Public Health Standards for Design

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SEED 8 Feb 2008 -

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Date 08.02.07

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Form no PM40 (Edition 2 19.10.00)

08 February 2008 Edition Number -

Contents Page

1. Car Park Drainage Statistics ................................................................................................. 18 2. Building Drainage Statistics .................................................................................................. 18 Sump Pit Volume Calculation ................................................................................................... 19 l

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08 February 2008 Edition Number -

Executive Summary
This guidance is needed to setting up a common standard design for the building drainage, and water Services. This is needed to enable trusts to meet standard design within the group. Underlying these requirements to continue raising standards of design and assist in realising the benefits of good design as envisaged by the group. Achieving excellence in design is a key component. This document explains the necessary steps need to take to meet the design requirements The design criteria offers for drainage and water supply pipe sizing, hot and cold water storage calculations,pumpsizing for water supply, sump sizing for collection of drainage and sewerage and all in conjunction with DM,DEWA regulation BS/American standard and standard code of practice. This guide will act as what all datas required by a designer to design a PH system as per standards and particular requirement from end-user. DESIGN INFORMATION NEEDED FROM ARCHITECT

Floor plans Site plan Existing Facility Plumbing Drawings(If Required) Mechanical Rooms Fixture Locations Roof drainage system Plumbing Fixture Types Site Irrigation Requirements Storm Sewer Availability Sanitary Sewer Availability

DESIGN INFORMATION NEEDED FROM STRUCTURAL

General Foundation layout

SUMMARY Coordinate with the Plumbing Engineer during the preliminary phase of your design and discuss the various options and considerations regarding roof drainage. Spending the time to evaluate, design and coordinate the roof drainage system as an initial step in your project will save time, cost and reduce frustration for everyone involved. PLUMBING FIXTURE LOCATIONS When designing a floor plan, consider the following in order to avoid redesign: GROUND FLOORS Exterior walls There are several problems caused by locating a fixture on an exterior wall. Structural grade beams, cross-bracing and windows present obstacles which can prevent the installation of service piping unless provisions (sometimes costly) are made. Also, remember that in some geographical areas, piping located within an exterior wall may be subjected to freezing temperatures. A wall chase, wide enough to extend beyond the interior edge of grade beams and/or cross-bracing,

can be provided behind fixtures to accommodate piping, however, this is not a very economical way to utilize square footage. In some cases, waste and vent piping can be installed in walls perpendicular to the exterior wall and adjacent to the fixtures, but this arrangement is limited to only certain types of fixtures. Always be aware of window locations when placing fixtures. Fixtures may be located below windows, only when the bottom seal is at least 48" above the floor. The wall beneath the window will also require additional reinforcement to compensate for holes that will have to be cut in studs to horizontally route vent and water piping around the window. If your creativity deserts you and you must locate fixtures on exterior walls, be sure to coordinate with the project Plumbing Designer before proceeding with your design. Adjacent to columns The structural foundation below ground floor columns will be larger than the column itself. This can prevent piping from serving the fixture. There seems to be a tendency to corral plumbing fixtures with columns to supposedly save space. However, more space may be required to facilitate a fixture located adjacent to a column than a fixture located where there will be no structure interference. UPPER FLOORS

