Synchronous Motor

CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis using Finite Elements
FLUxX 2D Application
Synchronous motor technical paper
Copyright - April 2006
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This technical paper was edited on 18 April 2006 Ref.: K205-Q-920-EN-EN-04/06
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CONVENTIONS USED
To make this tutorial easy to read, the following conventions have been used: All the information and comments describing the current actions are written in the same way as this sentence. All dialogue text between the user and FLUX2D is written in courier font: Name of the region to be created : bdg Color of this region : <M>AGENTA Select a surface or a menu item : <Q>uit [q]uit The conventions used for the dialogue between the user and FLUX2D are presented below: Text in italic Text in bold Bdg [q]uit <T>ext in bold <M>AGENTA <Coil>
Message or question displayed on the screen by FLUX2D User input to FLUX2D using the keyboard (name of a region, point coordinates, ...). This answer should be validated by the Return/Enter key, symbolised in this document by . If there is no ambiguity, a keyboard answer can be shortened. In this case, you should press the characters indicated between square brackets [ ] . A menu item of the graphical window can be selected using the mouse or, if there is no ambiguity, by entering the first character of the word displayed between angled brackets < >. If the menu must be necessarily selected using the mouse, it is enclosed by angled brackets < >. Graphical input such as selection of a point, a line, a surface...
CREATE
The reply is by default. To enter a default response, simply press the Return/Enter key. Menu commands should be selected with the mouse. Item that you should select from the graphics screen; (P3) point number 3 or (P3__P4) line connecting point number 3 and point number 4.
P3
P3 P4
- REMARK The files corresponding to different cases studied in this technical paper are available in the folder:
\DocExamples\Examples2D\SynchronousMotor\FluxFiles\
The corresponding applications are ready to be solved. This allows you to adapt this technical paper to your needs.
FLUX 2D9.20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Overview of synchronous motor technical paper......................................................... 1 2. Defining the problem ................................................................................................... 3

2.1 2.2 Building method for the geometry and mesh .................................................................. 4 The Geometry ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.1 2.2.2 Creation of coordinate systems, geometrical parameters .................................................6 Geometry and faces building and transformation creation................................................7 Creation of discretisations ...............................................................................................15 Assigning the mesh .........................................................................................................15 Regions............................................................................................................................19 ME_CC ............................................................................................................................25 AC_SSFR_D_AXIS_POS................................................................................................26 AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS_POS................................................................................................27 TM_NETWORK ...............................................................................................................28
2.3
The mesh and regions .................................................................................................. 15

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
2.4
Circuits models.............................................................................................................. 24
2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4
2.5 2.6
Materials data................................................................................................................ 29 Boundary conditions...................................................................................................... 30
3. Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static ........................................................................ 31

3.1 3.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 31 Angles corresponding to Xd and Xq.............................................................................. 31
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................31 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................32 Solving conditions............................................................................................................33 Analysis ...........................................................................................................................34 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................35 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................35 Solving conditions............................................................................................................37 Analysis ...........................................................................................................................37
3.3
Xd and Xq according to the stator current..................................................................... 35

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4
4. Short-circuit tests....................................................................................................... 41
4.1 Unloaded operating....................................................................................................... 41
4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................41 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................41 Solving conditions............................................................................................................44 Analysis ...........................................................................................................................45
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4.2
Single phase short circuit...............................................................................................47

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 Purpose............................................................................................................................47 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................47 Solving conditions ............................................................................................................50 Analysis............................................................................................................................51 Purpose............................................................................................................................53 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................53 Solving conditions ............................................................................................................56 Analysis............................................................................................................................57
4.3
Three phase short circuit ...............................................................................................53

4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4
5. StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR) ..................................................................... 61

5.1 Direct and quadrature axis determination......................................................................61
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 Purpose............................................................................................................................61 Physical and solving conditions .......................................................................................62 Analysis............................................................................................................................69 Purpose............................................................................................................................71 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................71 Solving conditions ............................................................................................................74 Analysis............................................................................................................................75
5.2
Classical SSFR..............................................................................................................71
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4
6. Loaded on the network .............................................................................................. 79

6.1 Unloaded on the network...............................................................................................79
6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 Purpose............................................................................................................................79 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................79 Solving parameters ..........................................................................................................82 Analysis............................................................................................................................83 Purpose............................................................................................................................86 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................86 Solving parameters ..........................................................................................................89 Analysis............................................................................................................................90 Purpose............................................................................................................................91 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................91 Solving parameters ..........................................................................................................94 Analysis............................................................................................................................94 Purpose............................................................................................................................97 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................97 Solving parameters ........................................................................................................100 Analysis..........................................................................................................................101
6.2
Loaded on the network without regulation .....................................................................86

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4
6.3
Loaded on the network with appropriated motor torque ................................................91

6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4
6.4
Loaded on the network with appropriated field current and motor torque .....................97
6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4
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Overview of synchronous motor technical paper
1.
This document presents some models for finite element based on analysis of synchronous motor. By post-processing the numerical results of the problems associated to these models, the main characteristics of the machine are evaluated. They correspond in fact to the longitudinal and transversal reactance. Several methods can be used to determine them. We shall present here some of them. Two configurations of the motor will be taken into account: with coil absorber or massive absorber. This paper contains two principal sections : DEFINING THE PROBLEM (chapter 2) : Creation of geometry, mesh, circuit models and materials data. This section describes the construction of geometry and mesh in using the functions, supplied by the software as transformations or geometrical parameters, in order to optimise the model. The regions, used to assign the physical proprieties to the machine, will be detailed. This part provides too the description of the circuits associated to different field cases (representing the electrical wiring diagram of machine with its supplying) as well as data on the materials. Finally, the study domain will be defined by the boundary conditions. DIFFERENT SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS (chapter 3 to 6) : This section is composed of several simulations types that is to say the magneto-static, transient magnetic and magneto-dynamic. These simulations are used according to the characteristics studied and the operating of the machine. The magneto-static analysis corresponds to a machine without movement and a magnetic steady-state. The transient magnetic analysis corresponds to a machine in movement with a magnetic state in evolution. The last type, magneto-dynamic, corresponds to a magnetic state changing without movement of the machine. Each test includes also the solving parameters and an analysis of simulation results. The simulations type, the initial conditions, the calculations resolution are defined. The first test, Parameters Xd, Xq, will allow to define the angles and the values of the direct and quadrature synchronous reactances. The two following tests, Short-circuit test and standstill frequency response, will allow to characterise the machine by these time constants and reactances. Finally, a connection to the network of the generator, Loaded on the network, with or without regulation, will be modelled.
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Defining the problem
2.
This numerical simulations refer to a 4 poles synchronous motor, three-phase, having the following characteristics :
CHARACTERISTICS Number of poles Voltage Frequency Power Slots number Armature Number of turns per phase Number of wires by slot Field Number of turns per pole D axis - slots by pole D axis - wires by slot Absorber Q axis - slots by pole Q axis - wires by slot Fig 2.a : Synchronous machine 2 74 DATA 4 220 / 127 V 50 Hz 3 kVA 54 108 12 215 4 74
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A cross section, given below, shows the overview of the machine :

