SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA

FOR BRAZILIANS

ENGLISH

Caros Alunos, O compromisso com a educao de todos que compem a sociedade reflete a prtica fiel e cotidiana do exerccio da cidadania. Ns, que fazemos a Universidade de Pernambuco, buscamos, em nosso diaa-dia, atravs da implantao de projetos e de outros procedimentos, honrar esses compromissos com vistas a inserir o homem em seu contexto social, celebrando a sua dignidade, promovendo aes que resultem na construo do homem pelo prprio homem. Respaldada nesses propsitos e fundamentos, a Universidade de Pernambuco, atravs do Instituto de Apoio Universidade de Pernambuco IAUPE, persiste numa caminhada crescente, voltada a ampliar conhecimentos, especificamente nas reas de lnguas estrangeiras e da informtica, por estar ciente da relevncia que essas assumem na contemporaneidade. Considerado atividade de extenso universitria, o Projeto Lnguas e Informtica PROLINFO, em seu terceiro ano de existncia, busca, atravs de seus objetivos e metas, perseverar nas vias da qualidade. A oferta de cursos nas reas de Ingls, Espanhol e Informtica comprova os princpios e a filosofia que permeiam o perfil de uma Universidade visivelmente comprometida com a excelncia em todos os segmentos dos quais se julga partcipe. Boa Sorte! Prof. MS. Carlos Silva Coordenador-Geral PROLINFO

SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA

ENGLISH FOR BRAZILIANS

4
EDUPE 2012

CONTENTS

Lesson 1: William Shakespeare ..................................................................................... 7 Grammar: Infinitive/ Gerund ............................................................................................ 8 Lesson 2: New York........................................................................................................ 13 Grammar: Passive voice ................................................................................................... 14 Lesson 3: Scotland Yard ................................................................................................ 18 Grammar: Present Perfect................................................................................................. 19 Numbers ......................................................................................................... 22 Lesson 4: The Red Cross ................................................................................................ 25 Grammar: Past Perfect ...................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 5: The Moon Walk ............................................................................................. 30 Grammar: Future Perfect .................................................................................................. 31 Future Continuous .......................................................................................... 31 Future Perfect Continuous .............................................................................. 32 Lesson 6: The White House ........................................................................................... 33 Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns ......................................................................................... 34 Relative Pronouns ............................................................................................ 35 Lesson 7: Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................. 37 Grammar: Reported Speech.............................................................................................. 38 Lesson 8: Christmas ....................................................................................................... 42 Grammar: Conditional Sentences ..................................................................................... 42

Exercise Reinforcement ................................................................................................. 46 Lesson 1 ............................................................................................................................ 47 Lesson 2 ............................................................................................................................ 50 Lesson 3 ............................................................................................................................ 53 Song: U2 I Still Havent Found What Im Looking For ............................................... 55 Lesson 4 ............................................................................................................................ 56 Lesson 5 ............................................................................................................................ 58 Lesson 6 ............................................................................................................................ 60 Lesson 7 ............................................................................................................................ 63 Lesson 8 ............................................................................................................................ 66 Song: BEYONCE If I Were A Boy............................................................................... 69

Unit 1

William Shakespeare
Listen and practice. William Shakespeare was an English poet and dramatist born at Stratford-on-Avon. He lived at a time when new lands were being discovered, new ideas were rising, and people were anxious to learn all that was to learn. There are four periods in his career which covered about twenty years - from 1591 to 1611. In the beginning he adapted a lot of stories for plays such as Romeo and Juliet. Neither the plot nor all of the characters were his own, but he put into them such ardor and beauty that they became known as his own. The plays of the second period consist largely of comedies and history. England was eager to see her glorious and eventful history on stage so Shakespeare wrote a series of plays. In the third period Shakespeare begins to question life and death and his plays became sadder and deeply philosophic. Hamlet belongs to this period. The last period combines wisdom and a more cheerful outlook on life.

1 - ORAL QUESTIONS a) b) c) d) Who was William Shakespeare? What was happening in the world when he lived? How many periods are there in his career? Describe the characteristics of each period.

Discussion: Why does the story of Romeo and Juliet interest people even nowadays?

2 - GRAMMAR STRUCTURE GERUND AND INFINITIVE I A gerund is the form of a verb when it acts as a noun; a gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. a) The gerund can be the subject of a sentence: Smoking costs a lot of money. Painting is a very good activity. b) The gerund is used after prepositions: She is tired of working. Beth apologized for making a mistake. Some prepositions: of, about, in, on, for, from, with, at. c) The gerund is used after the verb go when it indicates common activities. Lets go shopping. Im going camping this morning. Last week I went swimming. d) We use gerund after the verbs admit, avoid, appreciate, cant face, cant help, cant stand, confess, consider, continue, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, give up, imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, quit, resent, resist, risk, save, suggest, tolerate, try and understand. He admitted being wrong. Mary suggested going out.

SPELLING There are some spelling rules that you need to know in order to form gerunds correctly. The spelling of a gerund depends on the vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and consonants (b, c, d, f, etc.) at the end of the verb: a) If there is more than one consonant, just add ING: drink + ing = drinking b) If there is more than one vowel, just add ING: eat + ing = eating c) If there is one vowel and one consonant and the syllable is stressed, double the consonant and add ING: put+ ing = putting d) If there are one or more consonants and E, remove the E and add ING: make + ing = making e) In most other cases, just add ING: study + ing = studying / see + ing = seeing
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3 - EXERCISES a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Complete the sentences using the gerund of the verbs. The man admitted ...............................(steal) the jewelry. She is very fond of ...............................(swim). They would appreciate .................................. (hear) from you. I have avoided ................................(talk) to him these days. ............................(paint) is a terrific past time. Im tired of .................................(wait) for him. John delayed ...............................(write) the report until yesterday. He finally succeeds in ..............................(take) her out for dinner. I enjoy............................(spend) a day by the sea. Rewrite the sentences using go + gerund:

a) Paul and Tom decided to go for a swim in the river. .. b) I think Ill go for a walk after midnight. ..... c) Peter went for a ride on his bike. . d) Crystal Lake is not a great place to fish. . GERUND AND INFINITIVE II Infinitive is the original form of the verb and can be used with or without to. Without to a) After auxiliaries and modals. I can swim. I dont know. She will cook a meal for dinner. I must go now. b) After the verbs make and let. Let me go. You always make me feel happy. c) After the conjunctions but and except; I will do nothing but cry.

With to a) After the verbs of saying and thinking agree, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, plan, promise we use infinitive with to. Ex: Bernardo agreed to go to the park with me. b) After the words: too, enough, the first, the second, the next, the last, the only. She is the next to get her passport. c) After adjectives. This exercise is difficult to do. I am happy to be here. d) We can use verb + question word + infinitive with to with some verbs: ask, explain, learn, understand, decide, forget, know, remember. I dont know what to do. We cant decide what to eat. 4 - EXERCISE a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Use the infinitive with or without to. Lets .............................(to dance), shall we? Its hard .........................(to study) all day. Ill do anything for you but ............................. (to wash) your car. His words made her .............................. (to cry). The committee invited all the members .....................(to participate). Shes too shy ....................... (to sing) before such a large audience. Theres nothing for you to do but ............................... (to talk) to him. I can never remember how .(to spell) her name. Complete the sentences with the infinitive of the verbs (with or without to): Please, let me..here in your house! (stay) I cant ..to do that. It is not my function. (agree) They could do nothing but in silence. (be) They decided down and wait some minutes. (sit) Patty made him ..the email. (answer) We didnt know how in front of the teacher. (behave) The students should do nothing except.for the test. (study) Marja was the first student .. the exercise. (answer) Pamela makes me .. comfortable. (feel) Klaus promises. his brother as soon as possible. (visit)
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GERUND AND INFINITIVE III a) Verbs of perception + object + infinitive (without to) or gerund After the verbs see, smell, listen to, feel, hear, notice, observe, watch we use: Gerund with an object to talk about someone doing something.

Ex: They watched the students crossing the road. Infinitive without to with an object to talk about a completed action:

Ex: I heard him play the guitar. b) Object + infinitive with to After the verbs advise, tell, ask, remind, order and expect we use object + infinitive with to. Ex: My girlfriend advised me to buy new clothes. c) Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start. Ex: I like to play tennis. (or I like playing tennis) It started to rain. (or It started raining) e) Verbs followed by gerund or infinitive (different meaning) Some verbs (remember/forget, regret, stop, etc) can be followed by gerund or infinitive, but with a difference in meaning. Ex: They stopped to talk. [stop to do = to stop so that you can do something.] They stopped talking. [stop doing = to end an action, finish doing something.] Ex: He remembered to turn off the lights before he left. [remember to do = to first remember and then do the action] I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday. [remember doing = to first do the action and then remember it later.] Ex: I regretted being late to the interview. [regret doing = to feel sorry about something] We regret to say you that your position at the company is being eliminated. [regret to say = to say we are sorry when expressing something unpleasant or giving bad news]
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5 - EXERCISE a) b) c) d) e) f) Complete these sentences using the gerund form or the infinitive form of the verbs: I heard you...............................................(to sing). We observed the bird.......................................(to make) its nest. He advised us ..................................(to study). They started .....................................(to look) for the criminal. I dislike..............................(to be) late. I saw you ................................... (to write) on the wall.

