Chapter 04 - The Reproductive Process

Chapter 04 The Reproductive Process

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which is NOT true about reproduction? a. Gametes are produced by meiosis and may be specialized as eggs or sperm B. Only the germ line reproduces by mitosis c. Asexual reproduction is most advantageous when the environment is not changing d. A hermaphrodite produces both male and female gametes in different specialized gonads e. Somatic cells serve to provide support and protection for the germ line

2. Which is NOT true about asexual reproduction? a. There is only one parent b. It is less commonly found among vertebrates c. It can occur by budding or by division and regeneration d. A large number of offspring can be produced in this way in a short time E. It produces variation that allows the species to adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions

3. Organisms that are haploid and reproduce by asexual means may have a. A disadvantage because they lack half the chromosomes of diploid individuals B. An evolutionary advantage because mutations are immediately expressed rather than hidden by a normal allele on the homologous chromosome c. Little chance of survival because they cannot undergo binary fission d. No advantages nor disadvantages because as asexual organisms, there will be no variation in any case e. To reproduce sexually every other generation to restore the diploid number

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4. What is the critical difference between gemmulation and fragmentation? a. Gemmulation is sexual and fragmentation is asexual b. Gemmulation is haploid and fragmentation is diploid c. If sponges fragment, it is called gemmulation d. Fragmentation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; gemmulation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism E. Gemmulation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; fragmentation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism

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5. Offspring produced by asexual reproduction that all have the same genotype are called a. Germ cells b. Buds C. Clones d. Gonads e. Gemmules

6. Since humans have two individual organisms to bear eggs or sperm separately, we are in the biological sense a. Asexual B. Bisexual c. Monoecious d. Hermaphroditic e. Parthenogenetic

7. Animals that have both male and female organs in the same individual are called a. Asexual b. Bisexual C. Monoecious d. Dioecious e. Parthenogenetic

8. Which of the following are primary sex organs? a. Penis and vagina b. Scrotum and uterus c. Vas deferens and oviducts D. Testes and ovaries e. All of the choices are primary sex organs

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9. By possessing both male and female organs, hermaphrodites a. Are asexual b. Lose all advantages to sexual reproduction C. Gain the ability to mate with any other individual of their species, not just the half that are the opposite sex d. Gain the ability to choose to be either sexual or asexual e. Always have the ability to self-fertilize if no other members of their species are around

10. Parthenogenesis is a. Asexual but haploid by means of internal self-fertilization b. An asexual means of reproduction involving budding c. Asexual reproduction by splitting or fission into several new individuals D. Reproduction where unfertilized eggs develop into mature individuals without fertilization e. Sexual reproduction by cross-fertilization between hermaphrodites

11. When an egg is formed without meiosis, merely a mitotic division, it is A. Ameiotic parthenogenesis b. Meiotic parthenogenesis c. Anti-parthenogenesis d. Hermaphroditism e. Bisexual reproduction

12. In whiptail lizards, only females exist. Two females court and one assumes the posture of the missing male lizard to stimulate the other female to ovulate. No fertilization can occur, so this is a case of a. Hermaphroditism b. Bisexual reproduction C. Parthenogenesis d. Sexual reproduction since mating behavior is required e. A need for further research since only primitive animals reproduce asexually

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13. In the case of the whiptail lizards, unisexual species were compared with a fully sexual species. Results indicated that a. The unisexual lizard populations were slower growing because they lacked diversity b. Both strategies had the same levels of population growth C. The unisexual lizard populations were faster growing because all individuals produced eggs d. More variability is always good despite environmental conditions e. The more evolved animals always reproduce sexually

14. What is the most likely evolutionary explanation for the whiptail desert lizards evolving a femaleonly reproduction? a. This species is probably going extinct b. This is not related to evolution but a biochemical anomaly c. This is not at all unusual since most reptiles are asexual D. The desert is uniform, and variation is of little or no advantage and a waste in energy e. Such a switch in mating behavior is easily understood as a crossing-over in chromosomes

15. Gonads arise from a. Proliferation of either the SRY gene or the DDS gene B. Genital ridges growing into the coelomic lining on the sides of the hindgut c. Somatic tissues d. Different tissues; testes from mesoderm and ovaries from endoderm e. A continuos line of meiotic cells