Field Armature
Stator wires
Electrical absorber
2.1
Building method for the geometry and mesh
The model will be create in following each chapter until the 2.4.2. Nevertheless, the geometry and mesh are linked during the construction thats why a method is presented to understand the sequences of construction. In this tutorial, the building method of stator is the following one : - creation of points of half slot of stator - creation of lines of half slot of stator - creation of transformation necessary to obtain the complete stator slot - complement to the geometry with lines - creation of faces - creation of the stator mesh - creation of transformation necessary to obtain the half stator The building method of rotor is the following one : - creation of points of half slot absorber and one field of rotor - creation of lines of half slot absorber and field of rotor - creation of faces of half slot absorber - creation of half slot absorber mesh - creation of transformations necessary to obtain the six slots absorber - complement to the geometry of eighth of rotor with lines - creation of faces - creation of the eighth rotor mesh - creation of transformation necessary to obtain the half Ending of the building : - creation of lines to close the airgap - creation of airgap mesh
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2.2
The Geometry
The machine being build up of four poles and in a symmetric way, only an half machine will be described with two poles as it is shown below.
Poles Field coils
Armature wires 3 phases
The most part of the geometry construction will be created from geometrical parameters. Some dimensions are nevertheless given to close the construction.
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2.2.1
Creation of coordinate systems, geometrical parameters
Coordinate system The armature and the field are created in two different systems in order to be able to simulate an eccentricity of the rotor. The different systems are:
Name Comments Definition Type Origin Origin Origin X Y Z Unit of length Unit of angle
XY1 STATOR ROTOR
Default system Stator system Rotor system
2D_Global
Cartesian 2D
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Millimeter Degree Millimeter Degree Millimeter Degree
2D_Global Polar 2D 2D_Global Polar 2D
Note : To create coordinate systems : [Geometry], [Coord sys], [New] Geometrical parameters The geometrical parameters used in geometry building are: Parameter names RIR RER AIR AER AOIR RAHA FSIR FSMR FOIR FOER ST SIR SER SSIR SSER SSHA AIRGAP MESH_AIRGAP NBSS Comments Rotor internal radius Rotor external radius Absorber internal radius Absorber external radius Absorber opening internal radius Rotor slot half-angle Field slot internal radius Field slot medium radius Field opening internal radius Field opening external radius Skin thickness Stator internal radius Stator external radius Stator slot internal radius Stator slot external radius Stator slot half-angle Airgap Use for the mesh Number of stator slots Values in [mm] or [] 28.575 mm 113.2 mm 96.48 mm 111.05 mm 111.93 mm 4.5 50.6 mm 82.9 mm 101.75 mm 109.35 mm 1 mm 114.34 mm 202.5 mm 127.04 mm 177.84 mm 3.33 (360/108) 1.14 mm 1.5*airgap 54
Note : To create geometrical parameter : [Geometry], [Geometric Parameter], [New]
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2.2.2
Geometry and faces building and transformation creation
In order to simplify the geometry construction, the rotor and stator will be built from an half slot for the rotor and half slot for the stator. Some transformations will be used in order to propagate the original shape and to obtain the final geometry. Creation of half stator slot - points of half slot of stator N P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 R coordinate 0 SIR SIR 118.2 124.5 SSIR*COSD(0.87) SSIR SSIR ((SSIR+SSER)/2) * cosd(1.28) (SSIR+SSER) / 2 ((SSIR+SSER)/2) * cosd(2.053) SSER * cosd(1.76) SSER SSER * cosd(1.57) SER SER coordinate 0 0 SSHA - 0,39 0 0 0 0.87 2.98 0 1.28 SSHA SSHA 1.57 0 0 SSHA Coordinate system STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
Create with mirror_stator transformation
Fig 2.2.1.a : Overview of a stator slot with the points designation
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N L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 L16 L17 L18 L19 L20 L21 L22
lines of half stator slot Type of line Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_radius Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Starting point P3 P7 P10 P11 P10 P13 P12 P15 P14 P14 P9 P9 P6 P6 P5 P4 P2 P7 P15 P5 P3 P8 End point P8 P10 P11 P12 P13 P12 P16 P14 P13 P9 P10 P6 P7 P5 P4 P2 P3 P8 P16 P4 P50 P51 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 3.15
2.2.2.1.1
Center point
Angle
Coordinate system STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
Fig 2.2.1.b : Overview of a stator slot with the lines designation
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Creation of transformation necessary for the stator construction
Symmetry will be used to end the complete slot, and then a multiple rotation to create the halfstator. The lines 21 and 22 will be created before building half stator. Geometric transformation MIRROR_STATOR Type Affine_line_2pt First point P1 Second point P16 Ratio -1 Comment Create mirror image of a half slot of stator
Geometric Theta Coordinate Type R comp. Rot. Z Comment transformation comp. system STATOR_ROT Create all of Rot_coo_ang 0 0 360/NBSS STATOR stator slot Note : To create geometric transformation : [Geometry], [Transformation], [New]
Fig 2.2.1.c Base shape of stator
Fig 2.2.1.d complete stator
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Creation of half rotor - points of eighth of rotor N P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39 P40 P41 P42 Radius RIR RIR FSIR FSIR FSMR ((AIR * COSD (2.109)) 6.2) / COSD (4.5) 91.312 88.6 FOIR * COSD (2.873) FOER * COSD (2.673) RER FOER FOIR RER RER AER AIR AIR AER RER RER AOIR AOIR * COSD (0.65) AIR * COSD (2.109) AIR * COSD (2.109) 3.56 AIR *COSD (2.109) 6.2 Angle 0 45 0 22.5 22.5 18 14 0 0 0 0 2.673 2.873 15 18 18 18 20.391 19.868 19.868 21.857 21.85 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 Coordinate system ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
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Fig 6 : Overview of a part of rotor with the points designation
N L23 L24 L25 L26 L27 L28 L29 L30 L31 L32 L33 L34 L35 L36 L37 L38 L39 L40 L41 L42 L43 L44
lines of eighth of rotor

Type of line Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Starting point P1 P17 P19 P20 P22 P23 P24 P25 P25 P29 P26 P26 P22 P22 P33 P33 P32 P32 P36 P35 P34 P35 End point P17 P19 P24 P21 P23 P24 P25 P26 P29 P28 P28 P27 P42 P33 P32 P34 P35 P31 P35 P34 P40 P38 Center point Radius Coordinate system ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
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N L45 L46 L47 L48 L49 L50 L51 L52 L53 L54 L55 L56 L57 L58 L59 L93 L156 L157 L1377 L1378
Type of line Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Segment Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_ray Arc_2pt_ray Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_pt_center Arc_2pt_ray Arc_2pt_pt_center Segment Segment Segment Segment
Starting point P38 P38 P39 P40 P41 P28 P17 P19 P29 P22 P27 P30 P31 P36 P41 P37 P1 P18 P2 P277
End point P37 P39 P40 P41 P42 P30 P18 P20 P22 P21 P30 P31 P36 P37 P34 P58 P18 P99 P27 P816
Center point
Radius
Coordinate system ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
P1 P1 32.6 32.6 P1 P1 P1 P1 3.56 P1
ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
Note : the lines 93, 156, 157, 1377 and 1378 are created at the end of the construction in order to close the airgap region.
L55
Fig 7 : Overview of part of rotor with the lines designation
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Creation of transformation necessary for the rotor construction
Symmetry will be used to end the absorber slot then a multiple rotation to create the two other ones. The line 92 will be created to end the first absorber slot and the lines 155 and 156 will be created before applying the first rotor symmetry. A first symmetry will be used to create the quarter of rotor then another one to finish the half rotor.
Geometric transformation MIRROR_ABSORBER MIRROR_ROTOR_1 MIRROR_ROTOR_2 Geometric transformation ABSORBER_ROT Type Affine_line_2pt Affine_line_2pt Affine_line_2pt R comp. 0 First point Second point Ratio P1 P1 P1 Theta comp. 0 P39 P18 P678 -1 -1 -1 Comment Create mirror image of a half slot of absorber Create a quarter of rotor Create an half of rotor
Type Rot_coo_ang
Rot. Z 9
Coordinate Comment system 2 Times to create ROTOR the three first slot of absorber
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Fig 7 and 8 : Different steps of creation of the rotor
Create with Mirror absorber
Create with Absorber_rot
Create with Mirror rotor 1
Create with MIRROR_ROTOR_2
Creation of faces
The faces must be built before and after each transformation whether it is for the rotor or the stator. Warning: Before propagating faces, select the options [add faces and associated Linked Mesh Generator] in order to create faces automatically and to affect the mesh of the original shape to the whole geometry. Note : To create faces : [Geometry],[Build]],[Build Faces]
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2.3
The mesh and regions
Further to an automatic meshing, some elements are not standard. Furthermore, the mesh applied to the airgap does not correspond to equilateral triangle. In order to improve the mesh, some discretisations will be assigned to points and lines.
2.3.1
Creation of discretisations
Mesh points Value (in mm) 18 12 6 3 Mesh_airgap Color Cyan Turquoise Yellow Red Magenta
Names BIG LARGE MEDIUM SMALL AIRGAP
Note : To create mesh point: [Mesh],[Mesh Point], [New] Mesh lines Type Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Geometric with imposed number of elements Value 2 3 8 2 1.3 Ratio Color Magenta Green Turquoise Yellow
Names A2 A3 A8 GEO_1
2.3.2
Assigning the mesh
In using the propagate function with the option add faces and associated Linked Mesh Generator, the mesh will be assigned only to the original shapes. With the automatic mesh, the discretisation will be carried out by Flux 2D but in order to optimize the number of nodes, the customized mesh point and mesh line will be applied. On some faces, knowing the circulating direction of flux density, the mapped option will be applied. Mesh points Points P7,P10,P11,P12,P13,P43,P46,P48 P6,P9,P14,P15,P16,P22,P42,P44,P45,P47,P49 P4,P5,P21,P23,P26,P34,P35,P38,P39,P41,P52,P53 P8,P51 All points in relation with the airgap region
Names BIG LARGE MEDIUM SMALL AIRGAP
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Note : To assign mesh point : [Mesh],[Assign mesh information],[Assign mesh point to Points] Note : To assign with a relation : [Mesh],[Assign mesh information],[Assign mesh point to Points], select the little arrow and then choose [Selection by surfacic region] Mesh lines Lines L8,L17,L19,L22,L28,L44,L52,L59,L60,L64,L74,L75 L20,L25,L26,L42,L43,L47,L72 L55 L2,L12,L66,L67
Names A2 A3 A8 GEO_1
Note : Please check that you have 563 faces created Note : Please check that you have only 4 faces with bad quality elements corresponding to the edges of field horns. Mapped Mesh In order to simplify the mesh and reduce the number of node, the mapped mesh will be used. This mesh assigns a surface where the shape of mesh is quadrangular. This mesh is assigned to faces. Names MAPPED Faces 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 24, 25
Note : To assign mapped mesh : [Mesh],[Assign mesh information],[Assign mesh generator to Faces], select the faces and assign [Mapped]
L44 L60 L75 L59 L52 L28 L17,L74 L19 L64 L22
L8 Fig 2.3.2.a : A2 mesh lines
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L47 L43 L42 L72 L25 L20 L55
L26
Fig 2.3.2.b : A3 mesh lines
Fig 2.3.2.c : A8 mesh lines
L6 L6 L2 L1
Fig 2.3.2.d : GEO_1 mesh lines
Fig 2.3.2. e : Mapped mesh
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Fig 2.3.2.f : Big mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.g : Large mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.h : medium mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.i : airgap mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.j : small mesh points
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Fig 9 : Overview of complete mesh
About 7150 nodes will be created but it could be different according to the model.
2.3.3
Regions
29 regions will be created. Each coil of armature and field will be dissociated as well as all absorbers. Creation of regions Comment Holes in the stator and horns in the rotor Opening slot of absorber Airgap between the stator teeth Airgap between stator and rotor Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Absorber Stator negative phase 1 Stator positive phase 1 Stator negative phase 2 Stator positive phase 2 Stator negative phase 3 Stator positive phase 3 Field negative phase 1 Color Magenta Magenta Magenta Yellow White White White White White White White White White White White White Yellow Red Yellow Red Yellow Red Turquoise
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Names AIR 1 AIR 2 AIR 3 AIRGAP AM 1 AM 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM 11 AM 22 AM 33 AM 44 AQ 1 AQ 2 AQ 11 AQ 22 COIL 1M COIL 1P COIL 2M COIL 2P COIL 3M COIL 3P Field 1M
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Names Field 1P Field 2M Field 2P SHAFT ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE
Comment Field positive phase 1 Field negative phase 2 Field positive phase 2 Motor shaft Rotor magnetic core Stator magnetic core
Color Red Turquoise Red Turquoise Cyan Cyan
Note : To create region : [Physics],[Face Region],[New] Assigning the surface region to faces The region will be assigned to the faces according to the following pictures:
Fig 2.2.3.a Rotor core region
Fig 2.2.3.b Stator core region
Fig 2.2.3.c Shaft region
Fig 2.2.3.d Airgap region
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Fig 2.2.3.e Air 1 region
Fig 2.2.3.f Air 2 region
Fig 2.2.3.g Air 3 region
Fig 2.2.3.h Coil 1P region
Fig 2.2.3.i Coil 1M region
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Fig 2.2.3.j Coil 2P region
Fig 2.2.3.k Coil 2M region
Fig 2.2.3.l Coil 3P region
Fig 2.2.3.m Coil 3M region
Fig 2.2.3.n Field 1P region
Fig 2.2.3.p Field 1M region
Fig 2.2.3.q Field 2P region
Fig 2.2.3.r Field 2M region
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AM 11 AM 22 AQ 22 AQ 11 AM 2 AM 1
AM 33 AM 44 AQ 2 AQ 1 AM 4 AM 3
Fig 2.2.3.s All absorber regions Note : To assign regions to faces : [Physics],[Assign regions to geometric entities], [Assign regions to faces]
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2.4
Circuits models
These circuits are used for dynamic and transient simulations. They will model: the three phases of the armature with or without the coil end winding The field coils for the two poles. The twelve absorbers which can be represented by two variants : some coil conductors or solid conductors. Some resistance with high value (106 or 104 ) in order to model the voltmeters. The type of test, in which the circuit is used, and an abbreviation of test name compose the name of each circuit. Note : To create circuit : In the supervisor, choose [Circuit], [file], [New]
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2.4.1
ME_CC
This circuit will be used: to know the evolution of stator voltage in function of the supply in current of field. to know the behavior of machine in case of sudden short-circuit. Different shortcircuit will be modeled (single phase, three phase ) in modifying the value of resistors in which the stator is linked. Names B1,B2,B3 B_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 R1, R2, R3,R6 L4 RU1, RU2, RU3, AM1, AM2, AM3, AM4, AM11, AM22, AM33, AM44, AQ1, AQ2, AQ11, AQ22 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 Type Coils Coils Inductances Resistors Inductances Resistors Values 181.2 m 5.0136 1.104 mH According to test (106 or 10-6) 8.8 mH 106 = 2.7 10-8 .m 2.89 10-6 10-9 H
Solid conductors Resistors Inductances
Fig 10 : ME_CC
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2.4.2
AC_SSFR_D_AXIS_POS
This circuit will be used to determine the position of rotor in D axis for the SFFR test. Names B1, B2, B3 B_ROTOR B5 B6 L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 Type Coils Coils Coils Coils Inductances Inductances Inductances Inductances Voltage source Values 181.2 m 5.0136 8.486 9.358 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 15.6 mH 11.2 mH According to the test
Fig 11 : AC_SSFR_D_AXIS_POS circuit
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2.4.3
AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS_POS
This circuit will be used to know the characteristics of machine with the StandStill Frequency Rotor or locked rotor. Names B1, B2, B3 B_ROTOR B5 B6 L1, L2, L3 L4 R1 R2,R3,R4, , R19, R20, R21 L5, L6, L7, , L22, L23, L24 V1 Type Coils Coils Coils Coils Inductances Inductances Resistance Resistors Inductances Voltage source Values 181.2 m 5.0136 8.486 9.358 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 10 2.89 10-6 10-9 H According to the test
4
Fig 12 : AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS_POS circuit
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 27
FLUX 2D9.20
2.4.4
TM_NETWORK
This circuit will be used to know the behavior of machine when it is connected to the network. Names B1, B2, B3 B_ROTOR B5 B6 L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9 V1, V2, V3 I_rotor Type Coils Coils Coils Coils Inductances Inductances Inductances Inductances Resistances Inductances Voltage source Current source Values 181.2 m 5.0136 8.486 9.358 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 15.6 mH 11.2 mH According to the test According to the test According to the test According to the test
Fig 13 :TM_NETWORK circuit
PAGE 28
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
2.5
Materials data
Three types of materials will be used in the different simulations. They correspond to a magnetic core for the stator and rotor, to solid bars for the absorbers and to a resistive material for the rotor. Materials can be entered in a material database, or can be created directly in each FLUX project. STEEL_NLIN
This material is defined by the B(H) curve. The simple analytic saturation curve allows to characterise it by the saturation value Js and the slope of the origin of the curve. Characteristics : Js = 1.6T and r = 8000
Fig 11 : B(H) curve of magnetic core
Note : To create material : In the supervisor, choose [Materials Database] : [Add],[Material] then [Property] ALU_BAR
This material is defined by a resistivity corresponding to aluminium bars for the absorbers. This resistivity is given for 20 C temperature. Characteristics : iso_resistivity = 2.7 10-8 .m RESISTIV_ROTOR
This material is defined by a B(H) curve, identical to the steel_nlin material, and a resistivity. This material will characterise the rotor property for some SSFR tests. Characteristics : Js = 1.6T and r = 8000 for B(H) curve. Iso_resistivity = 15. 10-8 .m
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 29
FLUX 2D9.20
2.6
Boundary conditions
The boundaries of computation domain are outer contour of stator magnetic core and the lines delimiting the section cut of the machine. The conditions will be: - Dirichlet on the outer contour of stator magnetic core. Indeed, the magnetic flux through these boundaries is considered as null. Expressed in terms of magnetic vector potential, this condition means zero value of the magnetic vector potential along the two boundaries. - Cyclic along of the section of machine. Indeed, the flux lines through these boundaries are considered as perpendicular to these boundaries and distributed symmetrically against the middle of machine.
Dirichlet
Cyclic Fig 12 : Boundaries conditions
Note : All the boundary conditions are set automatically by Flux 2D
PAGE 30
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static
3.
3.1
Introduction
This section will supply the simulation conditions and the possible analysis for each type of test. In this section, the parameters of equivalent schema will be studied. The menu Physical in the supervisor will be used to describe the physical propriety of each region, the menu Solve to give the solving parameter and launch the computation and the menu Result to analyse the results supplied by Flux 2D.
3.2
3.2.1
Angles corresponding to Xd and Xq