6 - CONVERSATION MATH CLASS Listen and practice. Diana: Im afraid of doing this math test. Bill: Take it easy and stop shaking. Diana: But I heard the teacher saying it just would be very difficult. Bill: Well, she loves being a strict teacher, but her tests are generally easy. Diana: All I know is that she advised us to study hard. Anyway, did you study for the test, Bill? Bill: Unfortunately, I havent studied. Diana: Sorry for you and me. 7 - PUZZLE R B X F Q E X G G L G D W G W P U Y E S T U N O A Y K N W B A B N Q B W V I I K R I R G J T Y A N K V P T N M Y I N S I O N W A I G Z T G U T I T V X G H J A L N D U B I G R S M D W N H Z J R G P N N Y W P I U K A I T H X K G A I H N A E K I A I D N P J H N K K H U U V X P Y T A T C G U K T Z D W A H O M I I E G N I K O O C K N Y V N B U N R B J K O G B N L Y Y X W Q Z G X I G A I R H K Q N A F X V D L P D I F A A J N W V U P N I Y D G Z F A I L

buying changing cooking going putting reading running trying waiting -writing

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Unit 2

New York
Listen and practice. In 1524 an Italian navigator, called Giovanni da Verrazzano, was the first European to arrive at the region that today is called New York. In fact, the first name of this city was given by another navigator that worked for the Dutch East Company. In 1666, during a war between the English and the Dutch, New Amsterdam was captured by the English and the king Charles II of England gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York. Both the city and the province were renamed New York, in honor of the Duke. Today New York is one of the biggest cities in the world and receives millions of tourists each year. You would like to visit New York, wouldnt you?

1 - ORAL QUESTIONS a) b) c) d) When was New York discovered? What was the first name given to this city? Would you like to visit New York? Why? Even if you havent gone to New York yet, describe it.

Discussion: City x Country a) Did you grow up in the city or in the country? b) What are some of the advantages of living in a city? c) What are some of the disadvantages of living in a city? d) What are some differences between living in the city and living in the country? e) How can we make our cities safer places to live?

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2- GRAMMAR STRUCTURE PASSIVE VOICE Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Passive verbs are formed from the verb to be (in the adequate time) and the past participle of the verb. Ex: My wallet was stolen. If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by: Ex: My brother was bitten by a dog last week Compare active and passive: Ex: Jane writes a letter (active) A letter is written by Jane (passive) Ex; Jane wrote a letter (active) A letter was written by Jane (passive) The past participle of regular verbs is done with the ed. Ex: The job will be finished next month. Present continuous Past continuous Going to Future Future continuous Simple present Simple past Present perfect Past perfect Can Active voice Is writing Was writing Is going to write Will write Will be writing Writes Wrote Has written Had written Can write Passive voice Is being written Was being written Is going to be written Will be written Will be being written Is written Was written Has been written Had been written Can be written

Some verbs can have two objects (ask, pay, show, teach, tell, offer and give). For example: Somebody offered him an opportunity, but he refused it. (Active) object 1 object 2

He was offered an opportunity, but he refused it. (Passive) OR An opportunity was offered to him, but he refused it. (Passive)

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3 - EXERCISE Supply the correct form of the verbs in the passive voice.

a) He writes many letters every day. Many letters .................................by him every day. b) The boys have finished the report. The report ..........................................by the boys. c) The dog ate the cake. The cake ........................................ by the dog. d) She will read the message. The message ...................................................by her. e) They had opened the box. The box ...............................................by them. f) We would invite her. She ................................................ by us. g) Bruno rescued three cats. Three catsby him. 4 EXERCISE Choose the correct option:

a) That church ..............................(were built, was built) by me. b) The box .........................................(can be carried, can is carried) by the boy. c) The wardrobe .........................................(had been opened, had being opened) by the thieves. d) Many texts ....................................(was written, were written) by the students. e) Helen ..........................................(would be invited, would be invites) by us if we were the owners. 5 EXERCISE Fill in the gaps with passive verb forms. Use the present simple or past simple.

a) This magazine ..........................(read) by thousands of people. (PRESENT SIMPLE) b) English .................................(speak) in USA. (PRESENT SIMPLE) c) These cars ..(make) in Japan. (PRESENT SIMPLE) d) Newspaper articles .........................(write) by journalists. (PRESENT SIMPLE) e) Football (play) by two teams of eleven players. (PRESENT SIMPLE) f) Yesterday I ............................(stop) by a policeman. (PAST SIMPLE) g) The kitchen .(clean) by Debbie. (PAST SIMPLE) h) These keys .(find) in the library. (PAST SIMPLE) i) This notebook ..................................(buy) by Andy. (PAST SIMPLE) j) These books (leave) in the classroom. (PAST SIMPLE)

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6 EXERCISE Change the sentences from the active to the passive. a) They publish The Times newspaper in London. .. b) They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates. . c) They are destroying the forests in Indonesia. .. d) The shark ate the man. .. e) They've treated him very well. .. f) They haven't cleaned the kitchen yet. ..

Reading and writing a) Read the text below and try to match the traditions to the countries. b) Highlight the passive, and rewrite these sentences in active voice. c) Discuss the traditions, and compare them with Christmas or another popular celebration in your own culture. d) Write about your own cultural traditions using the passive. Christmas around the world Belgium St. Nicholas visits on December 4th to find out which children have been good and bad. When he visits again on December 6th good children are given presents and bad children are left twigs in their shoes. French-speaking children are visited by Pere Noel. He and his friend Pere Fouettard give sweets to good children and a handful of sticks to bad children. A sweet bread called cougnou or cougnolle is sometimes eaten on Christmas morning. Hungary Fresh fish with rice or potatoes is usually eaten on Christmas Eve. Children are visited by Santa Claus on December 6th. Their shoes are left outside the door or window before they go to bed. In the morning they find red bags in them filled with sweets and toys.After this, the Christmas tree is seen for the first time by the children. Christmas songs are sung and gifts from under the tree are shared. Venezuela An early morning church service called Misa de Aguinaldo is attended daily between December 16th and 24th. In the capital city, it is customary to roller-skate to the church! A piece of string is tied to children's toes before they go to bed. The other end is hung out the window. The next morning, the pieces of string are pulled by the rollerskaters!
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Syria On Christmas eve, candles are carried to an unlit bonfire. The Christmas story is read by a family member and then the bonfire is lit. At mass on Christmas day another bonfire is lit and hymns are sung. Chicken, oranges, nuts and pastries are eaten for dinner.

7- CONVERSATION Listen and practice. Robert: Would you know that New York was made by people from all over the world? Anna: Yes, I would, and its really interesting, isnt it? Robert: Yes, it is. A book was written by a famous author telling about the beginning of this city. Thats because I know everything about New Yorks history. Anna: And this author was born in New York, wasnt he? Robert: Yes, he was born in New York. And he also tells us in his book the lives of the first navigators to arrive at New York harbor. Anna: Great! I think Im going to read this book. 8 PUZZLE

Across 2. The police were______(give) the information 3. Have you ever been _______(bite) by a dog? 5. The room will be _______(clean) later. 6. Something must be ______(do) before it's too late. Down 1. The concert has been________(cancel). 3. This house was ______(build) in 1985. 4. I remember being _______(take) to the zoo when I was a child.

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Unit 3

Scotland Yard
Listen and practice. The name Scotland Yard came from a 13th century palace which kings and queens of Scotland used during their state visit to England. This building was situated near Whitehall and was the first head-quarters of the Metropolitan Police of London. In 1890 Scotland Yard moved to a red brick building on the Thames. Scotland Yard soon became famous for the difficult cases that it managed to solve. In the 19th and 20th centuries, writers such as Sir Arthur Conan, who as the author of Sherlock Holmes stories, found inspiration for their novels in the reports of cases solved by the Yard men. Their writings have helped materially in the development of the cult of the modern detective story, which in Britain frequently has a Scotland Yard central character.

1- ORAL QUESTIONS a) Whats the origin of the name Scotland Yard? b) Where was it first situated? c) Where did it move to? d) Why did it become famous? e) Who was Sherlock Holmes? Discussion: Books & Reading a) What is your favorite story? b) Who is your favorite author? c) Do you have any ideas for a story for you to write? d) What are some of the books that were recommended to you? e) Do you watch the movie that came from a book? f) Most people say the book is better than the movie. Is this true for you?

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2- GRAMMAR STRUCTURE PRESENT PERFECT We form the Present Perfect with have/has + the past participle of the main verb. The present perfect is used to describe: 1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Recife since 1998 (= and I still do.) 2. An action performed during a period that has not finished yet. Example: He has been to the park twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.) 3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Miami several times. 4. An action that was completed in the very recent past (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my homework. 5. An action when the time is not important. Example: Daniel has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important) Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: Daniel read 'War and Peace' last week. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for.