16. Sex determination in humans is best generalized as a. Genes coding for testosterone or estrogen and the presence of these hormones determining the sexual development B. In the absence of the SRY gene, the DDS gene will promote ovary formation; the hormones produced by the gonads drive tissue differentiation c. In the absence of the DDS gene, the SRY gene will promote ovary formation; the hormones produced by the gonads drive tissue differentiation d. In the absence of the STY gene, the DDS gene will promote testes formation; the hormones produced by the gonads drive tissue differentiation

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17. Gametogenesis is the a. Union of an egg and a sperm B. Formation of eggs by the female and sperm by the male c. Cleavage of the embryo d. Menstrual cycle in the female e. None of the choices are correct

18. In the male reproductive system, the Sertoli (sustentacular) cells a. Produce sperm cells through meiosis b. Activate the sperm cells so they can swim rapidly C. Nourish the cells that produce sperm cells d. Regulate the rate of sperm production e. Produce an alkaline fluid added to the semen

19. The _______ undergo the first meiotic division in the production of sperm. a. Sertoli (sustentacular) cells b. Primary oocytes c. Spermatids D. Primary spermatocytes e. Spermatogonia

20. The final product of spermatogenesis is four a. Sertoli (sustentacular) cells b. Primary oocytes C. Spermatids d. Primary spermatocytes e. Spermatogonia

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21. There are two basic forms of reproduction: a. Sexual reproduction b. Asexual reproduction c. Budding D. Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction, but not budding e. None of the choices are correct

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22. The ______ is lined with mitochondria and expends the energy to propel the sperm. a. Acrosome b. Head c. Tail D. Middle piece e. None of the choices are correct

23. The acrosome functions to A. Contain enzymes that help a sperm head "digest" its way into an egg b. Increase the sperm's motility c. Direct the sperm to the egg d. Transport the chromosomes into the egg e. Store energy for swimming to the egg

24. A sperm penetrates an egg by a. Melting its way in using nucleic acids in its DNA b. Forward pressure of the flagellum forcing it through the membrane C. Enzymes in the acrosome that dissolve the jelly coating d. Being wedge shaped and chemically attracted to the egg e. Chromosomes aligning across the membrane and causing spindle fibers to form

25. In oogenesis, the sequence of the development of an egg is a. Ootid, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, oogonium, ovum b. Primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, oogonium, ovum C. Oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, ovum d. Oogonium, ootid, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum

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26. Polar bodies are best characterized as a. Follicles that did not become the graafian follicle b. One haploid nucleus from the first meiotic division and one haploid nucleus from the second meiotic division c. Two haploid nuclei from the first meiotic division d. Two haploid nuclei from the second meiotic division E. Three haploid nuclei; one from the second division and one from the first that then divided again to form two more

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27. Reptile and bird eggs have a. No chorion b. No amnion c. No extra-embryonic membranes because the young are inside an egg d. A placental connection since these are advanced animals E. A large yolk to support all early development

28. During oogenesis, the egg grows in size by accumulating _______ reserves to support future growth and development after fertilization. a. Hormone b. Sugar c. Water d. Mitochondrial E. Yolk

29. The egg grows in size well beyond the surface-area-to-volume restrictions of other single cells because it a. Is the germ line and is therefore not restricted by this law b. Relies on a placenta to exchange gases and nutrients C. Has a gradually diminishing metabolic rate and often relies on supporting cells to supply nutrition d. Lacks mitochondria e. Does not become living until it is fertilized; this is the definition of "life."

30. Placental mammals are a. Oviparous b. Ovoviviparous c. Larviparous D. Viviparous e. Nefarious

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31. A rattlesnake holds its eggs internally and the young hatch and crawl out, appearing to be born live; the rattlesnake is a. Oviparous B. Ovoviviparous c. Larviparous d. Viviparous e. Nefarious

32. A strange system of reproduction, where there are no permanent reproductive organs and gametes arise from the lining of the body cavity and spill through ruptures of the body wall is found in some a. Insects b. Marsupial mammals C. Polychaete annelid worms d. Whiptail lizards e. Birds

33. In reptiles and birds, a common chamber forming the opening of the reproductive, excretory and digestive systems is called the a. Vulva b. Aedeagus C. Cloaca d. Labia majora e. Copulatrix

34. Which is NOT part of the mammalian male reproductive system? a. Testes b. Epididymis c. Penis d. Prostate E. Cervix

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35. Mammalian sperm mature inside the a. Seminal vesicles b. Ejaculatory duct c. Vas deferens d. Seminal vesicles E. Epididymis

