed DC field. Each method has its own pros and cons and depending on the particular application requirements, one method may be favourable over the other.
Figure 3.1 The Block Diagram of Oil Volume Metering System
3.3 Digital Driver The operation of a mass flow meter is dependent upon the proper oscillation of the flow tube. This is controlled by the drive signal(s) generated by the transmitter. The oscillation of the flow tube (as indicated by the sensor signals) is typically sinusoidal and hence characterized in terms of frequency, phase and amplitude. The drive signal is also often sinusoidal, or at least a regular waveform (e.g. square wave) for which similar
attributes can be defined: the frequency, phase (relative to the sensor signal) and amplitude of the drive signal need to be determined and generated for optimal operation of the flow tube. A commonly-used criterion for optimal operation is that the flow tube should oscillate at its natural frequency of vibration, at fixed amplitude. As measurement algorithms assume constant amplitude of oscillation over the calculation interval (typically 5 500ms), amplitude stability is relevant for measurement quality. For oscillation at the natural frequency, it is necessary for the driving force to be 90 out of phase with the motion of vibration. Conveniently, the most commonly used sensor, based on an electromagnetic coil, measures velocity, hence the sensor signal is 90 out of phase with the motion of the flow tube. Thus an optimal drive signal has the same frequency of oscillation and phase as the sensor signal, with drive amplitude selected to maintain constant sensor amplitude. Matching the drive output to the exact phase of the sensor signal is challenging. With small levels of phase offset, and with benign process conditions, the consequences are small the drive signal power requirement increases. With more significant phase offset between driver and sensor, the flow tube oscillation becomes forced rather than natural. The drive energy requirement also become significantly higher and the drive frequency can drift away from its natural value. Finally, with large phase offset the meter may cease vibrating entirely (stalling), or begin to oscillate in another mode of vibration, typically at a frequency where the phase offset between driver and sensor is closer to an integral multiple of 360 degrees. Analogous issues are seen in power electronics design: for sinusoidal inputs and outputs, digital delay in the control circuitry can lead to inefficiencies. The most common technique for generating a drive signal has been analogue positive feedback, whereby the sensor signal (containing the desired frequency and phase
characteristics) is multiplied by a drive gain factor (either by analogue or digital means). The drive gain required to maintain the desired amplitude of oscillation is proportional to the mechanical damping on the flow tube. Assuming negligible delay in the analogue feedback circuitry, this approach ensures phase matching between sensor input and drive output. Positive feedback is easy to implement, but it provides only partial control of the drive waveform, and cannot prevent unwanted components in the sensor signal (e.g. other modes of vibration) from being fed back into the drive signal. In particular, in the presence of two-phase flow, drive systems based on analogue feedback are prone to stalling. The mechanical damping on the flow tube rises by two orders of magnitude with two-phase flow, and this damping varies rapidly. Most analogue drive systems are unable to track and respond to damping under two-phase flow. Some designs have a maximum drive gain which, if exceeded by the damping, leads to catastrophic collapse in oscillation. High and variable damping leads to low and variable sensor amplitudes, and it is possible to lose track of the sensor signals, especially if they are contaminated with other modes of vibration. An all-digital drive system avoids many of the pitfalls associated with analogue positive feedback. The alternative approach presented in this paper is drive waveform synthesis, whereby the transmitter generates the drive waveform digitally. For example a pure sine wave or square wave, with the required amplitude, frequency and phase characteristics, in order to provide a highly adaptable and precise drive signals. This has several advantages over positive feedback, including full control over the drive waveform, and an ability to maintain operation even in two-phase flow, but has the challenge to match the phase of the sensor signal in real time.
The dynamic response of the meter can be measured by the time required to indicate a step changes in flow. This transmitter has demonstrated a response time of 4ms, between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude faster than other Coriolis meters. This has found industrial application in, for example, short proving runs for custody transfer applications, and filling applications.
The two-phase problem has been transformed into a useful two-phase measurement capability, with numerous industrial applications, particularly in the oil and gas sector.[10]
Figure 3.2 Circuit of an Electronic Driver The main effect is a dramatic rise in the flow tube damping, perhaps by two orders of magnitude. Mechanical energy is lost in the interactions between compressible bubbles,
fluid and flow tube walls, and the drive energy required to maintain oscillation rises sharply. Not only does the damping rise, but it varies rapidly, due to the chaotic nature of the interactions. Similarly, the frequency and amplitude of oscillation exhibit much greater variation than for single phase. The consequences for drive output are as follows: Drive energy saturation. For any intrinsically safe flow tube, there is an absolute limit on the energy supplied to the driver(s) for example 100mA. The default amplitude of oscillation may not be sustainable. Some positive feedback drives cannot exceed a maximum drive gain limit e.g. due to amplifier saturation. This means there is a maximum multiplier between the sensor amplitude in and the drive signal out. Suppose this limit is reached, and the flow tube damping raises again due to yet more gas in the two-phase flow mix. A further rise in drive current to compensate for the increased damping is not possible, due to drive saturation. As a consequence, the sensor amplitude starts to reduce, but this in turn leads, again because of drive saturation, to a drop in the drive signal output; the end result is a catastrophic collapse in oscillation amplitude. The rapid changes in damping, amplitude, frequency and phase on the sensor signal ensures fast and accurate tracking by the transmitter in order to generate an appropriate drive signal. If the drive control update rate is simply too slow, the flow tube may stall due to inattention. Meter transmitter technology is to provide improved measurement performance and robustness. Several features provide improved flow tube control in the face of twophase flow, including:

Measurement and control updates every half drive cycle (typically every 6ms) Rapid dynamic response
Synthesis of a pure sine wave with the required amplitude, frequency and phase characteristics, providing a highly adaptable and precise drive signal.
A non-linear amplitude control algorithm providing stable oscillation. Selection of a sustainable set-point for the amplitude of oscillation during twophase flow.
The ability to generate counter-phase signals or so-called negative gain. [11]
3.4 Analogue to Digital Converter An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital representation. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digitalto-analog converter (DAC). Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes. Typically the digital output will be a two's complement binary number that is proportional to the input, but there are other possibilities. Figure 3.3 below indicates an ADC converter in flow metering system for the project. The voltage output from each sensor and bridge board set is sent to its own MasterTouch microprocessor board for accurate linearization of the flow rate signal. The linearised output signals from the multiple sensors in the probe are then averaged by a
summer/average module. Typically, the probe assemblys averaged output signal is transmitted to the remote Flow Meter System control panel for grand averaging with the signals from other probe assemblies. However, flow transmitter assemblies may be specified with either one average output signal and/or individual signals to allow individual sensor readings at the Flow metering System control panel. Individual sensor and bridge board sets may be periodically tested at the probe location to verify performance. If one or more sets are not functioning as required, they may be removed from the probe signal average by removing the sensor input wire and turning off a DIP switch on the averager board without affecting overall Flow Metering Systems operation. The individual sensor and bridge board sets are field replaceable without complete probe disassembly. [11]
Figure 3.3 Analogue to Digital Converter installed in flow meter 3.5 Digital to Analogue Converter A DAC converts an abstract finite-precision number (usually a fixed-point binary number) into a physical quantity (e.g., a voltage or a pressure). In particular, DACs are often used to convert finite-precision time series data to a continually varying physical signal.
A typical DAC converts the abstract numbers into a concrete sequence of impulses that are then processed by a reconstruction filter using some form of interpolation to fill in data between the impulses. Other DAC methods (e.g., methods based on Delta-sigma modulation) produce a pulse-density modulated signal that can then be filtered in a similar way to produce a smoothly varying signal. As per the NyquistShannon sampling theorem, a DAC can reconstruct the original signal from the sampled data provided that its bandwidth meets certain requirements (e.g., a baseband signal with bandwidth less than the Nyquist frequency). Digital sampling introduces quantization error that manifests as low-level noise added to the reconstructed signal. Instead of impulses, usually the sequences of numbers update the analogue voltage at uniform sampling intervals. These numbers are written to the DAC, typically with a clock signal that causes each number to be latched in sequence, at which time the DAC output voltage changes rapidly from the previous value to the value represented by the currently latched number. The effect of this is that the output voltage is held in time at the current value until the next input number is latched resulting in a piecewise constant or 'staircase' shaped output. This is equivalent to a zero-order hold operation and has an effect on the frequency response of the reconstructed signal. The fact that DACs output is a sequence of piecewise constant values (known as zeroorder hold in sample data textbooks) or rectangular pulses causes multiple harmonics above the Nyquist frequency. Usually, these are removed with a low pass filter acting as a reconstruction filter in applications that require it. 3.6 Processor
A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drives a computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor. 3.7 Fuel Sensors A fuel sensor is a device for sensing the fluid. Typically a fuel sensor is the sensing element used in a fuel meter, or flow logger, to record the volume of fluids. As is true for all sensors, absolute accuracy of a measurement requires functionality for calibration. There are various kinds of fuel sensors and fuel meters, including some that have a vane that is pushed by the fluid, and can drive a rotary potentiometer, or similar devices. Other flow sensors are based on sensors which measure the transfer of heat caused by the moving medium. This principle is common for micro sensors to measure fuel quantity. Fuel meters are related to devices called velocimeters that measure velocity of fluids flowing through them. Laser-based interferometer is often used for air flow measurement, but for liquids, it is easier to measure the flow. Another approach is Doppler-based methods for flow measurement. Hall Effect sensors may also be used, on a flapper valve, or vane, to sense the position of the vane, as displaced by fluid. [12] Figure 3.4a and Figure 3.4b below indicates/illustrate the circuit diagram and typical connections respectively.
Figure 3.4a Circuit Diagram of a sensor
Figure 3.4b Sensor Connected to Oil Volume Metering System
CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 SYSTEM DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses in detail the block diagram for the project; highlight the important components including the main circuit diagram and its operation.
4.2 Circuit Diagram of the Oil Volume Metering System