3 EXERCISE

Choose the correct alternative: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Paul .............................(wrote, has written) his name in my book. I .............................(visited, have visited) Miami many times. He...........................(went, has gone) to Miami last week. She...........................(lived, has lived) here all her life. We..................................(started, have started) studying German last year. I.....................................(had, have had) dinner an hour ago. They.................................(read, have read) that story several times.

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PRESENT PERFECT X PAST SIMPLE We use the Past Simple tense to talk about a definite finished time in the past. For example: when, yesterday, last week, when I was at school, then, after etc.

Examples I finished university three years ago. Where did we first meet? I didn't study French at school. We use the Present Perfect tense with time references that refer to the time up to now. For example: today, this week, this month, ever, never, already, recently, yet etc. Examples I haven't seen her today. Have you ever smoked a cigarette? I have never been abroad before.

4 - EXERCISE Supply the simple past or the present perfect: a) I.....................................(finish) my homework. b) When I was a boy, I..............................(swim) in the river. c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) John...............................(lose) his car keys. She.................................(meet) all her friends last week. He..............................(buy) that old car two years ago. We..................................(do) this exercise before. They..................................(spend) all our money last night. We ........................(send) you a card. She .........................(cook) our lunch. I .............................(spend) much money. .............................. you ...................... (lose) your bag? What ...................... she .......................(tell) you?

FOR AND SINCE WITH PRESENT PERFECT We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
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 We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. Examples I have been here for 30 minutes. I have been here since 10 o'clock. Eduardo hasn't called for 6 months. Gregory hasn't called since January. She has worked in Miami for a long time. She has worked in San Francisco since she left school.

5 EXERCISE Supply since or for: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) We have lived there..................two years. We have lived there.....................last year. The bell has rung.......................half an hour. Nobody has written to me.....................many weeks. It has rained ........................three oclock. We havent spoken Spanish ........................last Christmas. I havent eaten any meat ............................I was a boy.

YET AND ALREADY WITH PRESENT PERFECT Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb. Examples - We've already had our lunch. - When are you going to do your homework? - But I've already done it! - Do you want a cup of tea? - No, thanks. I've already had one." Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence. Examples - Has the pack arrived yet? - Have you done your homework? - Not yet.
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- Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time! 6- EXERCISE Supply yet or already: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Ive........................done my exercises. She hasnt answered the question .................. Theyve...........................talked to me. Have you.............................invited her? Has she left.......................? We havent finished our homework....................... He has .........................been to New York. NUMBERS Listen and repeat. 1234567891011121320304050607080901001,0001,000,000CARDINAL NUMBERS One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety One hundred One thousand One million ORDINAL NUMBERS First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Twentieth Thirtieth Fortieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth Ninetieth One hundredth One thousandth One millionth

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Separation between hundreds and tens Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not necessary). 110 - one hundred and ten 1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty 2,001 - two thousand and one Hundreds Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'. 100 - a hundred / one hundred 'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number. 100 - a hundred / one hundred 2,100 - two thousand, one hundred Thousands and Millions Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'. 1,000 - a thousand / one thousand 201,000 - two hundred and one thousand Use commas as a separator. 57,458,302 DATES THE ORDINAL NUMBER + OF + THE MONTH 15/1 = the 15th of January When writing the date as numbers British and American English differ. To write the date 7th of September 2007 a Brit would write dd/mm/yy (07/09/07) and an American would write mm/dd/yy (09/07/07). This often causes great confusion. It's better to write the date in full (7th September 2007 or September 7th 2007). It also looks nicer.
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7- EXERCISE a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Write the dates below. 22/2.. 3/12.. 8/11. 23/7.. 19/1.. 5/8 1/1 ... 20/9 . 30/4.. 7/5

8- READING

TALKING ABOUT THE CLASS

Listen and practice. Brandon: I didnt like the class today. Louise: Of course not. You slept all the time. Brandon:: These last days, the teacher has only taught boring subjects. Louise: Boring, but important for our lives. Imagine how life would be if men hadnt discovered the micro-organisms. Brandon: Im seeing that youre very interested in Biology. Would you help me giving extra classes? Louise: Yes, I would. But first youre going to promise me that youre going to study hard. Brandon: Ok, teacher. I wait you at 7:00 pm in my house.

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Unit 4

The Red Cross

Listen and practice. The International Red Cross was founded by a Swiss, Henri Dunant, who invested all of his fortune in it. In his honor, the symbol adopted by the movement is a red cross on a white background the reverse of the Swiss flag. He had two inspirations to found the Red Cross: the brilliant example of the English Nurse Florence Nightingale that helped the war-wounded, and his own experience in the battlefield. Dunant offered the warwounded medical help and established an emergency hospital in the village of Castiglione. Nowadays the Red Cross operates in several countries and although they work independently, there is an international committee in Switzerland composed by 25 Swiss citizens which can act as a neutral intermediary between conflicting nations. 1- ORAL QUESTIONS: a) Why the name red cross? b) Which inspirations did Henri Dunant have? c) Tell us about the Red Cross nowadays. Discussion: Health care a) b) c) d) e) f) How is the health care in your country? Is the health care in your country getting better or worse? Is health care in your country free for some people? Do you ever think about health care for when you are old? What is health care like for old and poor people in your country? Is your countrys health care system in need of reform?
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2 - GRAMMAR STRUCTURE THE PAST PERFECT TENSE We form the past perfect tense with the past of the verb TO HAVE + THE PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb. She lost the key she had bought last year. The past perfect tense is used to express an action that happened before the other one in the past. Examples The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left. I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten. They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours. I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. - "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived." - "Really? Where had she gone?"

3 - EXERCISES Complete the sentences with the past perfect tense: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) I dressed after I..(wash). They(do) nothing before they met me. She posted the letter after she .(write) it. He told me her name after she(leave). After they (go), I sat down and rested. I thanked him for what he.(do). We were sorry that we(hurt) him. They.(clean) the room before I called them. The boys(leave) before I arrived. He.(wash) the apple before she ate it.

PAST SIMPLE X PAST PERFECT We use Past Simple if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.

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Examples By the time we arrived, everyone had left. The thieves had run away when the police arrived The store had closed when I got there Now complete with the simple past or the past perfect tense: a) She lost the book he.(give) her. b) He..(paint) the house after he had bought it. c) I..(write) two letters before the secretary entered the room. d) After they had had lunch, I..(wash) the dishes. e) When the teacher..(enter) the room, he had finished the exercises. f) I..(see) the film before you talked about it. g) He told me that he.(fall) from the tree. h) .they ..(arrive) before you left? i) .you(have) dinner before he woke up? j) .he(go) to the party before you slept?

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps in the correct tense Past Perfect or Simple Past. a) After Fred ____________(to spend) his holiday in Italy he_____________ (to want) to learn Italian. b) Jill_______________ (to phone) Dad at work before she____________ (to leave) for her trip. c) Susan ______________ (to turn on) the radio after she_____________ (to wash) the dishes. d) When she ______________(to arrive) the match _____________already ___________(to start). e) After the man _____________ (to come) home he ____________ (to feed) the cat. f) Before he _____________(to sing) a song he ________________(to play) the guitar. g) She _________________ (to watch) a video after the children _____________ (to go) to bed. h) After Eric ________________ (to make) breakfast he ________________ (to phone) his friend. i) I _____________(to be) very tired because I __________________(to study) too much. j) They_________________ (to ride) their bikes before they______________ (to meet) their friends.

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4- READING MY LAST DREAM Listen and practice. Generally I dont remember my dreams. As soon as I wake up, my mind comes to the reality and I forget that I had just finished to sleep for hours. Sometimes, I remember perfectly what I dreamed. The last time I dreamed, I was eaten by an alligator and before someone helped me, this wild animal had chewed all my bones. All this happened because I had entered in a big forest full of lions, tigers, and alligators. But when I was fighting against this animal, suddenly I woke up and breathed smoothly: My God, I was saved! 5- FOR YOUR INFORMATION The most important newspapers in the world PUBLICATION Asahi Shimbun Corriere della sera El Pais Frankfurt Allgemeine Zeitung Le Monde The New York times The Wall Street Journal The Washington Post O Estado de S. Paulo COUNTRY Japan Italy Spain Germany France USA USA USA Brazil

Now fill in the blanks with the corresponding names of the newspapers: NEWSPAPER

NATIONALITY Spanish French German Italian Japanese American Brazilian

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The Inverted Pyramid Most news stories are written in the inverted pyramid style. This means all the important information, most of the 5 Ws (who, what, where, when, why), can be found in the lede or lead (the first paragraph of the news). Information and quotes are added according to their importance. The least important information can be found at the bottom of the story, or pyramid.