36. In mammals, the ______ carries both sperm and urine. a. Vas deferens B. Urethra c. Fallopian tube d. Ureter e. Seminiferous tubule

37. A cross-section through the testes would show a. Large chambers lined with wiggling sperm B. Small tubules lined with developing sperm c. Flat layers of tissue like pages, lined with developing sperm d. Individual sperm follicles with all future immature sperm present e. None of the choices are correct

38. In larger terrestrial animals, the testes are in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen because a. There is lack of room in the abdomen b. This provides for a shorter sperm path c. This provides a more direct blood supply d. It provides greater protection to the testes E. It keeps the temperature lower for sperm development

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39. Which of the following is NOT involved in production of semen? a. Seminal vesicles b. Bulbourethral gland C. Graafian follicle d. Testes e. Prostate gland

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40. Which association concerning structures in the human male is NOT correct? a. Testes-produce sperm b. Testes-produce testosterone C. Vas deferens-carries urine d. Prostate gland-seminal fluid e. Urethra-conducts sperm

41. The path of the sperm during ejaculation proceeds from a. Testes to urethra to vas deferens to penis b. Urethra to vas deferens to seminal vesicles to testes C. Seminiferous tubules to epididymis to vas deferens to urethra d. Seminiferous tubules to vas deferens to epididymis to urethra e. Vas deferens to seminiferous tubules to epididymis to urethra

42. Which is NOT part of the human female external genitalia? a. Hymen b. Clitoris c. Labia minora d. Labia majora E. Uterus

43. The female clitoris is homologous to the male a. Vas deferens B. Glans penis c. Scrotum d. Prostate gland e. Testes

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44. An egg moves down an oviduct by a. Whip-like flagellar action b. Cilia of nurse cells surrounding the egg c. Drifting on the current of body fluids D. Tubular muscle contractions and cilia in oviduct e. Suction from the uterine contractions

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45. Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the a. Uterus b. Vagina C. Outer third of the oviducts d. Abdominal cavity between ovary and oviducts e. Ovarian follicle at time of ovulation

46. The ______ is the inner lining of the uterus that is discharged during menstruation. A. Endometrium b. Perimetrium c. Myocardium d. Endocardium e. Oviduct

47. The route of sperm moving through the female reproductive tract is a. Vagina uterus oviduct cervix b. Urethra vagina oviduct cervix c. Urethra uterus cervix fallopian tube d. Cervix fallopian tube vagina uterus E. Vagina cervix uterus oviduct

48. The two major female hormones are a. Androgen and estrogen b. Testosterone and progesterone c. FSH and cortisol d. Testosterone and estrogen E. Progesterone and estrogen

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49. Male sexual behavior is promoted by a. Androgen B. Testosterone c. Estrogen d. Ecdysone e. Progesterone

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50. Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are developed and maintained by a. FSH b. TSH C. Testosterone d. Estrogen e. Progesterone

51. A metabolite of testosterone that has important hormone effects is a. FSH b. TSH c. Anti-testosterone D. Dihydrotestosterone e. Progesterone

52. Ovulation usually occurs on the ________ of a 28-day uterine cycle. a. First day b. 4th day C. 14th day d. 22nd day e. Last day

53. An egg is ovulated from a/an a. Primary follicle b. Tertiary follicle c. Corpus luteum D. Graafian follicle e. Secondary follicle

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54. The luteal phase occurs a. During day 15 b. During day 613 c. On day 14 D. During day 1528 e. Anytime through the cycle

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55. _____________ is closely associated with maturation of the egg. A. Follicle stimulating hormone b. Testosterone c. Luteinizing hormone d. Progesterone e. Human chorionic gonadotropic hormone

56. The luteal phase of the uterine cycle is associated with a. Low FSH, high estrogen, developing follicle, and an increase in uterine lining b. High LH, high estrogen, developing follicle, and uterine lining breakdown C. An increase in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and the endometrium is shed d. A decrease in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and a secretory uterine lining e. A decrease in LH, decrease in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and a secretory uterine lining

57. The hormone inhibin a. Decreases sexual urges b. Triggers ovulation in females c. Prevents or inhibits erection d. Decreases sperm production E. Serves in a negative feedback manner with the anterior pituitary to control testosterone levels