Figure 4.1 on the next page indicates the circuit diagram and the various components which can mitigate the issues of uncertainty in measuring fluid.
Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of fuel metering system
4.3 Power Supply Unit

In every electronic unit or equipment it is necessary to get it connected a power supply unit or batteries (dry cells) and so is the flow metering system. It is powered by a 3v 1 amp power supply. Since it is a DC voltage supply, an AC voltage was converted with the utilization of rectifiers (diodes), step down transformer, filtration system components and short circuit protection unit. The regulated power supply is to provide the necessary dc voltage and current, with low levels of ac ripple and with stability and regulation. There are various methods of achieving a stable dc voltage from ac mains. The two methods are more commonly used. These are used; (i) a linear voltage regulator and (ii) A switching mode regulator. Several types of both linear and switching regulators are available in integrated circuit (IC) form. By using the linear voltage regulator method, a regulated dual dc power supply must be procured. [14] Figure 4.2 below Indicates a Block diagram of rectification process.
Figure 4.2 Block Diagram of the Regulated Voltage DC Power Supply

Through combination of step down transformer, rectifier, filters and voltage regulators together, a regulated dual voltage dc power supply circuit is obtained shown in Figure 4.3. This is the circuit, which gives regulated 1.2V to 15V supply. ICs LM 317T and LM 337T are used here as positive and negative regulators respectively. The LM 317T regulator has internal feedback regulating mechanism with current passing elements. It incorporates various protection circuits such as current limit (which limits package power dissipation to 15 watts for the TO-220 package) and thermal shutdown. Thus these two ICs form an independently adjustable bipolar power supply. Capacitors, although not always necessary are sometimes used on the input and output as indicated in figure 4.3. The output capacitors C7 and C8 acts basically as line filter to improve transient response. The input capacitors C3 and C4 are used to prevent unwanted oscillations when the regulator is some distance away from the power supply filter such that the line has a significant inductance. D5 and D6 prevent short-circuit for input and output terminals. The TO-220 package easily provides one ampere each if the heat sinks are properly mounted. Variable resistors VR1 and VR2 are adjusted for each regulator to give a regulated output approximately between 1.2V to 15V. Capacitors C 5 and C6 are used to improve AC ripple voltage rejection. However, if a short-circuit occurs across the regulator outputs, C5 and C6 can adjust the current in the terminals. The output can be calculated by the formula:
V0 = 1.25 V (1 + VR1 ) ----------------------------------------------------R1
4.1
I L (max) = Pd Vdifferent
---------------------------------------------------------4.2
Figure 4.3 Bridge rectifier
Table 4.1 Values of component required Component Resistors R1, R2 VR1, VR2 Capacitor C1, C2 C3,C4 C5, C6 C7, C8 Diodes D1, D2, D3, D4 D5, D6 ICs IC1 IC2 Miscellaneous Transformer Meters Switch 220V AC Primary: to 18V-0-18V, 3A Sec: (0-30)V DC Voltmeters ON/OFF switch LEDs, Heat sinks, PCB, Knobs, Solder, Wires, Sockets, Fuse etc: 1N 5402 diodes 1N 4007 diodes LM 317T, Adjustable positive voltage regulator LM 337T, Adjustable negative voltage regulator 4700F/25V, ELE 0.1F/25V, CD 10F/25V, ELE 1F/35V, ELE 330, W, 5% 5K, Potentiometer Value
Table 4.2 Characteristic of LM regulator