Columns, Column Grids, Exterior Walls, Windows Upper floors provide the same problems for plumbing fixtures as the ground floor with the added bonus of beams and joists. Nine times out of ten, beams will be located on column grid lines. As you are laying out walls and placing plumbing fixtures, visualize the structural members that will be beneath the floor slab and remember that drain piping serving the fixtures will be penetrating the slab from below. Sensitive Areas on Lower Floor Electrical Codes, Health Department Regulations and Hospital Licensing Requirements do not allow Plumbing piping to be located above certain areas, (Electrical Rooms, Food Preparation, Serving, Dining or Storage, Operating Rooms, Nurseries, I.C.U., and other Critical Care Areas) unless special precautions are provided. These Special Precautions usually require the installation of drain pans below all drainage piping above these areas. Obviously, providing drain pans can be costly and will utilize a significant amount of ceiling space. Be aware of the space immediately below the floor you are designing and avoid locating fixtures or equipment served by plumbing above sensitive areas. Ceiling Space Limitations on Lower Floor Consider space availability within the ceiling directly below fixtures and equipment. Vaulted ceilings in a lobby, high ceilings in Operating Rooms, etc., can prevent the installation of piping.
SUMMARY Always be aware of the space demands required by plumbing fixtures. Do not use the structural grid as a homing device for laying out fixtures and restrooms. Think three-dimensionally and visualize spaces above and below the areas you are developing. If you prepare a floor plan without these considerations, something will have to change: The Structural Engineer will have to redesign the structure; or You will have to provide uneconomical, large, wall spaces; or You will have to relocate fixtures and redesign your floor plan. Much of the time spent on your preliminary layout will have been wasted. By realizing the various components of a building while you are in conceptual design, can insure your control of the finished product and save time for everyone.

Surface water and Sewerage water disposal A building shall be provided with such a system as may be necessary for the hygienic and adequate disposal of surface water and sewage water from the building. No part of drainage system conveying foul water shall be connected to a sewer reserved for surface water and no part of a drainage system conveying surface water shall be connected to a sewer reserved for foul water. Sewerage water disposal. Commonly used system is double stack system for disposal Soil stack or foul stack conveys water containing excreted matter through water closets and bidets. Waste stack conveys water from washbasins, sinks, laundry equipments, drains etc. The commercial and industrial waste shall not be discharged to the public drainage network without obtaining the consent of the concerned authority. In case of discharging large amount of fats or oils to the drainage system an appropriate size of grease or oil interceptor which is acceptable to concerned authority to be installed prior discharge into sewer main. Option 1 Procedure for sizing the stacks( As per Discharge unit method BS Standard) The maximum capacity of a discharge stack is normally limited to about one quarter full. The purpose to keep pressure fluctuations minimum within the stack. Not all sanitary appliances will be in simultaneous use. The peak design flow QwwK DU Where Qwwwastewater flow rate (l/s) K Frequency of use DU Sum of discharge unit Qt Qww+Qc+Qp where Qt Total flow rate in l/s Qww Wastewater flow rate in l/s Qc Continuous flow rate in (l/s) Qp Pumped flow rate in (l/s) Table 1 for Discharge unit for various appliances Sno 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Table2 Usage of appliances Intermittent use eg.dwelling,guesthouses,ofices Frequent use eg hotel,restaurant,hospital K 0.5 0.7 Appliance Washbasin/bidet Shower Urinal Bath Kitchen sink Dishwasher Washing M/c Wc Taps. DU(L/S) 0.3 1.4 0.4 1.3 1.3 .2 1.2 1.7-2.0 .06

Special use eg laboratory Congested use eg public toilets/showers Table 3 Maximum capacities of stack flowing quarter full Stack Dia 75mm 100mm 150mm L/s 3.4 7.3 18.3

1.2 1.0

Also to note that as per DM regulations minimum stack size for a building above seven floor to be 150mm dia.For a building of less than 20stories height fixtures on ground level should be discharged separately means it should not connected to vertical stack, and for buildings more than 20 floor then ground and first floor drains to be connected separately not to the risers. Table 4 Minimum outlet size Sno Appliance 1 EWC 2 Wash basin 3 Kitchen sink 4 Bathtub 5 Shower 6 Balcony Drain 7 Washing m/c&D/W

Size 100 32 40 40 40 50 40

Option 2 Procedure for sizing the stacks( As per Fixture unit method American Standard) Sno 1 2 3 4 Fixture Type Bathtub Bidet Combination sink&tray Combination sink and tray with food disposal unit Dental Unit Dental Lavatory Dishwasher Drinking Fountain Floor Drains Kitchen Sinks Kitchen sink with disposal unit Lavatory Laundry tray with(1 or 2 compartment) Shower stall Shower public Surgeon sink Fixture Unit 2 3 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1 1 2 .5 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 per head 3