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Unit 5

The Moon Walk

Listen and practice. After a four-day journey, the three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins reached the Moon on July 20th, 1969. While Michael Collins piloted the command module round the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed in a lunar module at a place called the Sea of Tranquility. Neil Armstrong was the first to leave the module and when his left foot stepped on the surface of the Moon said: Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. After nineteen minutes Aldrin joined Armstrong outside the module. Because of the weaker gravity of the Moon they could jump easily and everything weighted about one-sixth of its normal weight. The surface of the Moon is empty, almost flat, with a lot of craters, gray and white, yet Armstrong described it as having a beauty of its own. After 2 hours and 21 minutes they entered the lunar module and started their journey back to Earth. 1 ORAL QUESTIONS: a) b) c) d) When did the astronauts reach the Moon? Which of them piloted the module while the others were landing? Whats the famous sentence of Neil Armstrong? What happened because of the gravity? Discussion: Moon What images spring to mind when you hear the word moon?

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2 - GRAMMAR STRUCTURE FUTURE PERFECT (will + have + past participle) The future perfect express an action that will be concluded in the future, but before a point in the future. We also use this tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. The last use is to express certainty that an action was completed. Examples: Before they come, we will have cleaned up the room. By the next year, I will have known Barbara for 30 years. The train will have left by now. We have to look for another way to get there. (I'm sure the train has left) 3 - EXERCISE a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Complete these sentences with the future perfect. The plane .........................(land) by 4 oclock. They ...........................(meet) her tomorrow at this time. She...........................(be) in this town for two years next June. We ...........................(learn) our lessons by tomorrow. You ............................(complete) your work by April. When mother comes, I .......................(clean) my room. By midnight they .........................(finish) their homework. She ..............................(write) the letter tomorrow morning.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (will + be + verb + ing) We mainly use it to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future. Examples: In an hour, I will be sitting in front of my TV. William won't be coming any time soon. He is still at the school. Will you be coming home before or after 10 p.m.?

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Imagine that you're a businessman with a busy day tomorrow. Write 5 things that you will be doing tomorrow. Start with 8a.m. Example.: "I will be going to a conference tomorrow at 10 a.m." 1.________________________________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________________________ 4.________________________________________________________________________ 5.________________________________________________________________________ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (will + have + been + verb + ing) We use it to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation. Examples: Before my parents come, we will have been cleaning the apartment for 5 hours. By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be very tired. 4 - EXERCISE Change the verb into the future perfect continuous: 1. By midnight, you ___________________(dance) for 4 hours. 2. By dinner, she ______________________(cook) the whole afternoon. 3. He ___________________________(work) there for 10 years by 2015. 4. By next year, I _______________________(study) English for 7 years. 5. By next week, we ______________________(renovate) for over a month.

READING WHEN ILL GROW UP Listen and practice. Cindy: Joe, what will you do when you grow up? Joe: I will be an astronaut, and Ill probably work at another planet. Cindy: Another planet! Are you getting crazy? Joe: No, Im not Cindy. Ive read in magazines and newspapers that soon the men will reach other planets. For example, at 2050 the men will have gone many times to Mars. Cindy: Thats great! But at this time I will have gotten some rankles on my face. Joe: Too bad! I think I still will be a handsome guy! Cindy: Oh, Joe!
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Unit 6

The White House

Listen and practice. Pierre LEnfant, a French engineer, who was the author of the plans for the city of Washington, D.C., knew this city would become the capital of an important country. So he designed the buildings in a Greek style giving an impression of greatness. During the war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812 the British burned the presidents house leaving only walls standing. The house was then painted white, giving the mansion its name. The White House has two floors. Most of the furniture on the first floor, which is used for receptions, is of French 18th century influence. The second floor is the presidents private residence. The room where Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Act by which all slaves became free is still as it used to be. 1- ORAL QUESTIONS: a) Who was Pierre LEfant and what did he do? b) What happened during the war between the United States and Great Britain? c) Describe the White House. Discussion: USA a) What are the good things and bad things about the USA? b) What are the differences between the USA and your country? c) Would you like to visit the USA, or live there?
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2- GRAMMAR STRUCTURE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). There are eight reflexive pronouns: Singular Plural Reflexive pronoun myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Verb + Reflexive Pronouns

Examples: I saw myself in the mirror. We blame ourselves. He hurt himself in the game. By + Reflexive Pronouns Idiomatically (sozinho/ sem ajuda)

I live by myself. The Reflexive Pronouns can be used to give emphasis

She talked to the President herself (emphasis in the subject) She talked to the President himself (emphasis in the object) 3- EXERCISE Supply the correct reflexive pronouns. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) He ......................prefers to cook lunch. The boys cut ........................ in the garden. I hurt ...................... during the game. The old woman likes to live by ............................. Behave ........................., children. She ............................. is responsible for the children. We saw the king ......................... in the park.

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example: Example: The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. In the above example, "who": relates to "person", which it modifies; introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night".

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that. Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information). Examples: A thief is a person who steals things. An airplane is a machine that flies. The car which hit me was yellow. The boy whose bicycle is broken is my friend. The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher. Supply all possible relative pronouns. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) he was speaking about the books and the writes ........................... he likes. The man to .......................... you gave the money has died. The table on ............................. you put your shoes cost 300 dollars. My mother knows everything ........................ is written in this book. All .................. glitter is not gold. There is the lady ........................ car has been stolen. I broke the vase in .......................... you had put the flowers.

Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a relative pronoun. He invented the telephone It cannot be explained a) they were on the wall they stole my car

The Police have caught the man_________________________________________

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b) c) d)

Alexander Bell was the man____________________________________________ A mistery is something________________________________________________ What happened to the pictures __________________________________________

Combine the sentences using defining relative pronouns. When the relative pronoun is an object, it can be omitted. a) That's the girl. She spoke to me yesterday. _____________________________________________________________ . b) What's the name of the book? You want me to read it. _____________________________________________________________ . c) We stayed in a hotel. The hotel was very expensive. _____________________________________________________________ . d) I rent a house. It is very small. _____________________________________________________________ . e) The car was stolen. It was a BMW. _____________________________________________________________ . READING WHAT A BEAUTIFUL DAY Listen and practice. When the sun rises in the mountains I open my window And let him come in I see the beauty of the flowers Like I have never seen I prepare myself some coffee The children wake up themselves Toast, milk and honey The family around the table It values more than money We go out through the gardens We can see the butterflies The heat warms our hearts And the peace passes by

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Unit 7

Pablo Picasso
Listen and practice. In 1906, Picasso had to paint a picture of a lady who visited the painters studio eighty or ninety times while he was painting her picture. While he painted, they talked about everything in the world that interested them. One day Picasso erased the painted head and said, when I look at you I cant see you anymore. After some months he returned to the unfinished picture in the corner of the studio and completed the face from memory. When the people complained that the painting didnt look like her, Picasso said, Too bad shell have to change to look like the picture. Later the lady declared that Picassos painting was only a true picture of hers. Picasso said a camera can make a more exact picture than a painter. What great painters should do is give us a view of life through their eyes and every mans view is different.

1- ORAL QUESTIONS:
a) What Picasso had to do in 1906? b) Did the woman like her picture? c) Whats Picassos opinion about the art of painting? Discussion: Art a) How great is your interest in art? b) Do you like modern art? c) Do you ever think a lot of art is not really art? d) What kind of art do you like paintings, sculpture, ceramics, etc? e) Do you think anyone can be an artist or do you need a special talent?
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2- GRAMMAR STRUCTURE REPORTED SPEECH If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speakers exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. Direct speech He said 'I live in Paris. He said 'I am cooking dinner.' He said 'I have visited London twice.' Indirect speech

He said he lived in paris. He said he was cooking dinner. He said he had visited London twice. He said he had gone to New York the week He said I went to New York last week.' before He said 'I had already eaten. He said he had already eaten. He said 'I am going to find a new job. He said he was going to find a new job. He said 'I will give Jack a call'. He said he would give Jack a call. He said 'I have been working on that project for He said he had been working on that project over two weeks. for over two weeks. He said 'I can come tonight. He said he could come that night. He said 'I may buy a new car.' He said he might buy a new car. He said 'I might go to Denver.' He said he might go to Denver. He said 'I must give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call. He said 'I have to give Ken a call.' He said he had to give Ken a call. He said 'I should see a doctor.' He said he should see a doctor. 3 - EXERCISE Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary. Example: Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday." Peter told me that ___________________________________________ Answer: Peter told me that he had cleaned the black shoes the day before. a) Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow." Emily said that _____________________________________________ b) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday." Helen told me that __________________________________________

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c) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year." Robert told me that _________________________________________ d) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago." Lisa said that ______________________________________________ e) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend." Patricia said that ___________________________________________ f) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week." Michael said to me that ______________________________________ g) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow." Jason and Victoria told me that _______________________________ h) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago." Andrew remarked that _______________________________________ i) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday." Alice complained that ________________________________________ j) David: "John had already gone at six." David said that ______________________________________________ Helen is in front of the class holding a presentation on London. As Helen is rather shy, she speaks with a very low voice. Your classmate Gareth does not understand her, so you have to repeat every sentence to him. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and verbs. Helen: I want to tell you something about my holiday in London. Gareth: What does she say? You: She says___________________________________________________________ Helen: I went to London in July. Gareth: What does she say? You: She says __________________________________________________________ Helen: My parents went with me. Gareth: What does she say? You: She says __________________________________________________________ Helen: We spent three days in London. Gareth: What does she say? You: She says __________________________________________________________ Helen: London is a multicultural place. Gareth: What does she say? You: She says __________________________________________________________