Parameter Line Regulation Load Regulation
Thermal Regulation Adj: Pin Current Reference Voltage Temperature Stability Ripple Rejection Ratio Current Limit (Max) Current Limit (Min)
Conditions TA = 25 C, 3V Vin Vout 40V TA = 25 C, 10mA Iout Imax Vout 5V Vout 5V TA = 25 C, 20ms Pulse
LM317/LM337 0.04
Units %/V mV % %/W A V % Db A A
Tmin Tj Tmax Vout = 10V, F = 120Hz, Cadj 10F (VIN VOUT 15V) (VIN VOUT = 40V)
25.00 0.4 0.07 100.0 1.25 1.00 = 80.00 1.00 0.40
4.3.1 LM78xx Series Voltage Regulator Choosing a linear regulator for an application involves more than looking for the part with the lowest dropout voltage or lowest cost. Although IC manufacturers promote regulators with very low dropout voltages, these are often the most expensive part in their product line and not necessarily the best solution. By considering system specifications such as minimum and maximum input voltage, load current and system cost, a designer are able choose the best regulator for an application. The three bipolar output structures found in most linear regulators has advantages, as well as disadvantages and the reasons for using certain output stages in certain situations are discussed. Throughout the project, design examples are provided to illustrate the process of selecting the right output structure for a given set of system conditions. [15] The LM78XX monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and
distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power package. The LM78XXC series is available in the TO-220 plastic power package, and the LM340-5.0 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the LM340-5.0 and LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 package. The features of the components are as follows; Complete specifications at 1A load Output voltage tolerances of 2% at Tj = 25C and 4% over the temperature range (LM340A) Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load (LM340A) Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A) Internal thermal overload protection Internal short-circuit current limit Output transistor safe area protection P+ Product Enhancement tested [16]
4.3.2 Microcontroller A microcontroller is a computer. All computers -- whether a personal desktop computer or a large mainframe computer or a microcontroller they have several things in common:
All computers have a CPU (central processing unit) that executes programs. The CPU in a machine executes a program that implements the Web browser that is displaying this page.
The CPU loads the program from somewhere. On your desktop machine, the browser program is loaded from the hard disk.
The computer has a RAM (random-access memory) where it can store "variables."
The computer has an input and output devices so that it can communicate to people. On your desktop machine, the keyboard and mouse are input devices and the monitor and printer are output devices. A hard disk is an I/O device -- it handles both input and output.
The computer is a "general purpose computer" that can run a lot of programs. Microcontrollers are "special purpose computers. There are a number of other common characteristics that define microcontrollers. If a computer matches a majority of these characteristics, then can be referred to as "microcontroller": Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside other device (often a consumer product) so that they can control the features or actions of the product. Another name for a microcontroller, therefore, is "embedded controller."
Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is stored in ROM (read-only memory) and generally does not change.
Microcontrollers are often low-power devices. A desktop computer is almost always plugged into a wall socket and might consume 50 watts of electricity. A battery-operated microcontroller might consume 50 mill watts.
A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often (but not always) has a small LED or LCD display for output. A microcontroller also takes input from the device it is controlling and controls the device by sending signals to different components in the device.
For example, the microcontroller inside a TV takes input from the remote control and displays output on the TV screen. The controller controls the channel selector, the speaker system and certain adjustments on the picture tube electronics such as tint and brightness. The engine controller in a car takes input from sensors such as the oxygen and knock sensors and controls the fuel mix and spark plug timing. A microwave oven controller takes input from a keypad, displays output on an LCD display and controls a relay that turns the microwave generator on and off.
A microcontroller is often small and is low in cost. The components are selected to minimize size and to be as inexpensive as possible.
The microcontroller controlling a car's engine, for example, has to work in temperature extremes that a normal computer generally cannot handle. On the other hand, a microcontroller embedded inside a VCR has not been ruggedized at all. The actual processor used to implement a microcontroller can vary widely. For example, the cell phone shown on Inside a Digital Cell Phone contains a Z-80 processor. The Z-80 is an 8-bit microprocessor developed in the 1970s and originally used in home computers of the time. The Garmin GPS shown in How GPS Receivers Work contains a low-power version of the Intel 80386, I am told. The 80386 was originally used in desktop computers. In many products, such as microwave ovens, the demand on the CPU is fairly low and price is an important consideration. In these cases, manufacturers turn to dedicated
microcontroller chips -- chips that were originally designed to be low-cost, small, lowpower, embedded CPUs. The Motorola 6811 and Intel 8051 are both good examples of such chips. There is also a line of popular controllers called "PIC microcontrollers" created by a company called Microchip. By current standards, these CPUs are incredibly minimalistic; but they are extremely inexpensive when purchased in large quantities and can often meet the needs of a device's designer with just one chip. A typical low-end microcontroller chip might have 1,000 bytes of ROM and 20 bytes of RAM on the chip, along with eight I/0 pins in large quantities, and are often very cheap. Microsoft Word cannot be run on such a chip -- Microsoft Word requires perhaps 30 megabytes of RAM and a processor that can run millions of instructions per second. But then, one does not need Microsoft Word to control a microwave oven, either. With a microcontroller, one has one specific task on how to accomplish, and as such low-cost and low-power performance is what is important.
4.3.3 Liquid Cristal Display

Figure 4.4 is a pictorial view of a liquid crystal display (LCD), it is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, telephones and flow metering display. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eye. They are available in a wider range of
screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. The most flexible ones use an array of small pixels.[17] In spite of LCD's being a well proven and still viable technology, as display devices LCDs are not perfect for all applications. The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the component.

