Relative Clause - Mnh quan h

WHAT ARE RELATIVE CLAUSES? - A relative clause is a part of a sentence that modifies a noun (person/place/thing) in a sentence. Example: The woman that has just left the shop didnt buy anything.

(that has just left the shop is the relative clause that modifies the noun woman by telling us which woman the speaker is referring to.)
WHY ARE RELATIVE CLAUSES IMPORTANT?

- We use relative clauses to give additional informationabout something without starting another sentence. - By combining sentences within a relative clause, our text becomes more fluent and we can avoid repeating certain words.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining and non - defining relative clauses + Defining (Restrictive/ Bound) relative clauses (Mnh quan h xc nh):
- A defining relative clause gives essential information about the noun (person/place/thing) it modifies. - Without this clause, the sentence would NOT make much sense as the reader would not be able to identify the noun in the sentence that the writer is describing. Who, whose and that can be used to describe people. Which, whose and that can be used to describe things. Example: The hotel that we stayed in wasnt bad. (that we stayed inis a defining relative clause that indicates to the reader which hotel we are talking about.) + Non - defining (Non - restrictive/ Free) relative clauses

(Mnh quan h khng xc nh):

- A non-defining relative clause gives extra information about a noun and has commas at both ends. Who, 'whom and whose can be used to describe people. Which and whose can be used to describe things. That CANNOT be used to describe people or things in non-defining relative clauses Example: My sister, who lives in France, is coming to stay with me next week. (who lives in France is not necessary information, but gives extra detail about the noun sister)

Finite and non - finite relative clauses

+ Finite relative clauses - A finite relative clause is a relative clause that includes a finite verb. - A finite verb is a verb that indicates tense. Example: The book you gave me has been torn up. + Non - finite relative clauses

- Defining and non-defining relative clauses have their non-finite equivalents. - In non-finite relative clauses we use non-finite verb forms (present participle, past participle, to-infinitive), but NO relative pronouns. Example: Who is the girl sitting next to you in class? - Participles in non - finite relative clauses:
* The present participle in a non - finite relative clause can occur if the subject of the participle is the same as the noun

it refers to. - Present participle clauses correspond to active voice finite relative clauses. Example: Who is the girl sitting next to you in class?
* The past participle in a non - finite relative clause can occur if the preceding noun is the object of the participle.

- Past participle clauses correspond to passive voice finite relative clauses. Example: John was the only one not informed about the room change. - The TO - infinite in non - finite relative clauses:

The to-infinitive is often used in non-finite relative clause after ordinal numbers (the first, the second etc.), superlatives (the best, the most beautiful etc.) and after next, last and only:
*

Example: Neil Armstrong was the first person to land on the moon. - Passive infinitives are also possible: Example: His was the last composition to be marked.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

defining relative clauses

Subject

- The person who/ that phoned me last night is my teacher.

- The car which/ that hit me was yellow.

Object

- The person (whom/ who/ that) I phoned last night is my teacher.

- The car (which/ that) I drive is old.

Possessive - The student whose phone just rang should stand up.

- The police are looking for the car whose/ of which driver was masked.

non-defining relative clauses

Subject

- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.

- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.

Object

- Mrs Pratt, whom/ who I like very much, is my teacher.

- The car, which I was driving at the time, suddenly caught fire.

Possessive - My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.

- The car, whose driver/ the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.

- Subject or Object Pronouns: + If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun.

- Subject pronouns must always be used. Example: This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration. + If the relative pronoun is NOT followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. - Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses

Example: The house (that) Jack built is large.

RELATIVE ADVERBS

relative adverb

meaning

use

when

in/on which

refers to a time expression

where

in/at which

refers to a place

why

for which

refers to a reason

Example: This is the shop in which/ where I bought my bike.

Lu - Dng WHAT khi mun ni vi ngha "iu m" Example: I dont understand what you say. (Ti khng hibn ni) - Trong cc mnh quan h c gii t, nu dng WHOM th t gii t ln trc WHOM. Example: The girl to whom youre talking is my friend. - Dng THAT trong cc mnh quan h c cc cm t ch thi gian the day, the year, the time ... Example: The last time (that) I saw her, she looked very well.