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Reading and writing Read this short extract about a funny incident in the park. Once you have finished, answer the reading comprehension questions and complete the reported speech activity. Continue to the next page for answers. Guess Who I Bumped Into? Tim wandered along the path thinking aloud, "If I continue this diet I should lose twenty pounds by the end of..." when BOOM! and bumped into another city dweller out for a day's walk in the park. "I'm terribly sorry", he apologized. "I was so caught up in my thoughts I didn't see you!" he managed to stammer. Smiling, Sheila responded, "It's OK. Nothing's broken... No really, I wasn't watching my step either." Suddenly they both stopped making excuses and stared at each other. "Don't I know you from somewhere?" inquired Tim while Sheila exclaimed, "You're Tim, Jack's brother, aren't you?!" They both began to laugh as they had met each other the week before at a party that Jack had given. Still laughing, Tim suggested, "Why don't we have a cup a coffee and donut?" to which Sheila replied, "I thought you wanted to continue your diet!" They both were still laughing by the time they reached the Swimming Donut cafe. Comprehension Questions a) ( ( ( b) ( ( ( c) ( ( ( d) ( ( ( Why did Tim bump into Sheila? ) He was on a diet. ) He wasn't paying attention. ) He was writing his thoughts down. Whose fault was the incident? ) Tim's ) Sheila's ) It's not clear. Where did they first meet? ) In the park ) At the Swimming Donut ) At Tim's Brother's house Why was Tim's suggestion funny? ) He was supposedly on a diet. ) The name of the cafe was strange. ) They were on a walk and there were no donuts in the park.

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Later that day Sheila reported the story to her friend Mike. Fill in the blanks with reported (indirect) speech using the text above. Check your answers on the following page. As he was walking down the path Tim said if he ____ ____ diet he ____ lose twenty pounds. We bumped into each other. He apologized saying he ____ terribly sorry. I told him it ____ OK, that nothing ____ broken. Tim said he ____ so caught up in ____ thoughts that he ____ ____. He seemed embarrassed, so I added that I ____ my step either. At that moment we recognized each other! He asked me if he ____ ____ from somewhere. I then remembered that he was Jack's brother. We both had a good laugh and then he invited me to have a cup of coffee and a donut. We had a great time together.

READING Listen and practice. Clark: I may go to the beach this weekend. Jill: Oh really, can I go with you? Clark: If its not raining, you can come with me. It must be great to play soccer in the beach. Jill: Well, I dont know how to play soccer. I prefer volleyball. I think you should learn to play volleyball. Clark: My mom used to take me to the volleyball classes when I was a boy. But when I grew up I realized that I love soccer. Jill: Thats nice. So I hope youll be a professional soccer player.

Now, change the text above into indirect speech. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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Unit 8

Christmas
Listen and practice. When I was a child, my dad used to tell me stories about the Christmas. And every December, when there was much snow on the streets and the cold was too intense, I used to open my window hoping that Santa Claus would come and left a Christmas gift for me. But the thing I liked most in my childhood at Christmas time was the peace and happiness that any child can feel at this time of the year. Once, my mom told me that we were going to spend the Christmas at my grandmothers house and I was too happy, because I knew the family would be together and certainly, we would have a special dinner: turkey, wine for adults, and some delicious desserts. Besides, my grandma always placed a very Beautiful Christmas tree in the middle of the living room. Oh, how I miss the Christmas in my childhood!

1 - ORAL QUESTIONS: a) Whats the best Christmas youve ever had? b) Have your feelings towards Christmas changed since you were a child? c) What do you usually do on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day? d) Is Christmas too commercial nowadays?

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2- GRAMMAR STRUCTURE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES These sentences express a condition and generally come linked with the main sentence.

First Conditional: Real Possibility We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen.

IF

condition present simple

result WILL + base verb I will tell him. he will invite her. their teacher will be sad. will you stay at home? what will you do?

If If If If If

I see Antony Natalie is free tomorrow they do not pass their exam it rains tomorrow it rains tomorrow

Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility or Dream We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. IF condition past simple If If If If I married Kelly Bob became rich Result WOULD + base verb I would be happy. she would marry him.

it snowed next July would you be surprised? it snowed next July what would you do?
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Note: After I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .) Ex: If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.

Third Condition: No Possibility We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true. IF Condition past perfect If If If If If I had seen Sasha result WOULD HAVE + past participle I would have told her.

Heather had been free yesterday I would have invited her. they had not passed their exam it had rained yesterday it had rained yesterday their teacher would have been sad. would you have stayed at home? what would you have done?

3 EXERCISE Complete the conditional sentences. a) Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse's tail off. Give me back my tail, said the mouse. And the cat said, Well, I _________________(give) you back your tail if you fetched me some milk. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you. b) The mouse, however, went to the cow. The cat ______________(give / only) me back my tail if I fetch her some milk. c) And the cow said, Well, I would give you milk if you ______________(get) me some hay. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.

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d) The mouse, however, went to the farmer. The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow __________________(give) me some milk. And the cow ____________(only / give) me milk if I get her some hay. e) And the farmer said, Well, I would give you hay if you _____________(bring) me some meat. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you. f) The mouse, however, went to the butcher. The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow _________________(give) me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if she ______________ (get) some hay. And the farmer __________________(only / give) me hay if I get him some meat. g) And the butcher said, Well, I would give you meat if you ________________ (make) the baker bake me a bread. But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.

4- READING Listen and practice. When Jesus was born, the world was happy because the king of the kings came to the world to save every soul from the darkness. Jesus didnt come to the rich, but to the poor people. Indeed he was born in an old horn in a little town called Nazareth. His parents used a donkey, and not a horse, to take him to Egypt, where He would be kept away from the bad king Herodes. Three foreign kings from the orient came to visit him and gave him gifts to welcome the king of the kings. In fact, we dont know if Jesus was born in December, but just about all the Christians have chosen this time of the year to mark Jesus birth.

5. Change these statements into questions to ask your partner: What he/she would have done if he/she had seen his/her idol. Who he/she would call if he/she won the lottery. Where he/she will go if he/she sees his/her best friend tonight.

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ENGLISH FOR BRAZILIANS 4

Exercises Reinforcement

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UNIT 1

1) Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses. a) She is good at __________________(dance) . b) He is crazy about ___________________(sing) . c) I don't like ___________________(play) cards. d) They are afraid of ____________________(swim) in the sea. e) You should give up ___________________(smoke) . f) Sam dreams of ____________________(be) a pop star. g) He is interested in ____________________(make) friends. h) My uncle is afraid of __________________(go) by plane. i) We insist on ____________________(cook) the dinner ourselves. j) Thank you so much for ____________________ (be) by my side.

2) Complete with gerund or infinitive. Yuri was in his first year at university, studying History. He was rather a lazy student, and he tended to avoid ______________(work) whenever he could. In the middle of the semester, his history professor gave out an assignment, due in two weeks. Yuri intended _____________(do) the assignment, but he postponed _____________(write) it for a week. The following week, he forgot ______________(do) it. The night before the assignment was due, he suddenly remembered it, and rushed to the library. He tried _________________(read) as much as possible on the topic, but there wasn't enough time. Yuri considered (ask) for more time to do his paper, but the History professor was known to be very tough on students, so finally he decided __________________(cheat) and copy his paper from somewhere else. He found an old article on the same topic, and quickly typed it out. The next day, he submitted the paper. The following week, he was alarmed _________________(see) the professor approaching him, looking angry. "Is this your own work, or did you copy it?" asked the professor. Yuri denied _______________(copy) the paper. "If you expect me _______________(believe) that, you must be very stupid," said the professor. "Every word is taken from an article I wrote myself five years ago. Did you really think I would forget ______________(write) it?"

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3) A gerund or an infinitive? Change the verb in brackets into the correct form (note that in some cases both forms can be correct). a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) My reasons for _______________ (accept) the position are well known. My parents don't allow my sister ________________ (eat) much candy. The frozen lake is likely _______________ (melt) soon. We enjoy ______________(watch) movies. The opportunity ________________(see) Rome excited her. We hope _________________(be) ready soon. This teacher doesn't permit students ________________(speak) in class. The doctor advised ______________(rest) a couple of days. We don't permit ___________________(park) outside.