Very compact and light. Low power consumption. No geometric distortion. Little or no flicker depending on backlight technology. Not affected by screen burn-in. No high voltage or other hazards present during repair/service. Can be made in almost any size or shape. No theoretical resolution limit Limited viewing angle, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intended viewing angle, by variations in posture.
Bleeding and uneven backlighting in some monitors, causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges.
Smearing and ghosting artifacts caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and "sample and hold" operation.
Only one native resolution. Displaying resolutions either requires a video scaler, lowering perceptual quality, or display at 1:1 pixel mapping, in which images will be physically too large or won't fill the whole screen.
Fixed bit depth, many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262,000 colors. 8bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.
Input lag Dead or stuck pixels may occur either during manufacturing or through use. In a constant on situation, thermalization may occur, which is when only part of the screen has overheated and therefore looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.
Not all LCDs are designed to allow easy replacement of the backlight. Cannot be used with light guns/pens.[18]
Figure 4.4a Typical picture of a liquid crystal display
Figure 4.4b Structure of a Liquid Crystal Display

A liquid crystal display consists of two substrates that form a "flat bottle" that contains the liquid crystal mixture. The inside surfaces of the bottle or cell are coated with a polymer that is buffed to align the molecules of liquid crystal. The liquid crystal
molecules align on the surfaces in the direction of the buffing. For twisted pneumatic devices, the two surfaces are buffed orthogonal to one another, forming a 90 degree twist of the liquid crystal from one surface to the other. The helical structure has the ability to control light. A polarizer is applied to the front and an analyzer/reflector is applied to the back of the cell. When randomly polarized light passes through the front polarizer, it becomes linearly polarized. It then passes through the front glass and is rotated by the liquid crystal molecules and passes through the rear glass. If the analyzer is rotated 90 degree to the polarizer, the light passes through the analyzer and be reflected back through the cell. The observer sees the background of the display, which in this case, is the silver-gray of the reflector. When an appropriate drive signal is applied to the cell electrodes, an electric field is set up across the cell. The liquid crystal molecules re-align with the electric field perpendicularly to the glass surface. The incoming linearly polarized light passes through the cell unaffected and is absorbed by the rear analyzer. The observer sees a black character on a sliver-gray background as indicated in figure 4.4b above. When the electric field is turned off, the molecules relax back to their 90 twist structure. This is referred to as a Positive Image, Reflective Viewing Mode.[19] This display aids in the determination of actual product quantity emanating from the oil field which is the main objective of the project for effective and efficient accountability.
Figure 4.5 shows a block diagram of microcontroller MSP430x412, MSP430x413 which forms the integral part of the circuit. This chip is the heart of the metering system and the terminals are clearly labelled to indicate their functions.
Figure 4.5 Block diagram of microcontroller MSP430x412, MSP430x413
Table 4.4 Terminal functions
TERMINAL NAME AVCC AVSS DVCC DVSS NC P1. 0/TAO P1. 1/TAO/MCLK P1..2/TA1 P1.3/SVSOUT P1.4 P1.5/TACLK/ACLK P1.6/CAO P1.7/CA1 P2.0/TA2 P2.1 P2.2/S23 P2.3/S22 P2.4/S21 P2.5/S20 P2.6/CAOUT/S19 P2.7/S18 P3.0/S17 P3.1/S16 P3.2/S15 P3.3/S14 P3.4/S13 P3.5/S12 P3.6/S11 P3.7/S10 P4.0/S9 P4.1/S8 P4.2/S7 P4.3/S6 P4.4/S5 P4.5/S4 P4.6/S3 P4.7/S2 P5.0/S1 P5.1/SO NO. 64 62 1 63 7, 10, 11 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O DESCRIPTION Positive terminal that supplies SVS, brownout, oscillator, comparator A port, and LCD resistive divider circuitry, must not power up prior to DVcc. Negative terminal that supplies SVS, brownout, oscillator, comparator A. Needs to be externally connected to DVss Digital supply voltage, positive terminal. Supplies all parts, except those which are supplied via Avcc. Digital supply voltage, positive terminal. Supplies all parts, except those which are supplied via Avcc/AVss. Not internally connected. Connection to vss recommended. General purpose digital I/O timer _A, capture: CCIOA input, compare:Out0 output/BSL transmit General purpose digital I/O timer _A, capture: CCIOB input/MCLK output. General-purpose digital I/O Timer_ O capture: CCI1A input, compare:Out1 output General-purpose digital I/O SVS comparator General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O input of Timer_A clock/output of ACLK General-purpose digital I/O Comparator_A input General-purpose digital I/O Comparator_A input General-purpose digital I/O Timer_A capture:CCI2A input, compare: Out2 output General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 23 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 22 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 21 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 20 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O /comparator_A output/LCD segment output 19 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 18 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 17 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 16 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 15 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 14 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 13 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 12 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 11 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 10 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 9 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 8 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 7 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 6 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 5 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 4 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 3 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 2(see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 1 (see Note 1) General-purpose digital I/O LCD segment output 0 (see Note 1)