Purpose
Reminder : equivalent schema : The machine is represented in generator convention. The value X = L. corresponding to the synchronous reactance. This reactance is decomposed in two reactances, longitudinal and transversal, corresponding to the representation in the Park transformation. The longitudinal reactance is obtained when the north pole of rotor is lined up with a stator phase. The transversal reactance is in quadrature with the longitudinal position. In order to determine the positions of the rotor corresponding exactly to these two reactances, the angle of rotor will be used as parameter in a magneto-static simulation. The evolution of flux, picture of stator voltage, will give the two corresponding angles.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 31
FLUX 2D9.20
3.2.2
Physical conditions
Angle_det Magneto static Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account) Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Problem name Problem type Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN
Repetition number of the periodicity about Z 2
Type Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) Coord. System ROTOR
Initial relative permeability 8000
Saturation magnetization (T) 1.6
Mechanical Comment Type Set name ROTOR Rotor Rotation around one axis STATOR AIRGAP Stator Airgap FIXED COMPRES SIBLE
Rotation axis Rotation around one axis parallel to Oz -
Pivot External Point characteristic (0,0,0) Multi-static
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT AM_1, AM_2, AM_3, AM_4, AM_11, AM_22, AM_33, AM_44, AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22, COIL_1M, COIL_1P, COIL_2M, COIL_2P, COIL_3M, COIL_3P Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN
Mechanical set STATOR ROTOR STATOR AIRGAP ROTOR ROTOR STATOR
Mechanical set ROTOR STATOR
PAGE 32
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Stranded coil Name B_ROTOR Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P Turn number 215 215 215 215 Associated coil component B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR
Stranded coil with imposed current 2 orientation Symmetries and periodicities All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series Mechanical Set ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
negative positive negative positive
Boundary condition
automatically set by Flux 2D
Note : To create physic properties : In the supervisor, choose Geometry and physics [New]
3.2.3
Solving conditions
Solving parameters : - Angle of rotor [-10; 80], step [5] - Initial position of rotor: 0 Note : To enter solving parameters : In the supervisor, choose Solve [Direct], [Parametrisation], [Parameter] or [Direct] and click on Note : To create links between currents : [Direct], [Parametrisation], [Parameter], [Link] Note : To launch the solving process : [Computation], [Solve] or click on
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 33
FLUX 2D9.20
3.2.4
Analysis
As the flux is the picture of voltage, it may be used to know the positions of the rotor corresponding to two reactances. When the flux is maximum, we obtain the direct position (pole lined up with a phase), when flux is minimum, the quadrature position. The parameter of angular position is applied on the airgap region, then the computation will be carried out on this one. According to the result curve, the direct position (d) is 55 degrees compared with the initial position (0) and 10 degrees for the quadrature position (q).
Xd = 55 Xq = 10
d = 55
q = 10
6
3 4
Fig 3.2.a : Equiflux lines in the direct and quadrature axis positions
Note : To analyze the results : In the supervisor, choose Result Note : To see flux lines : [Result],[Isovalue] or click on Note : To jump to an other angle : [Parameter],[Manager] or click on
(E-3) Weber
Cur
1
-1
-2
-3
degres
0
25
50
75
Fig 3.2.b : Flux in COIL_3P curve according the position of rotor
Note : To obtain the flux : [Computation],[2D curves manager] or click on chosse [parameter], [Inductance], [Flux by region] and a Coil. Note : To obtain the cursor : [2D Curve], [New cursor]
then
PAGE 34
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
3.3
3.3.1
Xd and Xq according to the stator current

