PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2: Kinematics of linear motion

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Kinematics of linear motion

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Linear Motion Uniformly Accelerated Motion Free Falling Body Projectile Motion

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

2.1 Linear Motion
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define and distinguish between i. distance and displacement ii. speed and velocity iii. instantaneous velocity, average velocity and uniform velocity. iv. instantaneous acceleration, average acceleration and uniform acceleration. Sketch graphs of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time. Determine the distance travelled, displacement, velocity and acceleration from appropriate graphs.
3

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

2.1. Linear motion (1-D)

2.1.1. Distance,

scalar quantity. is defined as the length of actual path between two points. For example :
Q

The length of the path from P to Q is 25 cm.

PHYSICS
2.1.2

Displacement,s

CHAPTER 2

vector quantity is defined as the distance between initial point and final point in a straight line. The S.I. unit of displacement is metre (m).

Example 1:
An object P moves 20 m to the east after that 10 m to the south and finally moves 30 m to west. Determine the displacement of P N relative to the original position. Solution :
W O 20 m 10 m 20 m
5

10 m

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

The magnitude of the displacement is given by

and its direction is

2.1.3 Speed, v

is defined the rate of change of distance. scalar quantity. Equation:

change of distance speed = time interval

d v= t
6

PHYSICS
2.1.4

Velocity, v

CHAPTER 2

is a vector quantity. The S.I. unit for velocity is m s-1. is defined as the rate of change of displacement. Equation: change of displacement

Average velocity, vav

vav =

s2 s1 vav = t 2 t1 s vav = t

time interval

Its direction is in the same direction of the change in displacement.

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Instantaneous velocity, v is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of displacement. Equation:

limit s v= t 0t

ds v= dt

An object is moving in uniform velocity if

ds = constant dt
8

PHYSICS
s

CHAPTER 2

s1

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q = the instantaneous velocity at time, t = t1

t1
Therefore

Gradient of s-t graph = velocity

9

PHYSICS
2.1.5

Acceleration, a

CHAPTER 2

vector quantity The S.I. unit for acceleration is m s-2. is defined as the rate of change of velocity. Equation: a = change of velocity
av

Average acceleration, aav

v2 v1 aav = t 2 t1

time interval

v aav = t

Its direction is in the same direction of motion. The acceleration of an object is uniform when the magnitude of velocity changes at a constant rate and along fixed 10

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Instantaneous acceleration, a is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of velocity. Equation: limit

v a= t 0t
2

dv d s a= = 2 dt dt

An object is moving in uniform acceleration if

dv = constant dt
11

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Deceleration, a is a negative acceleration. The object is slowing down meaning the speed of the object decreases with time.

v1

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q

0

= the instantaneous acceleration at time, t = t1 Therefore

t1

Gradient of v-t graph = acceleration

12

PHYSICS
2.1.6 s

CHAPTER 2
Graphical methods
s

Displacement against time graph (s-t)

Gradient = constant

Gradient increases with time

s (a) Uniform velocity

(c)
P Q R

(b) The velocity increases with time Gradient at point R is negative. The direction of velocity is changing.
13

Gradient at point Q is zero.

The velocity is zero.

PHYSICS
v
Uniform velocity

CHAPTER 2
v
Uniform acceleration

Velocity versus time graph (v-t)

A
0

t1 (a) t2

t1

(b) t2

t1

t2 (c)

Area under the v-t graph = displacement

The gradient at point A is positive a > 0(speeding up) The gradient at point B is zero a= 0 The gradient at point C is negative a < 0(slowing down)
14

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
From the equation of instantaneous velocity,

ds = vdt
Therefore

ds v= dt

s=

t2 t1

vdt

s = shaded area under the v t graph

Simulation 2.1 Simulation 2.2 Simulation 2.3
15

PHYSICS
Example 2 :

CHAPTER 2

A toy train moves slowly along a straight track according to the displacement, s against time, t graph in figure 2.1.

s (cm)
8 6 4 2

10

Figure 2.1 0

10 12 14

t (s)

a. Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train. b. Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph. c. Determine the average velocity for the whole journey. d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 12 s.
16

PHYSICS
Solution : 0 to 6 s :

CHAPTER 2

6 to 10 s : 10 to 14 s : b.

v (cm s1)
1.50

0.68

10 12 14

t (s)
17

PHYSICS
Solution : c. v
av

CHAPTER 2
s2 s1 = t 2 t1

d.

v = average velocity from 10 s to 14 s s2 s1 v= t 2 t1

18

PHYSICS
Example 3 :

CHAPTER 2

A velocity-time (v-t) graph in figure 2.2 shows the motion of a lift.

v (m s 1)
4 2 0 -2
Figure 2.2

10 15

20 25 30 35 40 45

50

t (s)

-4

a. Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift. b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-1) against time (s). c. Determine the total distance travelled by the lift and its displacement. d. Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.
19