4) Use the words below to complete the sentences by making suggestions with Lets: Have a rest go for a drink go and see it go inside do another exercise ask someone for help a) b) c) d) e) f) Im thirsty. Lets___________________________________________________ Its very hot.______________________________________________________ Theres a good film on at the cinema.___________________________________ I need more practice.________________________________________________ Im tired._________________________________________________________ Were lost.________________________________________________________

5) Complete the sentences with the infinitive of the verbs in brackets with or without to: a) b) c) d) e) f) Please, let me _________________here. (study) I cannot _______________ to do that. (agree) We could do nothing but __________quiet. (be) They told me _______________down. (sit) I made him _____________ the letter. (answer) He didnt know how ______________ in front of her. (behave)

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Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author, essayist, lecturer and humorist who wrote a series of famous books including Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Mark's first important work, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was first published in the New York Saturday Press and became a bestseller within a short span of time. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri in the United States and died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910 in Redding in Connecticut and now rests at the Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York, where his wife and other children were buried.
Mark Twain Timeline: 1835- Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on 30 November 1835. 1847- Marks father John Clemens died of pneumonia in 1847. 1851- Mark took a job of typesetter in 1851. 1857- He traveled to New Orleans and became an apprentice cub river pilot. 1858- He earned his license as a pilot. 1863- Mark wrote the first humorous account of his travel. 1867- He traveled to Europe and the Middle East. 1869- He wrote first travels letters, known as the Innocent Abroad. 1868- Mark Twain first met Olivia Livy Langdon in 1868. 1870- Mark married Olivia in 1870. 1871- They moved to Hartford. 1888- Mark Twain was awarded the Master of Art degree from Yale University. 1895- He set off on a world tour to Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand. 1896- His daughter Susy died of meningitis in 1896. 1901- Yale University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Letters degree. 1904- His wife Olivia died. 1907- He received the same award from Oxford University in 1907. 1908- Mark moved to his home in Redding, Connecticut in 1908. 1909- His daughter Jean died in 1909. 1910- Mark twain died of a heart attack on 21 April 1910.
Adapted from: http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/mark-twain-64.php

1. Have you heard of Mark Twain? ____________________________________________________________________ 2. What were his remarkable books? ____________________________________________________________________ 3. When and where was Twain born? ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Who was he married to? ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What did he die of? ____________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 2

1) Rewrite the sentences using passive voice. a) Julia rescued three cats. ______________________________________________________________________ b) They play handball. ______________________________________________________________________ c) The girls had lost the match. ______________________________________________________________________ d) Steven has forgotten the book. ______________________________________________________________________

2) Rewrite the given sentences in passive voice. a) She bought four apples. ______________________________________________________________________ b) We won the match. ______________________________________________________________________ c) The man stole the blue car. ______________________________________________________________________ d) The police arrested the thieves. ______________________________________________________________________ e) Jack swam the 200 metres. ______________________________________________________________________ f) The dog bit the old lady. ______________________________________________________________________ g) Tom and Max ate five hamburgers. ______________________________________________________________________ h) Oliver taught the children. ______________________________________________________________________ i) Victoria rode the brown horse. ______________________________________________________________________ j) Grandmother told good stories. ______________________________________________________________________

3) Put in the correct form of the verb in Passive into the gaps. Use the verb and the tense given in brackets. a) The words by the teacher today. (to explain - Simple Present) ____________________________________________________
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b) We a letter the day before yesterday. (to send - Simple Past) ____________________________________________________ c) This car . It's too old. (not/to steal - will-future) ____________________________________________________ d) This street because of snow. (already/to close - Present Perfect) ____________________________________________________ e) A new restaurant next week. (to open - will-future) ___________________________________________________

4) Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) I can answer the question. ______________________________________________ She would carry the box. _______________________________________________ You should open the window.___________________________________________ We might play cards.___________________________________________________ You ought to wash the car.______________________________________________ He must fill in the form.________________________________________________ They need not buy bread._______________________________________________ He could not read the sentence.__________________________________________ Will the teacher test our English?_________________________________________ Could Jenny lock the door? _____________________________________________

5) Please put the correct passive form into the box. a) Many people begin new projects in January. New projects _____________ by many people in January. b) They called the customers yesterday afternoon. The customers ______________ yesterday afternoon. c) We will give you a discount if you buy 100. A discount _____________ if you buy 100. d) I have improved the presentation. The presentation _________________ . e) The president of the company is listening to his proposal. His proposal _________________ to by the president of the company.

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The Worlds Most Visited City

Paris is the capital city of France. It is situated on the River Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Ile-de-France region. Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is The City of Lights. It represents worlds number one tourist destination. More than half of all Paris visitors, 55% come from foreign countries such as: United Kingdom, The United States, Germany, Italy and Japan. The places considered to be the most popular in Paris are the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre. In addition the capital of France is extremely popular for housing international conferences as well as various trade shows. A number of convention centers can be found in the city. One of the most popular convention centers is entitled the Palais des Congrs at Porte Maillot, located northwest of the Arc de Triomphe. Paris is also famous for its restaurants that specialize in dishes from all regions of France. Finally, no visit to Paris is complete without a visit to the famous stores that specializes in clothes, fashion, and beauty. Visit the city and live the experience for yourself.
Adapted from: http://www.bizaims.com/content/paris-worlds-most-visited-city-leisure-and-statistics

1. a) b) c) d) e)

Check True or False: Paris is the biggest city in France. You can ride a horse in Centre Pompidou. The River Seine goes through Paris. Paris restaurants specialize in international food. Paris is famous for its clothes stores. _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

2. Have you ever gone to Paris? If so, how is it there? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Would you like to visit Paris? Why (not)? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why do you think Paris is the worlds most visited city? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 3
1) Complete the sentences with the verbs in The Present Perfect tense. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) She ____________(buy) a new dress. He _______________ (drink) a glass of milk. They _______________(cook) dinner. William and Sue _________________(play) chess with me. Mrs Dean __________________(clean) the house. My parents _________________ (visit) my grandparents. We _________________(wash) our hair. Sue ________________(study) a lot for the test. Emily _________________(swim) in the sea. Vera _________________ (live) in Paris for a long time.

2) Simple Past or Present Perfect? Choose the best option and write it down. a) I _____________________________________ this letter to Mary yesterday. (write) b) Gery _____________________________her sisters car for 10 years. (drive) c) We ____________________________this TV set since 1945, and it still works! (own) d) Junko _________________________to Sweden 5 years ago. (travel) e) I _________________ him last night. (see) f) They __________________to England in 1984.(go) g) I can't find my keys. I _______________ them.(lose) h) Annette _______________ many books and is writing another one now. (write) i) j) We don't know where he ________________. No-one can find him. (go) They __________________ their friends in New Zealand two years ago. (visit)

k) I ____________________ him in hospital three times this month. (visit) l) We _______________________ bad weather last week. (have)

m) We ______________________ great weather this week. (have) n) I ________________ to Spain yet. (not/be)

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3) Fill in the gaps with since or for. a) b) c) d) e) I haven't been to Erika's house ____________May. Lucas has worked in the bank _____________five years. 3)I have known him __________I was six. It has rained ___________more than three days. They have been married _____________1999.

4) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: a) I don't know where Amy is. _______________(you see) her? b) When I ____________(get) home last night I ____________(be) very tired and _____________(go) straight to bed. c) Your car looks very clean. _________________(you wash) it? d) John _________________(not be) very well last week. e) Mr Clark_______________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. f) Molly lives in Dublin. She _________________(live) there all her life. g) _________________(you go) to the cinema last night? h) 8, My grandfather ______________(die) 30 years ago. i) I don't know Carol's husband . I _____________(never meet) him. j) Where do you live? In Boston. How long _________________(you live) there? 5 years. Where _______________(you live) before? Chicago. And how long ________________(you live) there? 2 years.

5) Match the columns. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) 14th 55th 100th 80th 1000th 43rd 20th 22nd 12th 31st ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) hundredth ) twentieth ) fifty-fifth ) thirty-first ) Fourteenth ) twenty-second ) forty-third ) eightieth ) thousandth ) twelfth

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MUSIC Listen to the music and fill in the blanks.

I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For (U2)

But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for I believe in the Kingdom Come Then all the colors will bleed into one Bleed into one But yes I'm still running You broke the bonds And you loosed the chains Carried the cross Of my shame Oh my shame You know I believe it But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for

I ________________highest mountains I _________________through the fields Only to be with you Only to be with you I have run I ________________ I ________________these city walls These city walls Only to be with you But I still haven't found what I'm looking for But I still haven't found what I'm looking for I ______________honey lips Felt the healing in her fingertips It burned like a fire This burning desire I ______________with the tongue of angels I _________________the hand of a devil It was warm in the night I was cold as a stone

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UNIT 4
1) Complete with the simple past or the past perfect. a) Mary ________________ (go) into the room, ______________(sit) down and _____________ (discovered ) that someone ________________(smoke) some cigarrettes because the ashtray (be) full . b) The match already ________________(finish) when we ________________(arrive), so we ________________(can) find a nice place to park our car. Our friend Thomas _________already ___________ (tell) us that it _________________(be) very difficult to find a place on match days. c) Those Congolese children ____________ never ______________ (see) the sea, so they ____________(find) it very impressive. d) Someone ____________________(pick up) all the oranges, because the trees _________________ (be) empty. e) Nobody _____________________ (tell) us the temperatures were going to be so low, so we ___________________________(not bring) warm clothes .

2) Choose the best option. a) When I got to Mary's, George had gone. ( ) George left after I arrived. ( ) George left before I arrived. b) The children had got up when their father arrived. ( ) The children were already up before the father arrived. ( ) The children got up after the father arrived. c) The children got up when their father arrived. ( ) The children were up before their father arrived. ( ) The children got up after their father arrived. d) When they heard the news, Rob and Chris left. ( ) Rob and Chris left before they heard the news. ( ) Rob and Chris left after they heard the news. e) When they heard the news, Rob and Chris had left. ( ) Rob and Chris heard the news and then left.
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( ) The news came after Rob and Chris left.