Purpose
The values of synchronous reactance are determined for the nominal values of current, voltage and frequency of the machine. This simulation will allow then to determine the reactances but also to observe the influence of the saturation of the magnetic material for different values. The rotor is lined up with the stator coil corresponding to the third one.
3.3.2
Physical conditions
XdXq_Is Magneto static Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)
Problem name Problem type Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation
For this simulation, the current, supplying the stator phases, will be the parameter which may be modified around the nominal value (7.84 Amperes). It will be given in total value. The field region will correspond to a source with a current equal to zero. The position of the rotor will be also considered as a parameter in order to see the influence of the saturation on the two reactances. Repetition number of the periodicity about Z 2 Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN
Type Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) Type Rotation around one axis
Mechanical Comment Set name ROTOR Rotor
Coord. System ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Rotation Pivot axis Point Rotation (0,0,0) around one axis parallel to Oz -
External characteristic Multi-static
PAGE 35
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT AM_1, AM_2, AM_3, AM_4, AM_11, AM_22, AM_33, AM_44, AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22, Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Stranded coil Name B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P COIL_1P COIL_1M COIL_2P COIL_2M COIL_2P COIL_2M Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54 Associated coil component B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B1 B1 B2 B2 B3 B3 Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN
Mechanical set STATOR ROTOR STATOR AIRGAP ROTOR ROTOR
Mechanical set ROTOR STATOR Stranded coil with imposed current 0 - 0.5 -0.5 1 orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
negative positive negative positive Positive negative Positive negative Positive negative
Boundary condition
PAGE 36
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
3.3.3

Solving conditions
Stator current : [100, 150, 200, 250, 270, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 1000, 1200] Angle of rotor : [10 ; 55] Initial position of rotor : 0 Warning : Dont forget to select multiparameter in the Solver or click on
3.3.4
Analysis
The reactances can not be obtained directly by Flux 2D. The flux values will be computed by Flux 2D for the different rotor positions and stator current. The two reactances will be computed from this flux by using the following expression:
X =
(4 f )
I AT 54
with - f corresponding to the nominal frequency : 50 Hz - corresponding to the flux given by Flux 2D in Weber - 54 corresponding to the number of stator slots The following curve gives the flux for different currents in direct position. It is computed for one phase then two coils.
(E-3) Weber
400
300
200
100
(E3) Ampere
0,5 1
Fig 3.3.a : Flux curve in COIL_3 in direct position according to the stator current
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 37
FLUX 2D9.20
Note : To create a group of two coils : [Supports], [Group manager] Warning : Do nott forget to give the turns number of each coil (54) in [Physics], [Coefficients], [Modify] All the flux values may be get back in order to be analyzed by a computer software like Excel. Each reactance will be computed for each value of current and a curve of the reactance evolution may be plotted. Note : To obtain the flux values : Right click on the flux curve, choose [Values], [Write all in review file]
Is in At 100 150 200 250 270 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 1000 1200 Flux D in Wb Flux Q in Wb Xd in Xq in
3.42E-02 6.33E-02 9.48E-02 1.26E-01 1.58E-01 1.70E-01 1.89E-01 2.20E-01 2.50E-01 2.80E-01 3.09E-01 3.36E-01 3.60E-01 3.80E-01 3.96E-01 4.09E-01 4.20E-01 4.50E-01
2.43E-02 4.49E-02 6.74E-02 8.98E-02 1.12E-01 1.21E-01 1.34E-01 1.57E-01 1.79E-01 2.00E-01 2.19E-01 2.33E-01 2.45E-01 2.57E-01 2.70E-01 2.81E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-01
21.48 21.47 21.45 21.43 21.40 21.38 21.35 21.30 21.22 21.12 20.98 20.74 20.35 19.83 19.19 18.51 17.82 15.27
15.24 15.24 15.24 15.23 15.22 15.21 15.20 15.18 15.15 15.09 14.85 14.36 13.87 13.44 13.07 12.73 12.44 11.46
Fig 3.3.b : Reactances values computed from flux values computed by Flux 2D
PAGE 38
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
REACTANCES / I Stator
22.00
20.00
I nominal
18.00
Reactances
16.00
Xd in ohm Xq in ohm
14.00
12.00
10.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
stator current in At
Fig 3.3. c : Reactance in direct and quadrature axis according to stator current A drop of reactance values can be noted above the nominal current. The machine is then designed at the limit of magnetic saturation.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 39
FLUX 2D9.20
PAGE 40
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
4.
Short-circuit tests
4.1
4.1.1
Unloaded operating
Purpose
This simulation is necessary because of it is used as the initial condition for the different short circuit tests. As the magnetic circuit must not be saturated during the short circuit, the field voltage will correspond to 0.35 times the nominal voltage. In order to avoid the transient phenomena, the simulation will break down in two parts : a first part where the simulation duration will be long with some important time steps a second part where the simulation duration will be short with little time steps
4.1.2
Physical conditions
bemf Transient_magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account) Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Problem name Problem type Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 41
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of material STEEL_NLIN
Type B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity Type
Isotropic Initial relative Saturation value permeability magnetization (T) 8000 1.6
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
1 2.7e-8 m Coord. System ROTOR Rotation axis Rotation around one axis parallel to Oz Pivot Point (0,0,0) Imposed speed 1500 rpm
Rotation around one axis
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Mechanical set STATOR ROTOR STATOR AIRGAP ROTOR
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1, R2, R3, R6 L1, L2, L3 L4 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN ME_CC Values 8.76 V 109 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 2.89 10-6 10-9 H
PAGE 42
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P COIL_1P COIL_1M COIL_2P COIL_2M COIL_2P COIL_2M Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series Orientation ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
Associated coil component B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B1 B1 B2 B2 B3 B3
Name of face region (solid conductor region type) AM_1 AM_2 AM_3 AM_4 AM_11 AM_22 AM_33 AM_44 AQ_1 AQ_2 AQ_11 AQ_22
Material
Associated solid conductor M_AM1 M_AM2 M_AM3 M_AM4 M_AM11 M_AM22 M_AM33 M_AM44 M_AQ1 M_AQ2 M_AQ11 M_AQ22
Mechanical set
Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar Alu_bar
positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive
ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 43
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of solid conductor 2 terminals M_AM1 M_AM2 M_AM3 M_AM4 M_AM11 M_AM22 M_AM33 M_AM44 M_AQ1 M_AQ2 M_AQ11 M_AQ22 Boundary condition
Symmetries and periodicities Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel automatically set by Flux 2D
Number of conductors in parallel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
To simulate an unloaded circuit at stator, some important values resistors will be used. The rotor will be lined up with the coil 1 (85).
4.1.3

Solving conditions
Initialized by static computation Time length : [0,20], step [5] Time length : [20,20.04], step [0.001] Initial position of rotor : 85
PAGE 44
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
4.1.4
Analysis
In the first part of simulation, each points of stator voltage and current must be close to zero because of it corresponds to a complete rotation of rotor (Fig 4.1.3.a). The transient phenomena will no exist before beginning the second part composed of short time steps.
49,999
49,999
-50
-50
(20,16+ x)
0 0,01 19,999E-3 0,03 39,999E-3
10
15
20
Voltage
Fig 4.1.3.a : Voltage curve between [5 , 20.2] s Fig 4.1.3.b : Voltage on two last period
In the second part, the unloaded steady state is reached in 2 periods and at the last step, the voltage of the phase 1 is equal to zero. The frequency is equal to 50 Hz. Current
50E-9
-50E-9
(20,16+ x)
0 0,01 19,999E-3 0,03 39,999E-
Fig 4.13.c : Current curve on the two last periods
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 45
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
The current can be considered as sinusoidal and close to zero Ampere. Note : To create multicurve picture : On the curve, click right and choose [Properties], select several curve in Selection Menu, choose Superimposed and the Range of Xaxis in Display Menu Spectral analysis
Volt
75
F ro mV s1 F u n d a m e n ta l4 7 ,6 1 8
S P E C T R U M S p e c tr_ V s1
50
25
2,5
7,5
10
The spectral analysis allows checking the quality of signal.

Fig 4.13.d : Spectrum of the phase A voltage
The preponderance of the fundamental harmonic shows that the harmonics of upper order are practically not present.
Note : To create spectrum : [Computation], [2D spectrum manager] or click on
PAGE 46
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
4.2
4.2.1
Single phase short circuit

Purpose
The purpose of this simulation is to know the behavior of the generator further to a sudden short-circuit on a phase only (between one phase and neutral). This short-circuit will be activated from an unloaded operating of the alternator at the steady state speed. The different rotor and stator currents, the torque and the phenomena in the absorbers will be studied in particular, with a transient magnetic analysis.
4.2.2
Physical conditions
The short circuit will be triggered from a unloaded operating in steady state speed. Exactly, at the end of the simulation unloaded_operating. The phase voltage on which the short circuit is triggered must be close to zero at this moment. Problem name Problem type Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN SC_MONO Transient_magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account) Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Type B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
1 2.7e-8 m
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 47
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
Type Rotation around one axis
Coord. System ROTOR
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Imposed speed 1500 rpm
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1, R6 R2, R3 L1, L2, L3 L4 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN ME_CC Values 8.76 V 10-6 10+6 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 2.89 10-6 10-9 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3
PAGE 48
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P COIL_1P COIL_1M COIL_2P COIL_2M COIL_2P COIL_2M
Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
orientation
Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 49
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
Warning : You must assign correctly each region to his corresponding component in the external circuit. The sudden short-circuit will be activated on the phase 1, the others will stay opened. The field alimentation corresponds to 0.35 x the nominal voltage unloaded. The phases in open circuit will be represented by important resistors and the phases in short circuit will be represented by weak resistors.
4.2.3

Solving conditions
From the last step of the back emf simulation Time length : [0.5], step [0.0005s]
Warning : The last step of the phase A voltage in the unloaded simulation must be close to zero ! Note : To prepare Transient startup : In the supervisor, choose Transient Startup Note : To prepare batch computation : In the supervisor, choose Solve [Direct], [Computation], [Prepare batch computation]
PAGE 50
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
4.2.4
Analysis
Flux lines
The evolution of flux lines in the magnetic circuit can be displayed.