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Flushing Rim sink Service sink Service sink with P trap Service sink for Pot, scullery Urinal Wash sink Water closet Tank operated Water closet valve operated

8 3 2 4 4 2 4 8

Maximum Permissible FU Loads for sanitary stacks Sno 1 2 3 4 5 Stack Dia in inches 4 6 8 10 12 Stacks more than 3stories F.U 500 1900 3600 5600 8400 Total discharge into one branch interval FU 90 350 600 1000 150

The procedure for sizing a multi-storey stack is first to size the horizontal branches connected to stack by totalling the fixture unit connected to each branch and size accordingly.Next total all fixture unit connected to the stack and determine the size form table Maximum Permissible Fixture Unit Loads for sanitary Building Drains and runouts from stacks

Pipe dia inches 4 6 8 10 12

in Building drain and runouts(slope inches/ft) 1/8 1/4 1/2 180 216 250 700 840 1000 1600 1920 2300 2900 3500 4200 4600 5600 6700

The procedure for sizing a stack which offsets from the vertical is as follows 1. The portion above offsets is sized accordingly as a vertical stack based on total fixture unit. 2. The horizontal offset portion of the stack is sized on the basis of sizing a house drain ref table

Procedure for Calculating Sewage pump Table 5

Fixtures WC

BASIN

Usage DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL PUBLIC DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL

NO. OF Discharge Units 7 14 28 1 3

BATH SINK

SHOWER URINAL WASHING MACHINE DISHWASHER WASTE DISPOSAL UNIT GROUP OF WC. BATH & BASIN OTHER FITTING WITH O.D OF 50mm NOMINAL DIAMETER 65mm NOMINAL DIAMETER 75mm NOMINAL DIAMETER 90mm NOMINAL DIAMETER 100mm NOMINAL DIAMETER NOTES: DOMESTIC = HOUSES AND FLATS COMMERCIAL = OFFICES, HOTELS, SCHOOLS, ETC. a) b) c) d) e) HOSPITALS.

PUBLIC DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL PUBLIC DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL

6 7 18 6 14 27 1 2 0.3 7 7 7 14

7 7 10 10 14

FACTORIES,

Calculate total numbers of fixture Calculate total discharge unit From IOP Graph find discharge flow rate(Refer to appendix) Select a pump duty in such that nos of cycle for pump on/off in one hour less than 10 times. Size the pit accordingly based on philosophy given below.

Q Qin ALARM LEVEL 5 min storage Second pump on after 5min storage

out

First Pump run after 20 min storage Base of pump (.3mt)

NB: Refer to example for calculation at appendix section

Grease Trap Sizing TABLE 6 SIZING OF GREASE INTERCEPTORS Waste Number of Meals per Peak x Flow Hour1 Rate2 1 2 Meals Served at Peak Hour Waste Flow Rate a. With diswashing machine b. Without diswashing machine c. Single service kitchen d. Food waste disposer Retention Times Commercial kitchen waste Dishwasher Single service kitchen Single serving Storage Factors Fully equiped commercial kitchen x Retention x Time3 Storage Factor4 = Interceptor Size (Liquid Capacity)

6 gal 5 gal 2 gal 1 gal

22.70 18.90 7.60 3.80

L L L L

flow flow flow flow

2.5 1.5 1.5

hrs hrs hrs

8 16 24

hr operation hr operation hr operation

: : :

1 2 3
1.5

Single service kitchen

Sizing of Grease Interceptor

1 2 3 4

5 6

Determine the cubic content of the fixture by multiplying L x W x D. Determine the capacity in gallons (1 gal = 231 in3 ) ; (1L = 1000cm3). Determine the actual drainage load, = 75% of fixture capacity. Determine the flow rate and the drainage period. Drainage Period = 1 min. or 2 min. ; Drainage Period = actual time required to completely empty the fixture. Flowrate = actual drainage load drainage period Select the interceptor that corresponds to flow rate calculated.