3) Past simple or past perfect? a) He ______________(work) in a supermarket before he ______________(work) as a postman. b) She _______________ (feed) the dog as soon as she ______________(do) her homework. c) 3. My sister _______________ (live) in England before she ____________(move) to Belgium. d) 4. After he _____________(eat) all the sandwiches he ______________(drink) some orange juice. e) 5. We ______________(be) tired because we ______________ (work) all day. f) 6. As I ______________(miss) the bus I _____________(walk) home again. g) 7. After they ________________(install) the file they _______________(can) go on working. h) 8. He __________________(just start) to watch TV when the telephone_______________ (ring). i) 9. Before she __________________ (go) to bed she _______________(listen) to her favourite CD. j) 10. After he _______________(lose) all his money he ________________ (be) poor as a church mouse.

4) Write the verbs in Past Perfect Simple. Use the negative form. a) In the shopping centre, I met a friend who I ___________________(see / not) for ages. b) The thief could walk right into the house because you _______________(lock / not) the door. c) We lost the match because we ________________(practise / not) the days before. d) At school, Jim quickly copied the homework that he ______________(do / not) . e) We ate at a restaurant last night because I _____________(buy / not) anything for dinner. 5) Make the past perfect simple - 'wh' or 'yes/no' questions a) _________________(you/go) there before we went together? b) _________________(she/see) the film already? c) Why ________________ (he/forget) about the meeting? d) _________________(it/be) cold all week? e) _________________(I/read) the book before the class? .
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UNIT 5
1) Change the verb into the correct form (future perfect): a) By this time tomorrow, I ______________________(finish) the project. b) By 8 o'clock, the kids _____________________ (fall) asleep. c) By tomorrow morning, he _______________________ (sleep) wonderfully. d) By next year, she _____________________(receive) her promotion. e) Robin _______________________(sell) his car by next Sunday.

2) Create sentences using the future perfect, future continuous and future perfect continuous. Use the expressions below. Future perfect: a) Next week:______________________________________________ b) By 8 oclock:____________________________________________ Future continuous: c) By tomorrow:____________________________________________ d) Tonight:________________________________________________

Future perfect continuous: e) For 2 hours:__________________________________________ f) For five years:________________________________________

3) Put the verbs into the correct form (future continuous). a) At midnight we ______________________(sleep) . b) This time next week we ____________________(sit) at the beach. c) At nine I _____________________(watch) the news. d) Tonight we ___________________(cram up) for our English test. e) They ________________(dance) all night. f) He _____________________(not / play) all afternoon. g) I_______________________(not / work) all day. h) _______________________(eat / you) at six? i) ________________________(drive / she) to London? j) ________________________(fight / they) again?
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4) Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect continuous): a) b) c) d) e) f) By the end of this month we ___________________(live) together for six years. By the end of the term she ________________________(study) for nine years. By midnight we ______________________(play) this computer game for 48 hours. She ________________________(talk) on the phone for the last couple of hours. They ______________________(look for) me all night long. He ______________________(play) soccer all day long.

5) Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses: Future continuous or future perfect continuous. Simona: Margaret is really going to speak Spanish well when she gets back from that language school in Mexico. Isabelle: Hopefully! She ___________________(take) classes for more than six months. Simona: She is going to be able to speak Spanish with some of our Latin American clients. Isabelle: Good. Two clients from Peru ____________________(visit) us next month when Margaret returns. We need someone to entertain them while they are here. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jason: I am leaving! Nurse: If you would please wait, the doctor will be with you in ten minutes. The doctor is having some problems with a patient. Jason: The doctor was having problems with that patient an hour ago. If I wait another ten minutes, I am sure he _________________________(have, still) problems with her. By the time he's finally ready to see me, I __________________________(wait) for more than two hours.

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UNIT 6
1) Fill in each gap with the correct reflexive pronoun. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) My sister doesn't like _______________very much. John spends hours looking at _______________in the mirror. Mary is a person with lots of problems. Sometimes she even hurts__________ . I like Peter, but I wish he didn't spend so much time talking about____________ . Did you do this all by______________ ? We enjoyed _______________ very much at the party. I don't like them at all. They want everything for _________________ . Why are you standing? Find some chairs for _________________ and sit down. Last week he cut ______________with a knife. I answer all my letters ______________.

2) Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose). a) This is the bank _______ was robbed yesterday. b) A boy ____________ sister is in my class was in the bank at that time. c) The man ____________ robbed the bank had two pistols. d) He wore a mask _______________ made him look like Mickey Mouse. e) He came with a friend ______________ waited outside in the car. f) The woman _____________ gave him the money was young. g) This is the car __________ owner is a doctor. h) Lucas is a boy ________ takes good pictures. i) The skate__________ I found is black.

3) Who or which? a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Did you take the chair __________was in the room? Give me the book ________ is on the table. The girl __________ is standing there is Fatou. That's the dog __________ barks all the time. A baker is a person ____________makes bread. This is the pen ___________I bought last week. Frank is the man __________ I met yesterday.

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4) Who or whose? a) _____________book is it ? b) _____________is this boy ? c) _____________car is that ? d) _____________address is this ? e) _____________'s your teacher ? f) _____________s that girl? g) _____________ notebook is this? h) _____________s your friend? i) _____________ skate is that?

5) Complete each relative clause with who or that. If both who or that can be used, write who or that: a) That's the man ________________ stole my purse! b) That's the jacket _______________I want to buy. c) That's the girl ______________won the race. d) The students _____________do well on the exam will be allowed to leave early. e) We saw the cat ______________ lives in the house next door. f) The airport _____________is being built will be the largest in the country. g) The woman ________________sang that song is very beautiful. h) People ______________use this site will learn English very quickly. i) The computer _______________ I want to buy costs $1,000. j) The dinner _______________your mother prepared was delicious.

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Christ the Redeemer, Brazil

The statue of Christ the Redeemer is located at the top of Corcovado Mountain. The entire monument of statue of Christ the Redeemer is 38m high with the statue accounting for 30m and overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the tallest statues in the world; the span from finger tip to fingertip is 28m and there is a small chapel housed in the base. The reason why it was built was to show that Christ loves all. In Portuguese, this iconic monument is known as Cristo Redentor. Christ the Redeemer was designed by a French sculptor by the name of Paul Landowski and a local engineer named Heitor da Silva Costa was chosen to supervise the entire construction. The statue was built not out of steel but from reinforced concrete as that was considered a more suitable material for the cross shaped statue. The external caps of the idol were constructed in soapstone due to the resistance of this material to the extreme time and also due to its malleability. The statue of Christ the Redeemer can be accessed by the 2.4 meter Corcovado Railway that has the capacity to hold 360 passengers every hour. The trip by rail is approximately 20 minutes and leaves the base each half hour. From the road or the train terminal Christ the Redeemer statue is reached by 222 steps. For those not wishing to make the arduous trek up the mountain, reaching the statue is possible by escalators and elevators. Christ the Redeemer is one of the tourist attractions that every year attracts to more and more visitors. The best time to visit the Christ the Redeemer statue is late afternoon or evening when you can enjoy the splendour of the setting sun while taking in one of the most important landmarks in the world.
Adapted from: http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/america/brazil/rio-janeiro/christ-redeemer.aspx

1. Where is the Statue located? _________________________________________________________________________ 2. How high is it? _________________________________________________________________________ 3. When is the best time to visit Statue? Why? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Do you think Christ the Redeemer should really be considered one of the 7 World Wonders? Why? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 7
1) Change the sentences into reported speech: a) Mary said: "I like ice cream." Mary said (that) _____________________________________________. b) The Browns said: "We are on time." The Browns said (that) ________________________________________. c) Sue said: "He is sitting on the table." Sue said (that) _______________________________________________. d) Mother said: "Bill always goes to bed early." Mother said (that)_____________________________________________. e) Mrs Smith said: "I often drive to London ." Mrs Smith said (that) __________________________________________.

2) Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary. a)) Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?" Yesterday Mandy asked me . ______________________________________________________________________ b) Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?" Yesterday Jason wanted to know . ______________________________________________________________________ c) Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?" Yesterday Robert asked me . ______________________________________________________________________ d) Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?" Yesterday Daniel asked me . ______________________________________________________________________ e) Jennifer: "Where do you play football today?" Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know ______________________________________________________________________

3) Change the sentences into reported speech: a) They said: "It will be hot tomorrow." They said (that) _________________________________________________.

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b) Mother said: "I am busy." Mother said (that) ________________________________________________. c) She told the police: "I have heard strange noises during the night." She told the police (that) __________________________________________ . d) Peter said: "I go to school by train." Peter said (that) __________________________________________________. e) Sandy said: "My father likes sweets." Sandy said (that) _________________________________________________.