7 8 5 4 3 6
5 7 6
10 11 1
1 2 11 10
8 9 2 4
Fig 3.6.1.b t =0.001 s after the short circuit Fig 3.6.1.c t =0.05 s after the short circuit
Currents
The short circuit being activated at armature on the phase 1, there is a current only in this phase. This current is sinusoidal and contains a d-c component which must cancel after a time corresponding to a time constant of exponential shape.
Ampere
150
99,999
50
-50
s.
20,399
20,5
20,6
20,699
20,8
Fig 3.6.1.d : Current in the A phase with his d-c component
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 51
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
The stator short circuit influences also the field current. This current consists of DC and AC components. The DC component must decrease with two time constants corresponding to the transient and sub-transient components. The AC component decays with time constant identical to that DC component of armature current.
Ampere
15
10
s.
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8
Fig 3.6.1.e : Field current with DC and AC components Torque
In this case, the torque allows displaying the imbalance of the system with a DC component on the phase in short circuit. This DC component corresponds to the rotor and stator losses. Oscillations on the curve correspond to a 2 order harmonic because of only the A phase is flowed by a current.
N.m
49,999
-50
s.
20,399 20,5 20,6
Fig 3.6.1.e : Torque curve with DC component and 2 order harmonic
PAGE 52
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
4.3
4.3.1
Three phase short circuit

Purpose
The purpose of this simulation is to know the behavior of the generator further to a sudden three phase short circuit. This short circuit will be activated from an unloaded operating of the alternator at the steady state speed. The different rotor and stator currents, the torque and the phenomena in the absorbers will be studied in particular, with a transient magnetic analysis. This test allows also determining the different values of reactances and time constants. The sustained, transient and sub transient components will be then defined indirectly from the values of current computed by Flux 2D.
4.3.2
Physical conditions
The short circuit will be triggered from an unloaded operating in steady state speed. Exactly, at the last step of the simulation unloaded operating. Problem name Problem type Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN SC_THREE Transient_magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account) Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Type B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
1 2.7e-8 m
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 53
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
Coord. System ROTOR
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1, R2, R3, R6 L1, L2, L3 L4 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN ME_CC Values 8.76 V 10-6 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 2.89 10-6 10-9 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3
PAGE 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
orientation
Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 55
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
The sudden short-circuit will be activated on the three phases. The field alimentation corresponds to 0.35 x the nominal voltage unloaded to avoid the effects of magnetic saturation.
4.3.3

Solving conditions
From the last step of the back emf simulation Time length : [1], step [0.0005s]
Warning : The last step of the phase 1 voltage in the unloaded simulation must be close to zero !
PAGE 56
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
4.3.4
Analysis
t t
The current, flowing each phase of stator, is given as a function of time:
I ac = I s + I e
' o
Td'
+ I e
'' o
Td''
With Is : sustained current - Io , Td : transient current and time constant - Io , Td : subtransient current and time constant The method to define the different components is : Get back all the values of current computed by Flux 2D in a computing software Define the minimum and maximum envelopes of current for each phase Compute the periodic armature current component in carrying out the half-difference of the ordinates of upper and lower envelopes for each phase. The periodic component is determined as a mean value of the periodic component in three phases; Determine the transient and sub-transient components, the value of the sustained short circuit current is subtracted from the periodic component and the remainder is plotted on paper with a semi-log scale. The transient reactance is computed from the following formula : E X 'd = ( Is + I ' )
with : E unloaded maximum voltage before the short circuit. The time constant Td is determined from the previous curve. To determine I and Td from the previous curve : The curve striving towards a straight line of which the extrapolation to t = 0 s gives the value of I. The duration until the point on the straight line where the current is equal to 0.606 times I gives the half of Td.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 57
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
Ampere
0 -50 -100
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 Ampere s. 20,8
150 100 49,999 0
s. 20,399 Ampere 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8
0 -50 -100
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699
s. 20,8
Fig 4.3.2.a : Short circuit currents in the three phases on 0.4 s Note : To create multicurve picture : On the curve, click right and choose [Properties], select several curve in Selection Menu, choose Side by side and the Range of X axis in Display Menu - The sustained current, computed by Flux 2D, strives towards 8.97 Amperes.
Periodic component Phase 1 (Imax Imin) / 2 76,609 54,846 43,425 35,712 29,951 25,506 22,077 19,426 17,374 15,792 14,561 13,602 12,845 12,238 Periodic component Phase 2 (Imax - Imin) / 2 79,807 55,814 42,878 35,233 29,579 25,216 21,845 19,227 17,191 15,615 14,397 13,448 12,697 12,094 Periodic component Phase 3 (Imax - Imin) / 2 72,416 53,005 42,149 34,904 29,420 15,885 21,917 19,379 17,389 15,827 14,601 13,641 12,882 12,273 76,278 54,555 42,817 35,283 29,650 22,203 21,946 19,344 17,318 15,745 14,520 13,563 12,808 12,202 Periodic component average = I
I - Is Is = 8,97 A 67,308 45,585 33,847 26,313 20,680 13,233 12,976 10,374 8,348 6,775 5,550 4,593 3,838 3,232
PAGE 58
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Short-circuit tests
Periodic component Phase 1 11,745 11,340 11,002 10,719 10,480 10,277 10,103 9,954 9,825 9,715
Periodic component average = I 11,710 11,304 10,967 10,684 10,445 10,242 10,068 9,920 9,792 9,682
I - Is 2,740 2,334 1,997 1,714 1,475 1,272 1,098 0,950 0,822 0,712
Fig 4.3.2.b : Exemple of periodic components on 0.5 s
I - Is 100,0
I = 26 A 0.606 x I
Ampres
10,0
1,0
0,1 0
0.5 x Td
0,1
0,2
0,3 Temps
I - Is
0,4
0,5
0,6
Fig 4.3.2.c : Graphic to find the transient components With the results supplied by Flux 2D and found on the curve, the transient components are : = Xd 176 = (8.97 + 26) 5.03 0.5 Td = 0.075 s
and
then Td = 0.15 s
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 59
Short-circuit tests
FLUX 2D9.20
To determine I and Td : Compute the difference between the curve of periodic component and the straight line of I and plotted it on a semilog paper. Extrapolated the straight line obtained until t = 0 in order to define I. The sub-transient reactance is computed from the following formula : = Xd E ( Is + I '+ I )
PAGE 60
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR)
5.
5.1
5.1.1
Direct and quadrature axis determination

Purpose
Before launching the SSFR simulations, it is necessary to determine the positions of the rotor corresponding to the direct or quadrature axis. Each position is determined by a particular test even the supply voltage of armature is not identical in both case. The diagrams of these different tests are presented below:
Voltage
100 Hz Fig 5.1.1.a Positionning of direct axis
The simulations will be carried out in AC steady state magnetic 2D application at low voltage with the rotor position as parameter. In both cases, the armature is supplied by a voltage source set up at 100 Hz, as describe in the IEEE standard, with a phase in open circuit or not. The direct and quadrature axis will correspond, in both case, at the position where the field voltage will be minor.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 61
FLUX 2D9.20
Voltag
100 Hz
Fig 5.1.1.b Positionning of quadrature axis
5.1.2
Physical and solving conditions
The voltage of the source will be 1.5 Volts. It corresponds to one percent of the nominal voltage in order to avoid exceed currents (V =0.1xVn). The rotor position will be used as a parameter and will change of 2.5 degrees at each step. Direct simulation AC_SSFR_DIRECT_POS Magnetic AC 2D 100 Hz Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account) Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Problem name Problem type Frequency Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN Type B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity
Isotropic value
Initial relative permeability
8000
Type of equivalent B(H) curve Sine Wave flux density
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
1 2.7e-8m
PAGE 62
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Coord. System ROTOR
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN
MH_SSFR_POS_DIRECT Values 1.5 V 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 15.6mH 11.2mH Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m 8.486 9.358
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 B5 B6
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 63
FLUX 2D9.20
Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
orientation
Negative Positive Negative Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
PAGE 64
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of face Turn region (coil number conductor region type) AM_1 AM_2 AM_3 AM_4 AM_11 AM_22 AM_33 AM_44 AQ_1 AQ_2 AQ_11 AQ_22 Boundary condition 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
Associated coil component B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
orientation
Symmetries and periodicities All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series
Mechanical Set ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
Positive Negative Negative Positive Negative Positive Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
Solving parameters : - Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5] Quadrature simulation AC_QUADRATURE_SSFR AC magnetic 2D 100 Hz Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)
Problem name Problem type Frequency Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 65
FLUX 2D9.20
Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN Type
Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0
Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Isotropic value
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity Type
8000
1 2.7e-8m
Coord. System ROTOR
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN
PAGE 66
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Circuit Components V1 R1 L1, L2, L3 L4 R2,R3,R4, . ..R19, R20, R21 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1, B2, B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P COIL_1P COIL_1M COIL_2P COIL_2M COIL_2P COIL_2M Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS Values 1.5 V 104 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 2.89 10-6 10-9 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 67
FLUX 2D9.20
Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive
Solving parameters : Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]
PAGE 68
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
5.1.3