Note: Please refer to appendices for the grease traps which are DM approved and to be proposed as per the requirement

Sizing of Septic tank

FORMULA: V = 1.125 + 0.75Q WHERE: V = The Liquid Volume of the tank in Gallons Q = The Daily Sewage Flow in Gallons 1.125 AND 0.75 is Constant Value Technical Data in determining Volume of Septic Tank Minimum depth 90cm Minimum length 150cm Minimum depth of water 120cm For residential building for larger number of people allocate 0.14 to0.17cum of liquid per person For Small Residential House to serve upto 12 persons the chamber should have a liquid content of not more than 2.0cum. For school, Commercial and Industrial Establishment, the volume of septic tank should not be less than 0.057cum

Types of Establishment Small Dwelling with seasonal occupancy Single family dwellings Multiple family (Apartments) Boarding House Hotels with private bath (2 persons per room) Restaurants (Toilet and kitchen waste per patron) Tourist camps Resort camps Construction camps Schools Dormitory Hospitals Institution other than Hospitals Factories Swimming pools and bath houses Luxury residences Country clubs (Per resident members) Motels Drive in theatres Movie Theatres Airport (Per Passenger) Stores (Per Toilet room Service stations (Per Vehicle served)

GPD 50 75 60 50 60 10 50 50 50 25 100 250 125 35 10 150 100 50 5 5 5 40 10

Surface water disposal:

Hereafter refer as drainage system according to DubaiMuncipality terminology. We divide this into two subdivisions 1. Carpark drainage which is below grade 2. Building drainage which is above grade level. 1. Car Park Drainage Statistics Residual water from cars, car park wash down and any localised flooding cause by maintenance flushing or sprinkler discharge. The basement drainage system affords a network of in slab and below slab pipe work; collecting from various locations the drainage pit shall be 1.20m deep below the invert level of the incoming drainage pipe. To accommodate the pumps and float switches However care to be taken in design stage to size the drainage pits in conjunction with structural elements too. The drains to be laid accordingly to DM standard which is as follows. For 75 mm dia 1:60 100mm dia 1:60 150mm dia 1:90 200mm dia 1:120.for higher sizes to be followed as per BS standard Total Net Floor Area A m2 Average water flow 25mm/hr Time considered for flow (Retention storage) 30min 2. Building Drainage Statistics ROOF DRAINAGE DESIGN Early determination of how roof drainage is to be provided is extremely important. The method chosen not only affects the structural design and building elevations, it can also impact floor plan layouts due to chase requirements. "FLAT" ROOFS WITH DRAINS AND INTERIOR DOWNSPOUTS Basic Considerations The first factor to analyze before an internal roof drainage system is considered is to verify that there is a means to discharge storm water into an underground piping system or drainage ditch. If roof drain piping can not be routed from the building below ground, the pipe will need to discharge above grade through the exterior walls. In the event below grade discharge is not possible, consider utilizing perimeter roof gutters and exterior downspouts. Gutters and downspouts will allow you to have more control of discharge points and will negate the necessity of chase spaces within the building for interior piping. Determine whether a parapet will be provided. Building Codes require a means of disposing rain water from a roof in the event a primary roof drainage system does not function. The inclusion of a parapet causes a decision to be made concerning the method by which storm water emergency overflow will be achieved. Evaluate the type of roof system to be specified. Various manufactures have defined slope and drain placement requirements included within their system warranty. The physical size, local rainfall rates and the number & size of interior leaders you can be facilitated within the floor plans, determine the quantity of roof drains that will be required. Also, remember that large roof areas may be drained more economically by sloping the roof structure, thereby limiting the depth of insulation. All roads have gully openings in the side of the pavement. Water flowing into the gully goes into a network of underground pipes. The pipes are inclined so that the water flows with ease by gravity. When the pipe gets too deep we build a storm water-pumping station. From there it is pumped up into a higher inclined pipe and the process repeats till it flows into the sea or into the creek. So Drainage from building will be by gravity and should know how to be discharged either freely above ground level or connect directly to infrastructure system and it purely depends according to site conditions.