4) A speaker was asked these questions after a presentation.. Report the questions: a) 'How much are you planning to spend on advertising?' They asked me_________________________________________. b) 'Where do you intend to advertise?' _____________________________________________________. c) 'What discount will you give to your distributors?' _____________________________________________________. d) 'Why has it taken so long to develop?' _____________________________________________________.

5) Put in reported speech using the verbs given: a) 'I think it is Mary who must pay for the expenses' Antonio said to George. Antonio suggested__________________pay for the expenses. b) 'I'll bring the sandwiches for the party" said Helen Helen offered___________________the sandwiches for the party. c) 'Let's all go to Lisbon and rent a flat there!', they said They suggested__________________to Lisbon. d) 'OK, I think I'll wait for another three months.' said Maggie finally Maggie finally agreed___________________ for another three months.

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Romero Britto
Born in Recife, Brazil in 1963, Romero Britto grew up in a modest family, surrounded by 8 siblings. In his early years, he discovers his natural gift to color his life. Using all kinds of support, from old newspapers to cardboard, he creates a new form of expression reflecting his optimism and his vision of the world's beauty. His audacious character leads him to ignore the traditional system that surrounds him. In 1983, he leaves for Europe to gain better knowledge of "Masters' Art". Loaded with confidence and determination, Britto chooses Miami, where Pop Art is rapidly expanding, as his next destination. During the following years, Romero Britto will take part in several exhibitions, attracting not only young crowds but also long-time art lovers eager to discover his unique, modern skills. Britto's art is as diverse as his personal experiences and covers a wide variety of themes. It combines Pop Art with compositions inspired from cubism. In 1989, he is selected by Absolut Vodka to design their new bottle, succeeding some of the most notorious artists such as Andy Warhol. Appointed arts' ambassador at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Britto is also a humanitarian activist. He claims that "art should reflect the celebration of simple and good things in life". His modern influences, flashy colors and fun work led him to become one of the most recognized artists of his generation. His dreams are still filled with endless inspiration. Pepsi, Apple, Movado repeatedly called for his genius when they needed to reinvent their brands. Many heads of states, political and show-business personalities celebrate his skills across the world. Romero Britto permanently redefines art and its role in our lives.
Adapted from: http://www.art-zurich.com/files/2011/aussteller/files/Colorfield-Gallery_Britto(Biography).pdf

1. Has Romero Britto always been a rich person? ______________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of art inspires him? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Are you into painting? Who is your favorite painter? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. What calls your attention about Romero Brittos painting? _________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 8
1) Complete the conditional sentences. a) If Mr Brown ____________(sell) his car last year, he would have got more money for it. b) If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she _____________(pass) her driving test. c) If Mr Jones ______________(watch) the news every evening he would know more about politics. d) If Charlie ________________ (not stop) eating these green apples hell soon feel sick. e) If you had told me the truth I ____________ (help) you.

2) Complete using conditional sentences: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) If I were you, _______________________________________________ She would have had time__________________________________________ I will phone him_________________________________________________ If you came for dinner, ___________________________________________ She would have missed the train____________________________________ What would you do______________________________________________ If you stopped drinking, __________________________________________ If I had been offered the job, _______________________________________ If you meet my boss, _____________________________________________ If you won the prize, _____________________________________________

3) Choose the correct alternative: a) If I ________ you, I would apologize to her right away. (to be) ( ) was ( ) were ( ) have been b) If I run into her, I ________ her that you're looking for her. (to tell) ( ) would tell ( ) tell ( ) will tell c) If you ________ that again, I will call the police. (to do) ( ) to do ( ) do ( ) will do d) He would never have asked her out on a date if she ________ him first. (to kiss) ( ) hadn't kissed
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( ) didn't kiss ( ) will not kiss e) If you were her, what ________? (to do) ( ) would you do ( ) did you do ( ) do you do

4) Put the verbs into the correct form: a) If the company offered me the job, I think I ___________(take) it. b) I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she _________(refuse). c) Many people would be out of work if that factory _________ (close) down. d) If she sold her car, she _____________ (not / get) much money for it. e) They're expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ___________ (not / come).

5) Choose the correct alternative.

a) If you'd arrived on time, none of this would have happened ( ) This sentence is about something that happened in the past ( ) This sentence is about something that is very unlikely to happen

b) If I were you, I'd get in touch with a solicitor ( ) This is about something that is likely to happen in the near future ( ) This is about something now c) If I won the lottery, I'd go on a cruise ( ) This is about the present ( ) This is about the future d) If you should see him, tell him I've got the video he was looking for ( ) This is less likely to happen than if the speaker had said 'If you see him...' ( ) This is as likely to happen as if the speaker had said 'If you see him...'

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Easter in the United States

The Easter Sunday date varies because it is determined using a calculated lunar calendar. It is the first Sunday approximately after the first full moon on or after the March equinox. What do people do? Many churches hold special services on Easter Sunday, which celebrate the Jesus Christ's resurrection after his crucifixion. Many people also decorate eggs. These can be hard boiled eggs that can be eaten later, but may also be model eggs made of plastic, chocolate, candy or other materials. It is also common to organize Easter egg hunts. Eggs of some form are hidden, supposedly by a rabbit or hare. People, especially children, then search for them. In some areas, Easter egg hunts are a popular way for local businesses to promote themselves or may even be organized by churches. Symbols For people with strong Christian beliefs, the cross that Jesus was crucified on and his resurrection are important symbols of the period around Easter. Other symbols of Easter include real eggs or eggs manufactured from a range of materials, nests, lambs and rabbits or hares. Sometimes these symbols are combined, for example, in candy models of rabbits with nests full of eggs. Eggs, rabbits, hares and young animals are thought to represent the re-birth and return to fertility of nature in the spring.
Adapted from: http://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/easter-sunday

1. What do kids do on Easter? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of symbols the Christian have to celebrate the Easter? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is there any difference between Easter in the USA and in Brazil? What is it? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. What do you usually do on Easter? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
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MUSIC

Listen to the music and underline the conditional sentences.

If I Were A Boy (Beyonce) So they think that I was sleeping alone I'd put myself first And make the rules as I go Cause I know that she'd be faithful Waiting for me to come home It's a little too late for you to come back Say it's just a mistake Think I'd forgive you like that If you thought I would wait for you You thought wrong But you're just a boy You dont understand (Yeah you dont understand) How it feels to love a girl Someday you wish you were a better man You don't listen to her You don't care how it hurts Until you lose the one you wanted Cause you've taken her for granted And everything you had got destroyed But you're just a boy

If I were a boy Even just for a day I'd roll out of bed in the morning And throw on what I wanted and go Drink beer with the guys And chase after girls I'd kick with who I wanted And I'd never get confronted for it Cause they'd stick up for me. If I were a boy I think I could understand How it feels to love a girl I swear I'd be a better man. I'd listen to her Cause I know how it hurts When you lose the one you wanted Cause he's taken you for granted And everything you had got destroyed If I were a boy I would just turn off my phone Tell everyone it's broken

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Universidade de Pernambuco UPE 2012 Copyright Severino Carlos da Silva Este livro no pode ser reproduzido por qualquer meio sem autorizao do autor

Impresso no Brasil Tiragem 1.500 exemplares

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SEVERINO CARLOS DA SILVA

Mestre em Letras pela UFPB (Linguagem e Ensino de Lngua Estrangeira). Professor Assistente da Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE desde 1986. Atua principalmente nos seguintes temas: seleo, educao, formao de professores, reflexo sobre a prtica pedaggica do professor de lngua estrangeira e processo ensino-aprendizagem de lngua estrangeira. Atua tambm na rea de Sociolngustica (Variaes Lingusticas e Sociointeracionismo). Pesquisa desde 2002 sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem de vocabulrio de lngua inglesa, considerando a Lexical Approach (Michael Lewis), Lingustica de Corpus (Michael McCarthy), bem como Reflexo sobre a Prtica Pedaggica (Dewey, Shn, Paulo Freire, Perrenoud, Alarco etc). Pesquisa tambm sobre a Abordagem Colaborativa. Vem pesquisando sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem de lngua estrangeira na modalidade a distncia desde 2009. coordenador do Curso de PsGraduao em Lngua e Literaturas de Lngua Inglesa da UPE e do Curso de PsGraduao em Ensino de Lngua Inglesa do Centro de Ensino Superior do Vale do So Francisco CESVASF. Coordena o Programa de Lnguas e Informtica da UPE PROLINFO e o Curso de Graduao em Formao Pedaggica no Ensino de Lngua Inglesa na Modalidade a Distncia da UPE. Diretor didtico-Pedaggico do Special English Course, em Recife-PE. doutorando em Lingustica Aplicada pela UFPB.

FELIPE CASADO DE LUCENA

Professor do Departamento de Letras da Universidade Catlica de Pernambuco (UNICAP). Possui mestrado em Lingustica (UFPE), Especializao em Lingustica (FAFIRE), Graduao em Jornalismo (UNICAP) e em Letras Portugus/Ingls (UNICAP). Foi professor de ingls no PROLINFO de 2007 a 2011 e Coordenador de Apoio rea de Lngua Inglesa.

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