Analysis
The voltage will be taken at the field terminals. It is corresponding to B_ROTOR coil component. The found angle is given in comparison to the initial position. The voltage amplitude will be chosen equal to the one of the classical SSFR.
Direct simulation
Fig 5.1.3.a Field voltage to determine direct axis
The direct axis position is close to 10 degree. Note : To create a group : [Supports], [Group] and click on the region concerned.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 69
FLUX 2D9.20
Quadrature simulation
Fig 5.1.3.b Field voltage to determine quadrature axis
The quadrature axis position is close to 55 degree. These two positions will be used as initial position for each SSFR test, direct or quadrature.
PAGE 70
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
5.2
5.2.1
Classical SSFR
Purpose
This method is also used to determine the parameters of the machine. From the evolution of the inductance in function of electrical pulsation, the different time constants and reactances can be evaluated. In particular, the transient and sub-transient time constants in open circuit or shortcircuit. The rotor is assumed at standstill and a weak voltage with a frequency varying from 1 mHz to 400 Hz is applied to the stator. The simulation will be carried out in AC steady state magnetic 2D application at low voltage with the frequency as parameter. The result will give the current and voltage values in complex. They will be analyzed in order to compute the reactances and time constants looked for.
5.2.2
Physical conditions
AC_QUADRATURE_SSFR AC magnetic 2D 100 Hz Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account) Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Problem name Problem type Frequency Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions Name of material STEEL_NLIN Type B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity
Isotropic value
8000
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
1 2.7e-8m
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 71
FLUX 2D9.20
Coord. System ROTOR
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1 L1, L2, L3 L4 R2,R3,R4, . ..R19, R20, R21 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 Material STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS Values 1.5 V 104 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 2.89 10-6 10-9 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1, B2, B3
PAGE 72
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Turn number 215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
orientation
Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 73
FLUX 2D9.20
5.2.3

Solving conditions
Stator frequency : [0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 40, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400] Initial position of rotor : 10
Note : To enter parameters : In the supervisor, choose Solve [Direct], [Computation], [Prepare batch computation]
PAGE 74
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
5.2.4
Analysis
Theoric
From the Bode diagram of inductance, different parameters of generator can be determined. Indeed, the poles and zeros of the inductance transfer function correspond to the different reactances and time constants. The expression of transfer function is:
Ld ( p ) = Ld
With : -
p ) (1 + Tdcc p ) (1 + Tdcc p ) (1 + Tdo p ) (1 + Tdo
Tdcc = transient time constant in short circuit armature Tdcc = sub-transient time constant in short circuit armature Tdo = transient time constant in open circuit Tdo = transient time constant in open circuit
The corresponding curve is the following one: Ld(jw
Ld L Ld
1 / Tdo
1 / Tdcc
1 / Tdo
1 / Tdcc
Fig 5.2.3.a Module of Ld(jw)
This curve shows that the transient and sub-transient reactances and time constants can be determined thanks to the different steps. For an example, in extending the curve until pulsation = 0 for the synchronous reactance. The inductance will be computed by:
Ld ( j ) = with: -
Z d ( j ) ra j
Z d ( j ) =
Varm 1 x with for connection between phases Iarm 2
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 75
FLUX 2D9.20
Analysis
Ampere
175
Degree
C U R V E I_m od
4
C ircu it / M ag n itu d eC u rren t F req u en cy B 1; Ph ase (D eg ): 0
150
Circuit / Phase Current Frequency B 1; Phase (D eg): 0
C U R V E I_phase
125
1
100
hertz
100
200
300
400
100
200
300
hertz
400
Fig 5.2.3.b Module of armature current
Fig 5.2.3.c Phase of armature current
The voltage of armature is constant with a phase of 0. The armature current is determined in module and phase for each frequency:
Note : To obtain phase and module in 2D curve manager : [Circuit], [module current] or [phase current] and choose the concerned component.
The following method is used to obtain the Bode diagram of inductance and the value of synchronous reactances and time constants: For each frequency : Computation of pulsation Computation of impedance in module and phase from the voltage and current of armature Computation of real and imaginary parts of complex inductance from :
Lr =
Z sin( z ) 2
Li = (
Z cos( z ) 2
rarm )
Computation of module and phase of complex inductance from :

ATAN ( Lr ) 180 Li
L = Lr + Li
l =
Plotting of gain and phase diagram on semi-log paper
PAGE 76
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
VOLTAGE
f 0,001 0,005 0,01 0,02 0,04 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,8 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 20 40 50 80 100 200 w 0,01 0,03 0,06 0,13 0,25 0,50 0,63 1,26 2,51 5,03 6,28 12,57 25,13 31,42 37,70 50,27 62,83 125,66 251,33 314,16 502,65 628,32 1256,6 4 400 2513,2 7 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 2,12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CURRENT Vs/Is
Part_R Part_I
L(p)
Module Phase
Vs (V) Ph () Is (A) Ph I () Module Phase
5,85 5,85 5,85 5,82 5,73 5,45 5,30 4,72 4,32 4,09 4,02 3,70 3,08 2,80 2,54 2,12 1,80 0,98 0,51 0,41 0,26 0,20
179,86 0,36 179,30 0,36 178,61 0,36 177,26 0,36 174,75 0,37 170,96 0,39 169,74 0,40 167,75 0,45 167,89 0,49 165,81 0,52 164,18 0,53 155,44 0,57 140,60 0,69 134,80 0,76 129,95 0,83 122,49 1,00 117,17 1,18 104,63 2,16 97,66 4,20 96,25 5,23 94,14 8,31 93,43 10,37 20,61 41,06
359,86 359,30 358,61 357,26 354,75 350,96 349,74 347,75 347,89 345,81 344,18 335,44 320,60 314,80 309,95 302,49 297,17 284,63 277,66 276,25 274,14 273,43 271,97 271,20
0,070 0,070 0,070 0,069 0,067 0,061 0,057 0,038 0,021 0,013 0,011 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008
-0,00008 0,00153 0,00317 0,00636 0,01234 0,02190 0,02522 0,03036 0,02351 0,01395 0,01155 0,00632 0,00337 0,00274 0,00230 0,00175 0,00141 0,00073 0,00039 0,00033 0,00024 0,00021 0,00014 0,00010
0,070 0,070 0,070 0,070 0,069 0,065 0,062 0,049 0,031 0,019 0,016 0,011 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008 0,008
0,07 -1,25 -2,60 -5,24 -10,38 -19,82 -23,97 -38,70 -48,91 -47,82 -45,26 -33,70 -21,21 -17,73 -15,18 -11,75 -9,57 -5,00 -2,71 -2,28 -1,64 -1,43 -0,96 -0,69
0,10 91,97 0,05 91,20
Fig 5.2.3.d : Computation of impedance and inductance for each frequencies
Note : To obtain current values : Right click on the current curves, choose [Values], [Write all in review file] then copy and paste in the board
L(p) - Module
0.080
0.001 10.00 0.01 0.1
L(p) - Phase
1 10 100 1000
0.070
F2D results Equivalent transfer function

0.00
0.060
-10.00
0.050 L(p) (H)

Phase (degres)
0.040
-20.00
0.030
-30.00
0.020
-40.00
0.010
-50.00 F2D results Equivalent transfer function
0.000 0.001
0.01
0.1
1 Frequency (Hz)
10
100
1000
-60.00 Frequency (Hz)
Fig 5.2.3.e : Gain diagram
Fig 5.2.3.f Phase diagram
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 77
FLUX 2D9.20
The synchronous reactance is obtained in extending the gain bode diagram to = 0 and in using :
Xd = Ld =0
then, in our case :
For information Xd = 21.98
An approximation of the sub-transient reactance Xd can be determined with the value of inductance at high frequency, always with the same computation formula used previously. In our case, we find: X d = Ld 2 = 0.005 2 314.159
Xd = 2.57
Warning : It is indicated only as a method but do not correspond to a standard.
PAGE 78
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Loaded on the network
6.
6.1
6.1.1
Unloaded on the network

Purpose
The purpose is to simulate the generator unloaded before connecting it at the network. Indeed, the three phases of the generator, operating unloaded, must be in phase with those of the network before to link both. Phases of network and generator will be compared in amplitude and angle. In order to avoid the transient phenomena, the [initialised by a static computation] option will be used. The first time step will give the initial magnetic state in the entire machine.
6.1.2
Physical conditions
These conditions correspond to the transient magnetic static simulation. - The network will be represented by a voltage supply, an inductance and a resistor. - The generator will be adjusted for an unloaded operating at the nominal voltage.
Problem name Problem type Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity
MT_SOLV_UNLOADED Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)
Offset angle with respect to the X line (ZOX plane) 0 Even or odd periodicity/number of modeled poles Even (cyclic boundary conditions)
Rotation about Z axis with number of repetitions
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 79
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of material
Type
Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN
B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.)

Comment Type
8000
Mechanical Set name ROTOR
Rotor
Coord. Rotation System axis ROTOR Rotation around one axis parallel to Oz
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
Moment of inertia : 0.1215kg.m Friction coefficient : 0.016N.m.S Drag Torque : 2.51 N.m Initial velocity : 1500 rpm Position at time t=0s:0 -
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components I_ROTOR V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 Material
Mechanical set STATOR ROTOR STATOR AIRGAP ROTOR Mechanical set
STEEL_NLIN STEEL_NLIN
TM_NETWORK Values -5 A 127 V, 50 Hz, 0 127 V, 50 Hz, -120 127 V, 50 Hz, 120
ROTOR STATOR
10 10 H
-9
L7, L8, L9
PAGE 80
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m 8.486 9.358 orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
Associated coil component
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B1 B1 B2 B2 B3 B3
FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P COIL_1P COIL_1M COIL_2P COIL_2M COIL_2P COIL_2M
All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series
ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR STATOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 81
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of face Turn region (coil number conductor region type)
orientation
Symmetries and periodicities
Mechanical Set
AM_1 AM_2 AM_3 AM_4 AM_11 AM_22 AM_33 AM_44 AQ_1 AQ_2 AQ_11 AQ_22
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series
6.1.3

Solving parameters
Initial position of rotor : 90 Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [0.2], Initialized by static computation
Note : This angle corresponds to the rotor position in the axis of the phase 1 which will be taken as reference in the transient simulation.
The drag torque corresponds only to torque generate by the mechanical friction The field will be supplied by a continuous current alimentation. The phase 1 will be chosen as the reference phase for the network, thats why the rotor is positioned in the axis of this phase.
Note : The supply voltage used to represent the network is a sinusoidal shape.
PAGE 82
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
6.1.4
Analysis
First time step
11 1 5 3
10
8 7
Only the flux lines will be checked.