Rainfall Intensity to be considered as 50mm/hr for a period of 25years storm. Design must account for the dynamics of the system by observing the variation in rainfall intensity over the storm duration. The runoff coefficients that are currently used to evaluate runoff is 0.5 to 0.7 The formulae is Q240CIA Where Q the peak runoff rate m3/day C the runoff coefficient Ithe average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) Athe size of the drainage area System clear a time refers to the amount of time after storm even ends which is required to remove flood volumes from areas. Recommended drainage system clear times for residential type building is 6hrs, for commercial is 4hrs Sump Pit Volume Calculation Q Q = = 30 x A 3600 B = B x 60s x 30min

Volume of pit

TABLE 8 SIZING ROOF DRAINS, LEADERS AND VERTICAL RAINWATER PIPING, (Metric) Size of Drain, Flow, Leader or gpm Pipe, mm 50 75 100 125 150 200 23 67 144 261 424 913 Maximum Allowable Horizontal Projected Roof Areas Square METERS at Various Rainfall Rates 25mm/hr 202 600 1286 2334 3790 8175 50mm/hr 101 300 643 1167 1895 4087.5 75mm/hr 67 200 429 778 1263 2725 100mm/hr 51 150 322 584 948 2044 125mm/hr 40 120 257 467 758 1635 150mm/hr 34 100 214 389 632 1363

Flow, lps

1.5 4.2 9.1 16.5 26.8 57.6

Notes: 1. The sizing data for vertical conductors, leaders, and drains is based on the pipes flowing 7/24 full. 2. For rainfall rates other than those listed, determine the allowable roof area by dividind the area given in the 1 inch/hour (25mm/hr) column by the desired rainfall rate. 3. Vertical piping may be round, square, or rectangular. Square pipes shall be sized to enclosed its Equivalent round pipe. Rectangular pipes shall have at least the same cross-sectional area as its Equivalent round pipe, except that the ratio of its dimensions shall not exceed 3 to 1. 1106.4 Side Walls Draining onto a Roof 1. For one (1) wall - add fifty (50) percent of the wall area to the roof area figures. 2. For two (2) adjacent walls - add thirty-five (35) percent of the total wall areas. 3. For two (2) walls opposite of same height - no additional area. 4. For two (2) walls opposite of differing heights - add fifty (50) percent of wall area above top of lower wall. 5. Walls on three (3) sides - add fifty (50) percent of area of the inner wall below the top of the lowest wall, plus allowance for the area of wall above top of the lowest wall, per (2) & (4) above. 6. Walls on four (4) sides - no allowance for wall areas below top of lowest wall - add for areas above top of the lowest wall per (1),(2), (4), and (5) above.

Maximum and Minimum velocities in drainage pipes Design flow velocities should be within the limits which are set on table 9.Minimum velocities are based on providing self cleansing velocities and prevent solids sedimentation in drainage pipes. Maximum velocities are set to minimize the negative effects of abrasion on the pipes and manholes. Table 9: Pipe Description Gravity line Pressure line Minimum(m/s) 0.75 1.0 Maximum(m/s) 2.5 3.0 Design(m/s) 0.75 1.0