COM 0 P5.2/COM1 P5.3/COM2 P5.4/COM3 R03 P5.5/R13 P5.6/R23 P5.7/R33 P6.0 P6.1 P6.2 P6.3 P6.4 P6.5 P6.6 P6.7 RST/NMI TCK TDI/CLK TDO/TDI TMS XIN XOUT QFN Pad
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 59 60 61 2 3 4 5 6 58 57 55 54 56 8 9 NA
O I/O I/O I/O I I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I I I I/O I I O NA
Common output. COM0-3 are used for LCD backplanes General-purpose digital I/O Common output. COM0-3 are used for LCD backplanes General-purpose digital I/O Common output. COM0-3 are used for LCD backplanes General-purpose digital I/O Common output. COM0-3 are used for LCD backplanes Input port of positive forth positive (lowest) analogue LCD level (V5) General-purpose digital I/O input port of third most positive analogue LCD level (V4 or V3) General-purpose digital I/O input port of second most positive analogue LCD level (V2) General-purpose digital I/O input port of most positive analogue LCD level (V1) General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O General-purpose digital I/O Reset input/Nonmaskable interrupt input Test clock. TCK is the input port for device programming and test. Test data input/ Test clock input. The device protection fuse is connected to TDI. Test data output port TDO/TDI data output or programming data input terminal. Test mode select. TMS is used as an input port for device programming and test. Input port for crystal oscillator XT1. Standard or watch crystal can be connected. Output terminal of crystal oscillator TX1. QFN package pad connection to Vss NOTE: LCD functions automatically when applicable LCD module control bit are set.
4.3.4 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Figure 4.6 shows a symbol of an LED which serve as indicator when the circuit in functional state.
Figure 4.6 Symbol of an LED
An LED is a specially fabricated semiconductor PN-junction diodes that emit monochromatic (single colour) light when forward biased. When a PN-junction is forward biased, free electrons cross the junction and fall into the holes. As these electrons fall from a higher energy to a lower energy level, they radiate energy. In ordinary diodes, this energy is radiated in a form of heat. But LEDs have the unique ability of producing light while conducting current through them.[20] LEDs are observed to be energy efficient, costly effective, small in size, light in weight and then also they require no warm-up time and hence they have fast on-off switching. This device was employed to serve as indicator when the metering system is switched to on or off position. 4.4 Operation of the equipment The designed volumetric metering system should be installed at the end of the fuel hose adjacent to the nozzle or installed in line either horizontal or vertically. If installed and used correctly, you can expect accuracy within 5%. The meter is designed for use with gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, crude oil and any other petroleum fluid. This volumetric metering system will turn on automatically upon sensing fuel when activated or connected to power source. However, it can manually be turned on by pressing the display bottom (display). It also turns off automatically if not used for about one minute. Furthermore, this volumetric metering system maintains two totals. The batch total (TTL 1) may be set to zero and measures flow during a single use. The cumulative total (TTL 2) provides continuous measurement and may not be manually reset.
When the cumulative total reaches a maximum reading of 9999, it automatically reset to zero. Press the DISPLAY button (DISPLAY) briefly to switch between TTL 1 and TTL 2. With TTL 1 showing, hold the DISPLAY button down for three seconds to zero the batch total. Its flow rate capability is 10 to 100 LPM for pump or gravity flow systems with pressure not exceeding 20.7 bar; operating temperature not below -10C and not exceeding 54C and storage temperature not below -40C and not exceeding 70C. 4.5 Maintenance of the flow metering system The volumetric metering system is virtually maintenance free if the meter is kept clean and free of contaminants. It is extremely important that the rotor moves freely. Periodically apply a penetrating lubricant on the rotor shaft and bearing if the rotor sticks. Use a soft brush or small probe to remove debris deposits from the rotor.
CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Results
The objective for the design of the oil volume metering system is to ensure proper petroleum product accountability in the oil industry/fields to enhance revenue generation. There have been instances where product spillage has occurred due to the inaccurate modes of measurement. Any time there was petroleum under delivery or over delivery it posed lot of challenges in the operation of that establishment. The Consequences of crude oil spillage cannot be over-emphasised with regards to its volatility. It could trigger fire when a little spark or heat is introduced and this could cause serious destruction to properties and loss of lives. The demonstration of the prototype exhibited that the aim of the accomplished its desired results. When the system was put to test the following result was obtained: The meter was connected to a tap and was able to dispense water into a 1.5 litre container which registered the exact quantity. The meter was able to reset to zero to ensure it readiness to execute another operation in respect of tank loading/discharging. This could be interpreted that the system is functional and would serve the required purpose which was intended for. Consequently when it is employ in FPSO, it would assist in the determination of product quantity released from their oil field effectively and efficiently.
5.2 Cost Analysis