PHYSICS
Solution : a. 0 to 5 s 5 to 15 s 15 to 20 s 20 to 25 s 25 to 30 s 30 to 35 s 35 to 40 s : 40 to 50 s :

CHAPTER 2
: Lift moves upward from rest with acceleration of 0.4 m s2. : The velocity of the lift from 2 m s1 to 4 m s1 but the acceleration to 0.2 m s2. : Lift : Lift : Lift : Lift moves Lift moving

20

PHYSICS
Solution : 2 b. a (m s ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 5 10 15

CHAPTER 2

20 25 30 35 40 45

50

t (s)

21

PHYSICS
Solution : 1 v (m s ) c. i. 4 2 0 -2 -4 A1 5 A2 10 15 A3

CHAPTER 2

20 25 30 A35 40 45 4 A5

50

t (s)

Total distance = area under the graph of v-t

1 1 1 1 1 Total distance = ( 2 )( 5) + ( 2 + 4 )(10 ) + ( 5 + 10 )( 4 ) + ( 5)( 4 ) + (15 + 5)( 4 ) 2 2 2 2 2

= A1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5

22

PHYSICS
Solution : c. ii. Displacement

CHAPTER 2
= area under the graph of v-t
= A1 + A 2 + A 3 + A 4 + A 5

1 1 1 1 1 Displacement = ( 2 )( 5) + ( 2 + 4 )(10 ) + ( 5 + 10 )( 4 ) + ( 5)( 4 ) + (15 + 5)( 4 ) 2 2 2 2 2

d.

v2 v1 aav = t 2 t1

23

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.1 :

CHAPTER 2

1. Figure 2.3 shows a velocity versus time graph for an object constrained to move along a line. The positive direction is to the right.

Figure 2.3

a. Describe the motion of the object in 10 s. b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-2) against time (s) for the whole journey. c. Calculate the displacement of the object in 10 s. 24 ANS. : 6 m

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.1 :

CHAPTER 2

2. A train pulls out of a station and accelerates steadily for 20 s until its velocity reaches 8 m s1. It then travels at a constant velocity for 100 s, then it decelerates steadily to rest in a further time of 30 s. a. Sketch a velocity-time graph for the journey. b. Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in each part of the journey. c. Calculate the average velocity for the journey.
Physics For Advanced Level, 4th edition, Jim Breithaupt, Nelson Thornes, pg.15, no. 1.11

ANS. : 0.4 m s2,0 m s2,-0.267 m s2, 80 m, 800 m, 120 m; 6.67 m s1.

25

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Derive and apply equations of motion with uniform acceleration:

v = u + at 1 2 s = ut + at 2 2 2 v = u + 2as

26

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion

From the definition of average acceleration, uniform (constant) acceleration is given by

v = u + at
where

v u a= t

(1)

v u a t

: final velocity : initial velocity : uniform (constant) acceleration : time

27

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
From equation (1), the velocity-time graph is shown in figure velocity 2.4:

u
Figure 2.4

From the graph, The displacement after time, s = shaded area under the graph = the area of trapezium Hence,

time

1 s = ( u + v)t 2

(2)
28

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus

1 s = [ u + ( u + at ) ]t 2

1 2 s = ut + at 2

(3)

From eq. (1), From eq. (2),

( v u ) = at 2s (v + u) =

multiply

( v + u )( v u ) =

t 2s ( at ) t
(4)
29

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Notes: equations (1) (4) can be used if the motion in a straight line with constant acceleration.

For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the equations (1) and (4) become

v= u

Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written as

s = vt

constant velocity

30

PHYSICS
Example 4 :

CHAPTER 2

A plane on a runway takes 16.2 s over a distance of 1200 m to take off from rest. Assuming constant acceleration during take off, calculate a. the speed on leaving the ground, b. the acceleration during take off. Solution : a= ?

u= 0

v= ?

a. Use

s = 1200 m t = 16.2 s 1 s = ( u + v )t 2
31

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Solution : b. By using the equation of linear motion,

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

1 2 s = ut + at 2

OR

32

PHYSICS
Example 5 :

CHAPTER 2

A bus travelling steadily at 30 m s1 along a straight road passes a stationary car which, 5 s later, begins to move with a uniform acceleration of 2 m s2 in the same direction as the bus. Determine a. the time taken for the car to acquire the same velocity as the bus, b. the distance travelled by the car when it is level with the bus. 1 2 Solution : vb = 30 m s = constant ; u c = 0; ac = 2 ms
1 v = v = 30 m s a. Given c b Use vc = u c + ac t c

33

PHYSICS
b.