58. Male athletes who consider taking synthetic steroid testosterone hormones to add muscle are warned that this may shrink the testes. Why would this effect occur? a. This is the natural effect of testosterone; it normally shrinks testes b. Synthetic chemicals act differently than natural hormones c. A guilt reaction in the brain causes the opposite hormone action d. Testosterone converts to dihydrotestosterone that has the opposite effect E. The pituitary detects high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and, not knowing that it is not self-produced, reduces FSH and LH

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59. In Latin, the root word(s) for "yellow body" is/are a. Placenta b. Vagina C. Corpus luteum d. Uterus e. Endometrium

60. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. The follicles in the ovary produce estrogen b. The corpus luteum produces progesterone C. The placenta does not by itself produce any steroid hormones d. A surge of FSH is believed to promote ovulation e. LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum

61. Luteinizing hormone stimulates the a. Seminiferous tubules of the testis b. Pituitary to produce ACTH c. Follicle to produce estrogen d. Interstitial (leydig) cells to produce inhibin E. Corpus luteum to produce progesterone

62. Approximately how many mature egg cells are released by a woman during her fertile years? a. 20 b. 120 C. 400 d. Several thousand e. Several million

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63. Following ovulation, a ruptured follicle A. Differentiates into the corpus luteum b. Disappears and all of its cells disintegrate c. Passes on as waste material down the oviduct with the egg d. Mends itself and begins the maturation of another egg e. Becomes a part of the epithelial covering of the ovary

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64. What initiates menstrual flow? a. The pituitary triggers it b. Luteinizing hormone activity is at its peak c. Estrogen activity is at a peak d. Progesterone production is highest E. Both progesterone and estrogen levels decline to low levels

65. Estrogen and progesterone provide feedback control on the a. Ovary b. Uterus c. Testes D. Pituitary e. Prostate gland

66. On day 12, the human uterine cycle is mainly under the influence of a. Thyroxin B. Estrogen c. Progesterone d. Epinephrine e. Testosterone

67. Days 6-13 of a 28-day uterine cycle is the a. Secretory phase b. Menstrual period C. Proliferative phase d. Ovulation period e. Fertilization period

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68. The secretory phase is part of the a. Sexual cycle b. Pituitary cycle c. Testicular cycle d. Ovarian cycle E. Uterine cycle

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69. Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced in the a. Ovary b. Uterus C. Pituitary d. Hypothalamus e. Interstitial (leydig) cells

70. After an egg erupts from a follicle, the surrounding tissue that remains to secrete hormones becomes the a. Oocyte b. Stroma C. Corpus luteum d. Primary follicle e. Corpus cavernosum

71. Which is NOT true about estrogen? A. Estrogen stimulates release of FSH b. Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken c. Estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular d. Estrogen causes a positive feedback on the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH e. Estrogen causes a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland

72. What would be associated with animals that produce litters? a. The uterus would be designed for more implantation sites b. More nipples and mammary gland tissue would be present c. More eggs are triggered to develop than in humans d. There may be a tendency to have identical twins from division of the fertilized egg E. All of the choices would be possible with an animal that regularly produces a litter

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73. Menstruation begins because a. The pituitary triggers it b. Luteinizing hormone is at its peak c. Estrogen activity peaks d. Progesterone production is highest E. Progesterone and estrogen levels decline

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74. Which statement is true about reproductive timing? a. Most wild mammals produce offspring on an annual cycle b. Reproductive cycles in invertebrates may be associated with changes in day length c. Many temperate-zone mammals mate in the fall and produce offspring in the spring d. Many animals respond to chemical pheromones and have no conscious decision about the timing of their reproductive behavior E. All of the choices are correct

75. Milk production in humans is triggered in breasts after several days of ____ and ____ production by the ____. a. Estrogen, testosterone, ovaries b. Prolactin, human placental lactogen, hypothalamus C. Prolactin, human placental lactogen, anterior pituitary d. Oxytocin, estrogen, hypothalamus e. Oxytocin, androgen, anterior pituitary

76. The peptide hormone ______ produced by the ______ allows expansion of the pelvis by increasing flexibility of the pubic symphysis. a. Estrogen, ovaries b. Prolactin, hypothalamus c. Prolactin, anterior pituitary d. Relaxin, hypothalamus E. Relaxin, placenta

77. Which statement is incorrect regarding hCG? a. hCG appears in the bloodstream after implantation b. hCG is produced by the placenta C. hCG stimulates the corpus luteum d. hCG stimulates the anterior pituitary gland e. hCG helps maintain estrogen and progesterone levels in the blood

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