The major hardware employed in the project was Microcontroller chip, sensor, liquid crystal display, step-down transformer, volume meter housing, rectifier and printed circuit board.
5.1 Table of material cost

Item No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of the item Microcontroller chip Liquid crystal display Meter housing Rectifier Transformer Packaging Fittings Printed circuit board Power cord Sensor Total Cost in Gh 450 55 85 25 5 50 25 30 5 85 815
1. Cost of the design of the metering system (labour cost) = GH300 2. Overhead cost (10%) Total Cost = GH55.75 = GH1170.75
Volumetric metering system is capital intensive in respect of acquisition of essential materials such as microcontroller, sensor, meter housing, LCD and printed circuit board; conversely it is cost effective for short and long term project. Close to 60% of the materials could be obtained locally, for instance step down transformer, rectifiers, resisters, voltage regulators power cord etc.
5.3 Discussions
Comparing the digital Volumetric metering system to the existing ancient mode of measurement in FPSO oil field, thus the use of measuring bar and level gauges which may need additional security measures by engaging additional personnel and commit extra wages and salaries, the development and use of digital oil Volume metering system is highly effective in terms of cost and efficiency. The present mode of measurement required not less than five personnel since the process is cumbersome as a result some of the staffs are put at vantage point to monitor product flow to ensure that spillage does not occur. Some personnel are also engaged to patrol on the vessel to dip/measure the product after the loading process is complete for dispatch to the receiving end by using dip bars and measuring tapes. Considering the volume of staff required, this oil volume metering system could cut down the size of personnel to about 70% given that the meter would register the actual volume released from the field. Furthermore, is would result in making a lot of savings for the establishment with regard to payment of huge salaries and also dealing with product loss which affect the economy in terms of revenue. The advantages which this flow metering system renders are: The system is noiseless. Easy to repair. Easy to operate. Require one personnel to operate. Less expensive comparatively to the existing measuring devices. Low power consumption.
CHAPTER SIX 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
The demonstration carried out on the prototype established the prospect to oil fields secured from over delivery/under delivery of petroleum product by using digital oil volume metering system technology. The process of using digital metering system which is mainly controlled by an embedded microcontroller for oil marketing companies, bulk oil distributors, refineries, oil storage and transportation companies and crude oil drilling fields ensure that petroleum products are accurately measured and thus prevent spillage, use of more personnel and ultimately cut down losses and risk. If product runs through the system it automatically reactivates and registers the quantity of product entering the vessel, overhead tank, underground tank, barges and any other fuel tank. The advantage of this system is that, it could render perfect measurement of volume into tanks which other modes of measurement could not offer.
6.2 Recommendation
This system could be employed in oil industries which deal with less/bulk oil distribution. It can also be used in the refineries where crude oil is refined for onward distribution. The system could be reviewed in future to capture other important quantities such as density, temperature, volume correction factor and pressure.
REFERENCE [1] Zamora, ME, H, and Henry, Digital Control of a Coriolis Mass Flow Meter, Vol. 55, 2008. [2] Henry, MP, Zamora ME, Start-up Techniques for a Digital Flow meter P256, Mar 2011. [3] Henry, MP, Zamora ME, Drive Techniques for a Digital Flow meter, Feb 2007. [4] www.maxiflow.com, flow meter types and their principles, Nov 2011. [5] www.maxiflow.com, Korea instrumentation and control association, Nov 2011 [6] Daytronic corporation, The instrumentation system and automation society, Sep 2011. [7] Woodward, Magnetic Pickups, 1983. [8] Elco-motors.co.uk, Elko fan and motors, Aug 2010. [9] Ti.com, Flow meter solutions, Aug 2011. [10] IEEE, Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, July 2008. [11] Glenn F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement 2nd ed. 2002. [12] Wiley John & Sons, pp. 665666 2003. [13] Nicholson P. W, Nuclear Electronics, pp. 315316, 2004. [14] Thomas F. L, Electronic Devices Fourth Editions, Prentice Hall, Inc, 2002. [15] Kamal W, Electronics Projects, 2001. [16] Kamal W, Electronics Projects, 2nd ed, 2002. [17]www.howstuffworks.com,microcontrollers, 2011. [18] J.W. Steed and J.L. Atwood, Supramolecular Chemistry 2nd ed, John Wiley and Sons, p844 2009. [19] IEEE, Milestones Liquid Crystal Display, August 2011. [20] Kulshreshtha D.C, Electronic Devices and Circuits pp. 450, 2009.
GLOSSARY
AC RPM HZ PVC DC DAC ADC RAM PC CPU I/P O/P V C D VR PCB LED T A VOUT TV LCD VCR GPS LCs CRT MCLOCK COM RST NMI TTL LPM C FPSO Alternating Current Revolution Per Minute Hertz Polyvinyl Chloride Direct Current Digital Analogue Converter Analogue Digital Converter Random Access memory Personal Computer Central Processing Unit Input Output Voltage Capacitor Diode Variable Resistor Printed Circuit Board Light Emitting Diode Temperature Ampere Voltage Output Television Light Emitting Diode Video Cassette Recorder Global Positioning System Liquid Crystals Cathode Ray Tube Memory Clock Communication Reset Nonmaskable interrupt input Transistor Transistor Logic Liter Per minute Degree Celsius Floating Production, Storage and Offloading
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4a 3.4b 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4a 4.4b 4.5 4.6 TITLE PAGE
Velocity Flow meter------------------------------------------------------------------6 Rotary Flow meter--------------------------------------------------------------------7 Magnetic Pickup---------------------------------------------------------------------11 Turbine Flow Meter-----------------------------------------------------------------12 Mechanism of a Flow Meter ------------------------------------------------------13 Manual Flow Meter----------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Block Diagram of Oil Volume Metering System------------------------------18 Circuit Diagram of an electronic Driver-----------------------------------------22 Analogue to Digital Converter Installed in Fuel Meter-----------------------25 Circuit Diagram of a Sensor-------------------------------------------------------28 Sensor Connected in Oil Volume Metering System---------------------------29 Schematic Diagram of Fuel Meter------------------------------------------------31 Block Diagram of the Regulated Voltage DC Power Supply----------------32 Bridge Rectifier----------------------------------------------------------------------34 Typical picture of a liquid crystal display--------------------------------------42 Structure of a Liquid Crystal Display-------------------------------------------43 Block diagram of Microcontroller------------------------------------------------45 Symbol of an LED-----------------------------------------------------------------47
LIST OF TABLES TABLE 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 TITLE PAGE
Values of component required-------------------------------------------35 Characteristic of LM regulator-------------------------------------------36 Terminal functions-----------------------------------------------------46-47 Table of material cost-----------------------------------------------------51
APPENDIX FINISHED PROTOTYPE