DUBAI MUNCIPALITY ARTICLES AND TERMINOLGY The idea is to enforce the designers to comply the DM regulation and abide by the article issued by concerned authority. Article 8: Industrial waste may not be drained into public sewage network unless the authorised department ascertains that such water comply with condition restriction and standard specification determined for this purpose. Article 9 : An owner is obliged to connect the drainage system of air-conditioning system and balconies to private sewage network of building. Article 14: Final inspection chamber of any building shall comply with the specs approved by authorised department and shall be heavy-duty type located outside the building and with in the plot limit. Note: Depth of FIC should not exceed the pre determined depth given by DM prelim NOC (Usually 80cm) Article 33: Air conditioning water and water used in cleaning the same and in addition to water used in cleaning balconies in a building may not be drained into storm water drainage network, yet the same to be drained into building private sewage network. Standard terminology 1 Private Sewerage Network: All the sewerage installations inside the building and all items which are related to or connected with such installations such as traps,manholes,and inspection chambers within the limits of the land on which the building is constructed up to the point of connection to the public sewerage network. 2. Water: Storm water, ground water and any other collected surface water 3. Waste water: waste mixed with used water of human, domestic and similar usages including any water which is not usable without treatment 4. Final Inspection chamber: A concrete or solid blocks chamber which is the last inspection chamber in a private sewerage network of the building. 5. Grease trap: A unit with a special engineering design connected to the private sewerage networks of commercial kitchens, restaurants, food factories, hotels etc which separate food oils and grease from waste before draining the same into the public sewerage network 6. Oil Interceptor: A unit with a special engineering design used for separating mineral oil and grease from waste water from washing, oiling and lubricating cars prior to drainage into the public sewerage network. 7. Sand traps: A tank designed in accordance with the specifications approved by the authorized department used for settling sand which is suspended in groundwater sucked from construction sites before draining the same into storm water drainage network. Miscellaneous 1. The drainage pipes shall not run through electric rooms or electric substations. 2. No drain pipes to be casted in RCC structural element.

3. Swimming pool drains from roof or other floor should not be connected to basement sump pit 4. All O.T.S (4X4M&less) should have floor traps for rainwater connected to nearest gully trap or waste stack. Other OTS shall have rainwater drain connected to rain water scheme. 5. In case of no drainage network provide a future connection and allowable depth is 1200mm.

Water demand for any type of building is dependent on number of factors 1. Type of building and its usage. 2. Number of occupants permanent or transitional. 3. Requirement of fire protection. 4. Landscape, swimming pools, water features and makeup water also. WATER STORAGE: The purpose of storing water is to provide water during any interruption of incoming Supply, provide pressure head for gravity supplies. Daily water demand for sizing storage tank for potable use. Type of building Dwellings 1Bedroom 2 bedroom 3 Bedroom Student ensuite Nurses home Childrens home Elderly Sheltered Elderly care home Prison Budget hotels Travel Inn/Lodge 4/5 star luxury Shops,Offices,factory & general work place With canteen Without canteen Schools Nursery Primary Secondry 6th form college Boarding Hospital District general Surgical ward Medical ward Paediatric ward Geriatric ward Sports changing Sports hall Swimming pool Field sports All weather pitch Places of assembly(Excl.staff) Art gallery Library Museum Theatre Cinema Litres 210 130 100 100 120 135 120 135 150 135 150 200 Unit Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bed space Bed space Bedroom Bed space Inmate Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom

45 40 15 15 20 20 90 600 250 220 300 140 35 20 35 35 6 6 6 3 3

Person Person Pupil Pupil Pupil Pupil Pupil Bed Bed Bed Bed Bed Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person

