Ahmed Ali 10U0598 Q.

1) What were the reasons for tensions between Islamabad and Tehran last year? How does the issue link up with minority issues in Pakistan today?
The reason of tension between Tehran and Islamabad was of gas pipe line. This was stated by Advisor to the Prime Minister on finance Abdul Hafeez Shaikh in an interview with Islamic Republic News Agency here Monday. The official said that there is enormous potential to enhance trade ties between Iran and Pakistan. Abdul Hafeez Sheikh said that Iran and Pakistan are united by the bond of history, faith and culture. He said that officials of Iran and Pakistan had spent a productive day to bring the bilateral ties closer. The advisor urged the businessmen of the two countries to work together to enhance cooperation in trade sector. Iran and Pakistan enjoy close and brotherly relations and their interactions are rooted in historical, cultural and religious commonalities, the Pakistani premier said in a Tuesday meeting with Alaeddin Boroujerdi, Chairman of Irans Majlis National Security and Foreign policy Committee. He expressed satisfaction over the growing cooperation between Tehran and Islamabad, stressing that further interaction between the parliaments of the two countries could help the consolidation of bilateral ties. Ashraf went on to say that a prosperous and stable Afghanistan would benefit not only Pakistan but the whole region. He said terrorism and extremism are our common enemies and we should overcome such challenges through cooperation and unity.

Boroujerdi, for his part, said the two countries should further expand their relations given their vast capacities. He said that Irans Majlis fully supports the development of all-out ties with Pakistan, in particular in trade and economy.

Heading a parliamentary delegation, Boroujerdi arrived in Islamabad on Sunday to hold talks with Pakistani officials and discuss the Tehran-Islamabad bilateral relations. Iran has Shia majority and its a minority in Pakistan so they proclaimed the rights of Shia and there protection on the killing of hazara tribe secondly they asked to increase the rights of Shia so that increased the tension between Islamabad and Tehran.

The chief minister of the Pakistani province of Punjab has called for the expansion of relations between Tehran and Islamabad, lauding the kudos Iran has earned in the region. Shahbaz Sharif said on Friday, The time has come for both countries to move forward together in economic, trade, industrial and agriculture sectors. Meanwhile, Velayati underscored the need for promotion of bilateral ties and said the project of IranPakistan gas pipeline was an opportunity for facilitating cooperation between the two countries. Gas pipeline agreement is an important development, through which the ties between both countries will be further strengthened, Velayati stated. On January 21, U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Richard Olson admitted that Washington had been pressuring Pakistan to abandon the project. However, Pakistan has constantly dismissed rumors that it might pull out of the project amid renewed efforts by the United States to convince the country to drop it.

Q.2) since the general assembly of United Nations proclaimed the universal declaration of human rights UDHR on December 10th 1948, the concept of human rights has become one of the most potent in contemporary politics?? Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Humphreys main contribution lay in producing the very inclusive first draft of the declaration. Cassin was a key player in the deliberations held throughout the commissions three sessions as well as those of the commissions drafting subsidiary. At a time of increasing East-West tensions, Roosevelt used her enormous prestige and credibility with both superpowers to steer the drafting process toward its successful completion. Chang excelled in forging compromises when the committee seemed incapable on the verge of an impasse. Malik, whose philosophy was firmly rooted in natural law, was a major force in the debates surrounding key provisions and played a critical role in elucidating and refining basic conceptual issues. The massive and systematic human rights abuses committed during World War II, including the Nazi genocide of Jews, Roma (Gypsies), and other groups, spurred the development of an international human rights instrument. In particular, the inclusion of crimes against humanity in the Charter of the International Military Tribunal, which paved the way for the subsequent Nrnberg trials, signaled the need to hold the perpetrators of atrocities internationally accountable for their actions irrespective of any domestic provisions to the contrary or the silence of domestic laws. At the same time, the drafters of the UN Charter sought to highlight the interrelationship between war prevention and fundamental human rights. Two key ethical considerations underscored the main tenets of the UDHR: a commitment to the inherent dignity of every human being and a commitment to nondiscrimination.