Chapter 2

All living thing are made up from basic unit- CELLS- Share general characteristics Living components of cells is called the PROTOPLASM which consists of NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM Nucleus content Nucleoplasm

Cells General/similarity animal + plant A nucleus (genetic material) Cytoplasm (ion, organic and inorganic compounds ) Plasma membrane ( regulate the movement of substances in and out of the membrane) Golgi apparatus Mitochondria ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) Ribosomes

Differences

Animal

Plant Chloroplasts (phytosynthesis) Cell walls Vacuoles large

Cells specialisation Multicellular- are organism >______________ Human and other multicellular organisms begin life with a single cell ZIGOTE (fertilization of sperm and ovum) Zygote-> divide into 2 (identical cells in turn divide into 4 and so on until eventually it form a ball of cells its called _________EMBRYO Zygote-> 2 -> 4 -> EMBRYO Cells grow, change shape and carry out specific functions -> Differentiation Follow by Specialisation to carry out specific tasks -> organised to tissue (a group of cells which are similar and perform a specific task (more efficient) => organ (different tissues work together and carried out function. => System => Organism

Cell organisation Cells => Tissues => Organ => System => multicellular Organism

Cell specialisation Is a process of change and adaptation that a cell undergoes to give it special structures and specific functions. It gives rise to various type of cells in a multicellular organism.

Nerve cells Long, thin fibre (axons) carry nerves impulses

Muscle cells Long multiple nuclei, protein fibres contract and produce movement

Muscle fibre

Red blood cells Shape-biconcave disc, no nuclei more are for OX to diffuse into the whole cells at faster rate (luas permukaan )

White blood cells Change shape easily to move around through the blood vessels and migrate to sites of injuries to fight infections

Sperm ceLLS Long tails, high density of____ which allow them to swim over towards the ovum

tail

Epithelial cells -w simple glands are found in intestines. Function to secrete mucus. Epithelial cells is highly folded with secretory cells arranged compactly to increase the ____surface area for mucus secretion.

Why the cell organisation is essential? More efficient- more cells Division of works among cells enables to carry different tasks and fx properly Higher growth rate Adaptation and survival in diverse habitat and environments

Sketch nerve cells, muscle cells, RBC, WBC, Sperm cells and epithelial cells

Tissues A group of specialised cells with a common struc and fx.

4 MAJOR TYPES EMCN (Emak Makan Chocolate Noir) Epithelial Tissues Muscles Tissues Connective tissues Nerve tissues

Epithelial Tissues At surface of skin and lining of mouth and oesophagus Fx- Protective barriers against, mechanical injuries, chemical and dehydration. Also regulate body temperature

At body cavities, heart and blood vessels and lungs Lungs- aveoli of the lung and form thw wall of blood capillaries- cells are thin, flattened and arranged in a single layer This adaptation allows the exchange of gases between the aveoli and the blood in the capillaries to take place efficiently

Lining of small intestine -absorb nutrient after digestion is completed - undergo modification -> form mucus secreting goblet cells which secrete mucus into the digestive tract

Epithelial at the lining OF GLANDS ducts and kidney tubules Certain E. cells is modified into glands in the skin eg for sweat gland and sebaceous gland

EC. At lining of trachea Consisted of elongated cells with hair like projections called cilia- trap dust particles a nd sweep the impurities away from lung- Secrete mucus

Muscles Tissues (SSC) Saya suka cicak Smooth muscles (vessels, digestive, bladder and reproductive) Skeletal muscle (Skeleton- tulang) Cardiac muscle (contractile walls of the heart)

Neuron tissues Contains neurons or nerve cells Neuron contains- cell body. Nerve fibres called dendrites and axon 3 type of neurons- afferent, efferent and interneurons Transmit impulses over long distances Control and coordinate activities in the body