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CHAPTER ONE 1.

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 1

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 2

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 3

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 4

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Flow Metering System

2.2.1 Velocity Flow Meter

Figure 2.2 Rotary-Piston Meter

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 7

2.2.5 Open Channel Flow Meter

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 9

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 10

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 11

Figure 2.3 Magnetic Pickup

Figure 2.4 Turbine flow meter

2.3.1 Rotor Assembly

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 12

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 13

Figure 2.5 Mechanism of a flow meter

Figure 2.6 Manual flow meter

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 15

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 16

Josiah K. Attah, BENG (Hons) Regent Ghana 17

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Figure 3.1 The Block Diagram of Oil Volume Metering System

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The ability to generate counter-phase signals or so-called negative gain. [11]

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Figure 3.4a Circuit Diagram of a sensor

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Figure 3.4b Sensor Connected to Oil Volume Metering System

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CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 SYSTEM DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.2 Circuit Diagram of the Oil Volume Metering System

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Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of fuel metering system

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4.3 Power Supply Unit

Figure 4.2 Block Diagram of the Regulated Voltage DC Power Supply

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Figure 4.3 Bridge rectifier

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Table 4.2 Characteristic of LM regulator

Parameter Line Regulation Load Regulation

Units %/V mV % %/W A V % Db A A

25.00 0.4 0.07 100.0 1.25 1.00 = 80.00 1.00 0.40

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4.3.3 Liquid Cristal Display

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Figure 4.4a Typical picture of a liquid crystal display

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Figure 4.4b Structure of a Liquid Crystal Display

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