Bars Night club Restaurant

4 4 7

Person Person Meal

If the number of buildings occupants are not known then as guide the following criteria can be used offices one person per 14mt2 of gross building floor area.Museums,art galleries,libraries,one person per 30mt2 of the gross building floor area. Restaurants one person per 1mt2 of the dining area. A combination of high and low storage can be considered if a gravity distribution is preferred for all or part of building. A storage ratio off 2:1 low/high level is typical arrangement is preferred. Hot water demand: The storage figures shown in table: are based on reheat period of 2hours,at inlet temp of10 degc and stored temperature of65degc. Type of building Dwellings 1Bedroom 2 bedroom 3 Bedroom Student en suite Nurses home Childrens home Elderly Sheltered Elderly care home Prison Budget hotels Travel Inn/Lodge 4/5 star luxury Shops,Offices,factory & general work place With canteen Without canteen Schools Nursery Primary Secondry 6th form college Boarding Hospital District general Surgical ward Medical ward Paediatric ward Geriatric ward Sports changing Sports hall Swimming pool Field sports All weather pitch Places of assembly(Excl.staff) Art gallery Library Museum Theatre Daily(l) 115 75 55 70 70 70 70 90 115 115 135 Stored(l) 115 115 115 20 20 25 25 25 35 35 45 Unit Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bed space Bed space Bedroom Bed space Inmate Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom

15 10 15 15 15 15 114 200 110 110 125 70 20 20 35 35 2 2 1 1

5 5 5 5 5 5 25 50 50 50 70 40 20 20 35 35 1 1 1 1

Person Person Pupil Pupil Pupil Pupil Pupil Bed Bed Bed Bed Bed Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person

Cinema Bars Night club Restaurant

1 2 1 6

1 1 1 6

Person Person Person Meal

Notes: If the number of occupants are not known then as guide following criteria to be used Offices: one person per 14mt2 of gross building area. Sport shall: Four persons per badminton court area per hour open, maximum Swimming pool: One person per cubical per hour open with a factor of 0.6 diversity. Museums, artgalleries, libraraies one person per 30mt2 of the gross building floor areas. When assessing the hot water production requirements for a building it is necessary to determine the peak demand. The peak demand is the volume of hot water required during the buildings period of greatest usage. Sizing procedure for supply pipes 1.) Assume a pipe diameter. 2.) Determine the design flow rate by adding fixture flow rate from loading units and continuous flow rates. 3.) Determine the effective pipe length (actual length of pipe+equivalent pipe length of fittings+equivalent pipe length for draw offs.) 4.) Calculate permissible loss of head.(Available head+headloss/meter run of pipe+head loss in fittings) 5.) Check the pipe diameter assumed will give necessary flow rate without exceeding the permissible head loss. Table for loading unit and flow rates Outlet fitting Design flow rate(l/s) Minimumflow rate(l/s) Loading units Frequency of usage Low Med high 1 2 5 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 8 16 11 2 3 6 2 5 10 2 2 1

Wc flushing cistern Wash basin Spray tap Bidet Bath tub,size3/4 Bath tub size 1 Shower head Sink tap Washing machine Dish washer Urinal

.013 0.15 .05 .20 .30 .60 .20 .20 .20 .15 .004

.01 .01 .05 .01 .20 .40 .20 .30 .20 .15 .002

Refer to example provided in appendix

Tabular method of pipe sizing

Duct riser shaft, plant room Service enclosure, ceiling Corridor Seating area, lecture Bedroom Theatre, cinema Studio recording

Location

Table for Pipe work velocities

Enter pipe size referance Determine loading units Convert loading unit to flowrate Make assumption as to pipe size(inside dia) Frictional resistance/mt Determine velocity of flow Measure pipe length Consider frictional loss in fittings Add totals in columns 7&8 Head consumed (multiply column5 by column9 Add head consumed in column10 to progressive head in previous row of column11 Record available head at point of delivery Copare progressive head with available head to confirm pipe diameter notes

(1)pipe refer (2)loading units (3)Flow rate(l/s) (4)Pipe size(mm) (5)Loss of head m/m run (6)Flow velocity m/s (7)measured run(m) (8)Equivalent length(m) (9) effective length (10)head loss (11)progressive head (12)Available head (13)Final pipe size (14)Remarks pipe pipe pipe

35 30 25 20 20 1.5 1.25 1.0 .75 .5 1.5 1.25 1.0 .75 .5

50 Copper, steel,(m/s) 2.0

Noise level NR

40 1.5 1.5

Pipe material Upvc,ABS,Cpvc m/s 2.5