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Basic conditions for a Plane surface submerged in a fluid - Force on the surface: Perpendicular to the surface (No ) - Pressure: Linearly dependent only to the vertical depth
1. On a Horizontal surface (e.g. the bottom of a tank) Pressure at the bottom, p = h : Uniform on the entire plane Resultant force FR = pA = hA (A: the bottom area of container)
2. On an Inclined surface Consider a plane shown - At surface: p = patm - Angle between free surface & the inclined plane - y axis: Along the surface x axis: Out of the plane y x
y Along the vertical depth h & Pressure linearly changes & Hydrostatic force changes
Differential Force acting on the differential area dA of plane, dF = (Pressure) (Area) = (h) (dA)
Then, Magnitude of total resultant force FR
FR = A hdA = A ( y sin )dA
(Perpendicular to plane)
where h = y sin
= sin
A ydA
xdm = MX C &
xc
ydm = MYC
(XC & YC: Center of Mass) (xc & yc: Center of Area)
A xdA =
&
A ydA = yc
2 A y dA = I x
Then,
FR = Ayc sin = ( hc ) A
= (Pressure at the centroid) Area - Magnitude of a force on an INCLINED plane - Dependent on , Area, and Depth of centroid - Perpendicular to the surface (Direction)
yR
y = A
dA
yc A
yR =
I xc + yc yc A
xR
I xy yc A
xR =
I xyc yc A
+ xc
1 3 bh 1 1 1 2 12 + h = h + h = h (from the top) yR = 1 6 2 3 h (bh) 2 2 From the pressure prism yR = Centroid of the pressure prism = 1 2 h (above the base) = h (from the top) 3 3
h/3
xR = Horizontal center
(See Figure)
Moment by FR acting at y A = Moment by F1 at y1 + Moment by F2 at y2 FR y A = F1 y1 + F2 y2 where y1 = h for rectangle 2 2h for triangle (From the top) y2 = 3
y The effect of the atmospheric pressure patm : Increasing Volume of hexahedron (F1), NOT the prism (F2)
- FR: Change in both magnitude and direction - Can be determined by integration but not simple
y Special method using equilibrium of fluid Q. Determine the magnitude and location of FR exerting on the section BC
Consider the equilibrium situation shown, Step 1. Isolate the section of fluid (Section ABC with a unit perpendicular length) Step 2. Draw a free-body diagram F1 ( F2 ): Pressure force on Horizontal (Vertical) plane W : Weight of fluid ( Volume) FH ( FV ): Horizontal (Vertical) comp. of reaction force by wall Step 3. Equations of motion FH = F2 & FV = F1 + W (Equilibrium condition)
In equilibrium condition,
r Hydrostatic force by fluid ( FR ) r r r & Balance with reaction force by wall ( F = FH + FV )
FR = ( FH ) 2 + ( FV ) 2 : Magnitude &
tan =
FV : Direction FH