Fig 5.1.3.a : Flux lines with the rotor at 90
Transient magnetic simulation
- Speed The rotor speed must little change during the 0.2 seconds.
1,55
(E3) rpm
1,524
1,5
1,475
s.
0,05 99,999E-3 0,15 0,2
Fig 5.1.3.b : Rotor speed curve
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 83
FLUX 2D9.20
Voltage
The network voltage and generator voltage will be superimposed.
200
V _ S T A T O R _ 1
C ircu it / V o ltag e T im e B 1;
100
C ircuit / V o ltage T im e V 1;
V _N E TW O R K _1
-99,999
-199,999
0,05
99,999E-3
0,15
0,2
Fig 5.1.3.c : Network voltage and stator voltage comparison
The voltages are opposite, which is normal.
Fig 5.1.3.d : Zoom between 0.15 and 0.2 seconds
PAGE 84
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Both voltages are well identical and have a period of 0.02 s.

Note : To obtain the period : create two cursors with [2D curves], [new cursor], and check the time on the second cursor with the difference on X axis.
Current
500
(E-6) Ampere
I_B 1
C ircuit / C urrent T im e B 1;
0
-500
s.
0,05 99,999E-3 0,15 0,2
Fig 5.1.3.e : Curve of current supplied by the generator
The generator is well unloaded since the current is close to zero (10-6).
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 85
FLUX 2D9.20
6.2
6.2.1
Loaded on the network without regulation

Purpose
In this simulation, the generator will be loaded at 30 % of his nominal power. Therefore, neither the field current nor the drag torque will be fitted to this operating point. This test corresponds in reality to the pulling out of synchronism of the generator without regulator.
6.2.2
Physical conditions
MT_SOLV_LOADED Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Name of material STEEL_NLIN Type
Isotropic value

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
Moment of inertia : 0.1215kg.m Friction coefficient : 0.016N.m.S Drag Torque : 2.51 N.m Initial velocity : 1500 rpm Position at time t=0s : 90 -
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Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9 Material
ROTOR STATOR
TM_NETWORK Values -5 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120 72.14 0.1717 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 8.486 9.358
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1, B2, B3 B5 B6
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M
Turn number
orientation
Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
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SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
Load conditions at 30 %
The power will be equal to 0.3 x 2400 = 720 Watts In imposing a different phase equal to a cosinus of 0.8, the resulting current will be of 2.42 Amperes
6.2.3

Solving parameters
Initial position of rotor : 90 Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [0.2], Initialized by static computation
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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6.2.4
-
Analysis
speed
On the curve, the speed falls rapidly. It corresponds to the pulling out of synchronism of the generator.
Fig 6.2.3.a : rotor speed curve Voltage
There is a different phase between the generator voltage and the network voltage. The amplitudes of voltages are not the same too.
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6.3
6.3.1
Loaded on the network with appropriated motor torque

Purpose
With the previous result, we can see that the generator has not the necessary absorbed power in order to provide the load need by the network. In this simulation, the generator is always loaded at 30% of his nominal power but the torque setting to the rotor is adapted to the output power. The excitation current is the same. The operating point is then changed but the internal generated voltage stays constant. It corresponds to the following diagram :
Constant active power
New point with adapted torque
Old point
Fig 6.3.1.a : Power diagram with modification of torque
6.3.2

Physical conditions
The torque setting to the rotor is the addition of torque corresponding to the output power and torque corresponding to the Joules losses. In our case, this supplementary torque corresponds approximately to 2.3 N.m. The Joules losses are computed with the current corresponding to 30% of the nominal power that is to say 2.42 Amperes. MT_SOLV_LOADED_T Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Type of periodicity

Name of material Type
Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
Moment of inertia : 0.1215kg.m Friction coefficient : 0.016N.m.S Drag Torque : -4.85 N.m Initial velocity : 1500 rpm Position at time t=0s : 90 -
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Material
ROTOR STATOR
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Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9
TM_NETWORK Values -5 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120 72.14 0.1717 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 8.486 9.358 orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1, B2, B3 B5 B6 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
6.3.3

Solving parameters
Initial position of rotor : 90 -3 Time step [2E ], study time limit [7], Initialized by static computation
6.3.4
Analysis
The speed of the rotor will give a picture of the stabilisation or not of generator. In our case, after two oscillation periods, the speed increases rapidly. The generator will never reach a stabilized point.
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(E3) t/mn
1,8
V ite sse rotor

M e c a n iq u e/ V ite s s ero ta tio n T e m p s
1,7
1,6
1,5
s.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig 6.3.3.a : Rotor speed evolution
This divergence can be explained by the equation of electromagnetic torque: p 3 E V C em = sin Xd At no-load, E is lined up with V then the angle is equal to zero. If the field current has not changed, the fem voltage stays equal at V then 63.5 V. C X d = arcsin( em ) p 3 E V In order to stabilize the speed, the electromagnetic torque must be identical to the mechanical torque setting to the rotor. As the torque applied to the shaft is 2.3 Nm, the internal angle should be:
0,066
(E6) Deg.
65,75E-3
65,5E-3
65,25E-3
s.
6,969 6,979 6,989 7
Fig 6.3.3.b : Evolution of rotor position on the last period
At 30% of nominal power, it would correspond to an angle of 38.8 . The internal angle can be computed from the position of the rotor on the last period.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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On this period, the rotor has turned of 210 . As the machine has 2 pairs of poles, one electrical period should correspond to 180, then the internal angle has moved from zero to 30. This angle does not correspond to the nominal angle and the generator may not reach the nominal point. The supplementary torque associated to the initial speed creates an inertia too high for the electromagnetic torque which can not block the acceleration of rotor.
Note : To obtain the position : [Computation], [2D spectrum manager] and choose [mechanical], [Position] Note : To obtain the angle : Create two [New cursor] and read on the second the difference on the Y axis.
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6.4
Loaded on the network with appropriated field current and motor torque
Purpose
6.4.1
In this simulation, the generator is always loaded at 30% of his nominal power but now, both adjustment parameters are modified. As there is always no regulation, the field current and the torque setting to the rotor will correspond to the nominal point. Even if they are right, there will be however, a response time enough important before reaching the equilibrate point.
6.4.2
Physical conditions
MT_SOLV_LOADED_F_T Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)
Computation of the field current :
It is computed from the Behn-Eshenburg diagram :

Q<0 Supplied
Absorbed
Generator
Synchronous Motor
With : the single voltage V = 63.5 V the armature nominal current I = 2.42 A the synchronous reactance X = 15.8 the dephasing angle = 36 (cos = 0.8) and in negligecting the resistance.
Graphically, the fem voltage found is about 167 V. If we consider the same ratio for the field current as for the fem voltage, the new current corresponding to this operate point is about 6.85 Amperes.
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Type of periodicity

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
ROTOR STATOR
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Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9
TM_NETWORK Values -6.85 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120 72.14 0.1717 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 8.486 9.358 orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
6.4.3

Solving parameters
Initial position of rotor : 90 Time step [0.002s], study time limit [20], Initialized by static computation
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6.4.4
Analysis
In this various results, the speed of the rotor, the current supplied by the armature and the active power will be analyzed more particularly in order to verify if the nominal point is reached.
speed
The speed seems to stabilize close to 1500 rpm. But on the zoom, we can conclude that 20 seconds are not sufficient to reach the steady state speed.
Current
The oscillations on the current are due to the variation of speed during the stabilization phase. The value of current is not exactly identical to the nominal point. The approximations on the computation of nominal point, the simplification on the Behn-Eshenburg diagram and the Joule losses can justify this deviation
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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APPENDIX
Case 1: Xd Xq position Case 2: Xd and Xq Case 3: back emf computation Case 4: single phase short circuit Case 5: three phase short circuit Case 6: direct axis determination for SSFR test Case 7: quadrature position for SSFR test Case 8: SSFR test Case 9: Loaded on the network (unload) Case 10: Loaded on the network (30% load) without regulation Case 11: Loaded on the network (30% load) with appropriated motor torque Case 12: Loaded on the network (30% load) with appropriated field current and motor torque
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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CASE 1: Xd Xq position
Angle_det Magneto static Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Name of material
Type
STEEL_NLIN
Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.)

Type
Coord. System ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT AM_1, AM_2, AM_3, AM_4, AM_11, AM_22, AM_33, AM_44, AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22, COIL_1M, COIL_1P, COIL_2M, COIL_2P, COIL_3M, COIL_3P Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Material
STATOR
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
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Stranded coil Name B_ROTOR Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number Associated coil component
Stranded coil with imposed current 2 orientation Symmetries and periodicities Mechanical Set
215 215 215 215
B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR B_ROTOR
Negative Positive Negative Positive
FIELD_1P FIELD_2M FIELD_2P
All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series All conductors are in series
ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR
Boundary condition
Solving parameters : Angle of rotor [-10 ; 80], step [5] Initial position of rotor: 0
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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CASE 2: Xd and Xq
XdXq_Is Magneto static Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Name of material
Type
STEEL_NLIN
Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.)