Connective tissues (CBBLF) Consists of various type of cells and fibres separated by an extracellular matrix Widely distributed and have many functions Connective tissue under epithelial cells consisted of a network of collagen, capillaries and spaces filled with fluid. Eg. Tendons, ligaments, cartilage. Bones, blood, lymph and adipose tissues CT- except the blood and lymph the interwoven with fibrous strands called collagen

Cartilage (tendons, ligaments)

Bones - cells located at deep in a matrix of collagen hardened by mineral deposits susch as calcium Bone are harder than cartilage Fx protection to the body and support the body

Blood- Blood cells -rbc, wbc, platelets, blood cells manufactured by bone marrow Blood- regulating, transporting, protective functions Transport nutrient and ox to cells and removes CO2 and waste products from cells It helps distribute heat throughout the body and contains regulatory substances like hormone and enzymes Rbc- 02, wbc- infection, platelets aid in blood clotting Lymph Consist mostly of fluid which diffuses out of blood capillaries Fat cells- adipose tissue/adipose tissue Are tightly packed Found in the dermis of the skin Adipose tissue stores energy and insulates the body

Nerve tissues (AEI) Afferents Efferent Interneurons

OrganForms by 2> types of tissues working together to perform particular fx Heart, skin, kidney, lung, eyes, ears Heart- cardiac muscle, nerve tissue, epithelial cells- pump the blood to body

skin

-cover entire body Protects again infection, physical trauma, and water loss Largest organ Organ because- consisted various type of tissues combined together to perform specific functions Main layers Epidermis outer, thinner, made up of epithelial cells Dermis CT, Nerve tissue, epithelial cells, and muscle tissues Epithelial cells-basal layer- undergo cells division Smooth muscles hair erector muscle- attached to hair follicle ()- hair stands Various nerves ending- scattered all around dermis and epidermis Nerves ending receptors for pressure, temperature, touch, and pain They detect stimuli and transmit nerve impulses to the nervous system

Connective T Elactics fibres and collagen fibres The elasticity to skin return to original shape after being stretch Arterioles supply blood to the skin through the network of blood capillaries Lymphatic vessels collect interstitial fluid within the dermis

Specilaised epithelial cells in the skin from the glands as hair follicles Which produce hair, sweat gland (sweat), and oil gland (sebum- lubricates the hair and the skin)

Lungs

The lungs are the major organ that provides oxygen exchange. The lungs contain tiny bronchiol alveoli, which is the site for absorption of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood is then sent back to the heart to provide tissue with the necessary oxygen. The lungs also contain tiny cilia that push foreign objects out of the lungs. This leads to coughing to keep the lungs clear from bacteria, dirt, and smoke. Smoking causes these cells to die, making it difficult for lungs to clear.

Stomach and Intestines

The stomach is the major organ that holds food and sends it to the intestines for digestion and absorption. The pancreas and the gallbladder provide enzymes that breakdown the stomach contents, giving the intestines small molecules for absorption. The digestive system is also responsible for most water absorption in the large intestines. The metabolic waste is then sent down the colon and removed during bowel movements.

Kidneys

The kidneys are a part of the endocrine system. These organs provide the filtration system necessary for metabolic waste in tissue cells. For instance, nitrogen is a waste product from protein catabolism. Nitrogen is harmful to the body, so the kidneys remove this product from the blood and excrete it in the form of urea. The kidneys are also a point for water re-absorption. Beneficial materials like water and sodium are sent back to the body and waste is excreted through kidney function in the nephrons.

Systems- several organs work together to carry out living process There are 11 major system in human!!! (NSCD RER MIEL) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Nervous Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Excretory Reproductive Muscular Integumentary system Endocrine Lymphatic

These specific systems are widely studied in Human anatomy. "Human" systems are also present in many other animals. 1. Circulatory system: pumping and channelling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels. 2. Integumentary system: skin, hair, fat, and nails. 3. Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments lia and nan and tendons. 4. Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate 5. Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus. 6. Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine. 7. Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm. 8. Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands. 9. Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. 10. Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes only skeletal muscle, not smooth muscle or cardiac muscle. 11. Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

Cell organisation in plants