Type
Coord. System ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT AM_1, AM_2, AM_3, AM_4, AM_11, AM_22, AM_33, AM_44, AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22,
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Stranded coil Name B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
Material
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
Stranded coil with imposed current 0 - 0.5 -0.5 1
orientation
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
Boundary condition Solving parameters :
Stator current : [100, 150, 200, 250, 270, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 1000, 1200] Angle of rotor : [10 ; 56] Initial position of rotor : 0
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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CASE 3: back emf computation

bemf Transient_magnetic Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Name of material STEEL_NLIN Type
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
B(H) : Isotropic scalar analytic saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.) B(H) : Linear isotropic J(E) : isotropic resistivity
Isotropic Initial relative value permeability 8000
1 2.7e-8 m
Coord. System Rotation axis Pivot Point Imposed speed
Mechanical Comment Set name
Type
ROTOR
Rotor
ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
Rotation around one axis parallel to Oz -
(0,0,0)
1500 rpm
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
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Circuit Components V1 R1, R2, R3, R6 L1, L2, L3 L4 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24
ME_CC Values 8.76 V 109 1.104 mH 8.8 mH
2.89 10-6 10-9 H

Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Material
Associated solid conductor
Orientation
Mechanical set
M_AM1 M_AM2 M_AM3 M_AM4 M_AM11 M_AM22 M_AM33 M_AM44 M_AQ1 M_AQ2 M_AQ11 M_AQ22
Name of solid conductor 2 terminals M_AM1 M_AM2 M_AM3 M_AM4 M_AM11 M_AM22 M_AM33 M_AM44 M_AQ1 M_AQ2 M_AQ11 M_AQ22 Boundary condition Solving parameters :
Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel Number of conductors in parallel automatically set by Flux 2D
First resolution : Time length : [20], step [5s] Initial position of rotor : 85 Second resolution : Time length : [20,2], step [0.001s]
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Case 4: single phase short circuit

SC_mono Transient_magnetic Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Name of material
Type
Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
Type
1 2.7e-8 m
Coord. System
Rotation axis
Pivot Point
Imposed speed
ROTOR
Rotor
ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
(0,0,0)
1500 rpm
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Circuit Components V1 R1, R6 R2, R3 L1, L2, L3 L4 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24
ME_CC Values 8.76 V 10-6 10+6 1.104 mH 8.8 mH
2.89 10-6 10-9 H

215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
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Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
Solving parameters :
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Case 5: three phase short circuit

SC_THREE Transient_magnetic Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Name of material
Type
Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
Type
8000
1 2.7e-8 m
Coord. System
Rotation axis
Pivot Point
Imposed speed
ROTOR
Rotor
ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
(0,0,0)
1500 rpm
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) AIR_1 AIR_2 AIR_3 AIRGAP SHAFT
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1, R2, R3, R6 L1, L2, L3 L4 R5,R7,R8, . ..R23, R24, R25 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24
Material
Mechanical set
ME_CC Values 8.76 V 10-6 1.104 mH 8.8 mH
ROTOR STATOR
2.89 10-6 10-9 H

215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
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Case 6: direct axis determination for SSFR test

Problem name Problem type Frequency Type of domain Depth Symmetry and periodicity => coefficient for coils flux computation Type of periodicity
AC_SSFR_DIRECT_POS Magnetic AC 2D 100 Hz Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
Type
8000
1 2.7e-8m
Coord. System
Rotation axis
Pivot Point
Imposed speed
ROTOR
Rotor
ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
(0,0,0)
1500 rpm
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6
Material
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
MH_SSFR_POS_DIRECT Values 1.5 V 1.104 mH 8.8 mH 15.6mH 11.2mH Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m 8.486 9.358 orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
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FLUX 2D9.20
orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Case 7: quadrature position for SSFR test

AC_QUADRATURE_SSFR AC magnetic 2D 100 Hz Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
Type
8000
1 2.7e-8m
Coord. System
Rotation axis
Pivot Point
Imposed speed
ROTOR
Rotor
ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
(0,0,0)
1500 rpm
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FLUX 2D9.20
Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1 L1, L2, L3 L4 R2,R3,R4, . ..R19, R20, R21 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24
Material
Mechanical set
AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS Values 1.5 V 104 1.104 mH 8.8 mH
ROTOR STATOR
2.89 10-6 10-9 H

Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1, B2, B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]
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Case 8: SSFR test

AC_QUADRATURE_SSFR AC magnetic 2D 100 Hz Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN
ALU_BAR ALU_BAR
Type
8000
1 2.7e-8m
Coord. System
Rotation axis
Pivot Point
Imposed speed
ROTOR
Rotor
ROTOR
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED COMPRESSIBLE
(0,0,0)
1500 rpm
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components V1 R1 L1, L2, L3 L4 R2,R3,R4, . ..R19, R20, R21 L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24
Material
Mechanical set
AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS Values 1.5 V 104 1.104 mH 8.8 mH
ROTOR STATOR
2.89 10-6 10-9 H

Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m orientation Symmetries and Mechanical periodicities Set
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1, B2, B3 Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M Turn number
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
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Material
Orientation
Mechanical set
Stator frequency : [0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 40, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400] Initial position of rotor : 10
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Case 9: Loaded on the network (unload)

MT_SOLV_UNLOADED Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
Moment of inertia : 0.1215kg.m Friction coefficient : 0.016N.m.S Drag Torque : 2.51 N.m Initial velocity : 1500 rpm -
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3
Material
Mechanical set
TM_NETWORK Values -5 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
ROTOR STATOR
10 10 H
Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 181.2 m 181.2 m 8.486 9.358
-9
L7, L8, L9
Name of Stranded coil component B_ROTOR B1 B2 B3 B5 B6
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Name of face region (coil conductor region type) FIELD_1M
Turn number
orientation
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
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FLUX 2D9.20
orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
Initial position of rotor : 90 Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [0.2s], Initialized by static computation
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Case 10: Loaded on the network (30% load) without regulation

MT_SOLV_LOADED Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
Moment of inertia : 0.1215kg.m Friction coefficient : 0.016N.m.S Drag Torque : 2.51 N.m Initial velocity : 1500 rpm Position at time t=0s : 90 -
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9 TM_NETWORK Values -5 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120 72.14 0.1717 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 8.486 9.358
Material
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
orientation
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
Initial position of rotor : 90 Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [1s], Initialized by static computation
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Case 11: Loaded on the network (30% load) with appropriated motor torque
MT_SOLV_LOADED_T Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9 TM_NETWORK Values -5 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120 72.14 0.1717 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 8.486 9.358
Material
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
orientation
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
PAGE 134
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
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FLUX 2D9.20
Case 12: Loaded on the network (30% load) with appropriated field current and motor torque
MT_SOLV_LOADED_F_T Transient Magnetic 2D Plane 132 mm Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and periodicity taken into account)

Isotropic value
STEEL_NLIN

Comment Type
8000
Rotor
Pivot Point (0,0,0)
Coupled load
STATOR AIRGAP
Stator Airgap
FIXED
COMPRESS IBLE
PAGE 136
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
FLUX 2D9.20
Name of face region (magnetic non conducting region type) ROTOR_CORE STATOR_CORE Circuit Components I_ROTOR L1, L2, L3 L4 L5 L6 V1 V2 V3 R1, R2, R3 L7, L8, L9 TM_NETWORK Values -6.85 A 1.104e-3 8.8mH 15.6mH 11.2mH 254 V, 50 Hz, 0 254 V, 50 Hz, -120 254 V, 50 Hz, 120 72.14 0.1717 H Resistance 5.0136 181.2 m 8.486 9.358
Material
Mechanical set
ROTOR STATOR
orientation
215 215 215 215 54 54 54 54 54 54
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
PAGE 137
FLUX 2D9.20
orientation
Mechanical Set
Boundary condition
74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
B5 B5 B6 B6 B5 B5 B6 B6 B6 B6 B5 B5
PAGE 138
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous Motor

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Synchronous motor technical paper

Copyright - April 2006

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This technical paper was edited on 18 April 2006 Ref.: K205-Q-920-EN-EN-04/06

1. Overview of synchronous motor technical paper......................................................... 1 2. Defining the problem ................................................................................................... 3

The mesh and regions .................................................................................................. 15

Materials data................................................................................................................ 29 Boundary conditions...................................................................................................... 30

3. Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static ........................................................................ 31

Xd and Xq according to the stator current..................................................................... 35

Single phase short circuit...............................................................................................47

Three phase short circuit ...............................................................................................53

5. StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR) ..................................................................... 61

6. Loaded on the network .............................................................................................. 79

Loaded on the network without regulation .....................................................................86

Loaded on the network with appropriated motor torque ................................................91

Overview of synchronous motor technical paper

Overview of synchronous motor technical paper

Overview of synchronous motor technical paper

Defining the problem

Defining the problem

Defining the problem

A cross section, given below, shows the overview of the machine :

Building method for the geometry and mesh

Defining the problem

Armature wires 3 phases

Defining the problem

Creation of coordinate systems, geometrical parameters

XY1 STATOR ROTOR

Default system Stator system Rotor system

Millimeter Degree Millimeter Degree Millimeter Degree

2D_Global Polar 2D 2D_Global Polar 2D

Note : To create geometrical parameter : [Geometry], [Geometric Parameter], [New]

Defining the problem

Geometry and faces building and transformation creation

Create with mirror_stator transformation

Fig 2.2.1.a : Overview of a stator slot with the points designation

Defining the problem

Fig 2.2.1.b : Overview of a stator slot with the lines designation

Defining the problem

Creation of transformation necessary for the stator construction

Fig 2.2.1.c Base shape of stator

Fig 2.2.1.d complete stator

Defining the problem

Defining the problem

Fig 6 : Overview of a part of rotor with the points designation

lines of eighth of rotor

Defining the problem

Coordinate system ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR ROTOR

P1 P1 32.6 32.6 P1 P1 P1 P1 3.56 P1

Fig 7 : Overview of part of rotor with the lines designation

Defining the problem

Creation of transformation necessary for the rotor construction

Defining the problem

Fig 7 and 8 : Different steps of creation of the rotor

Create with Mirror absorber

Create with Absorber_rot

Create with Mirror rotor 1

Create with MIRROR_ROTOR_2

Defining the problem