CHAPTER 2
vb = 30 m s 1
vb vb

b c

b c

tb = 0 s

uc = 0
From the diagram,

ac = 2 m s 2

s c = sb

tb = 5 s
Therefore

tb = t

1 2 uc tc + ac tc = vbtb 2

tb = t ; t c = t 5 s c = sb

sc = vb t

34

PHYSICS
Example 6 :

CHAPTER 2
s = 3t 3 4t 2 + 2t

A particle moves along horizontal line according to the equation Where s is displacement in meters and t is time in seconds. At time, t =2.00 s, determine a. the displacement of the particle, b. Its velocity, and c. Its acceleration. Solution : a. t =2.00 s ;

s = 3t 4t + 2t

35

PHYSICS
Solution :

CHAPTER 2
ds v= dt

b. Instantaneous velocity at t = 2.00 s, Use

d 3 v= 3t 4t 2 + 2t dt
Thus
2

v = 9( 2.00 ) 8( 2.00 ) + 2

36

PHYSICS
Solution :

CHAPTER 2
dv a= dt

c. Instantaneous acceleration at t = 2.00 s, Use

Hence

a = 18( 2.00 ) 8

37

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.2 :

CHAPTER 2

1. A speedboat moving at 30.0 m s-1 approaches stationary buoy marker 100 m ahead. The pilot slows the boat with a constant acceleration of -3.50 m s-2 by reducing the throttle. a. How long does it take the boat to reach the buoy? b. What is the velocity of the boat when it reaches the buoy?
No. 23,pg. 51,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, Serway & Jewett,6th edition. ANS. : 4.53 s; 14.1 m s1

2. An unmarked police car travelling a constant 95 km h -1 is passed by a speeder traveling 140 km h-1. Precisely 1.00 s after the speeder passes, the policemen steps on the accelerator; if the police cars acceleration is 2.00 m s -2, how much time passes before the police car overtakes the speeder (assumed moving at constant speed)?
No. 44, pg. 41,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition. 38 ANS. : 14.4 s

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.2 :

CHAPTER 2

3. A car traveling 90 km h-1 is 100 m behind a truck traveling 75 km h-1. Assuming both vehicles moving at constant velocity, calculate the time taken for the car to reach the truck.
No. 15, pg. 39,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition. ANS. : 24 s

4. A car driver, travelling in his car at a constant velocity of 8 m s-1, sees a dog walking across the road 30 m ahead. The drivers reaction time is 0.2 s, and the brakes are capable of producing a deceleration of 1.2 m s-2. Calculate the distance from where the car stops to where the dog is crossing, assuming the driver reacts and brakes as quickly as possible.
ANS. : 1.73 m
39

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

2.3 Free falling body
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe and use equations for free falling body. For upward and downward motion, use

a = g = 9.81 m s2

40

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

2.3. Free falling body

is defined as the vertical motion of a body at constant acceleration, g under gravitational field without air resistance. In the earths gravitational field, the constant acceleration known as acceleration due to gravity or free-fall acceleration or gravitational acceleration. the value is g = 9.81 m s2 the direction is towards the centre of the earth (downward). Note: In solving any problem involves freely falling bodies or free fall motion, the assumption made is ignore the air resistance.

41

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Sign convention: + From the sign convention thus, +

a= g

Table 2.1 shows the equations of linear motion and freely falling bodies. Linear motion Freely falling bodies

v = u + at
v = u + 2 as 1 2 s = ut + at 2
2 2

v = u gt

Table 2.1

v 2 = u 2 2 gs 1 2 s = ut gt 2
42

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
An example of freely falling body is the motion of a ball thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity, u as shown in figure 2.5. velocity = 0

H u v

v= u

Figure 2.5

Assuming air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of the ball, a = g when the ball moves upward and its velocity decreases to zero when the ball reaches the maximum height, H.
43

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
s H v =0

The graphs in figure 2.6 show the motion of the ball moves up and down. Derivation of equations At the maximum height or displacement, H where t = t1, its velocity,

v= 0
hence

0 v u 0

t1

2t1

v = u gt

t1

2t1

0 = u gt1

therefore the time taken for the ball reaches H, Simulation 2.4

u a
0 t1 2t1 t
44

u t1 = g

Figure 2.6

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
To calculate the maximum height or displacement, H: 1 2 use either

s = ut1
2

gt1

OR

Where s

=H

v = u 2 gs
maximum height,

0 = u 2 2 gH

u H= 2g
v y = u y gt 2 2 v y = u y 2 gs y 1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

Another form of freely falling bodies expressions are

v = u gt v 2 = u 2 2 gs

1 2 s = ut gt 2

45

PHYSICS
Example 7 :

CHAPTER 2

A ball is thrown from the top of a building is given an initial velocity of 10.0 m s1 straight upward. The building is 30.0 m high and the ball just misses the edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in B figure 2.7. Calculate a. the maximum height of the stone from point A. b. the time taken from point A to C. u =10.0 m s1 c. the time taken from point A to D. A d. the velocity of the stone when it reaches point D. (Given g = 9.81 m s2)

30.0 m

Figure 2.7

46

PHYSICS
Solution : B
2 v2 = u y y 2 gs y

CHAPTER 2
= uy = 10.0 m s1 thus

a. At the maximum height, H, vy = 0 and u

u
A C b. From point A to C, the vertical displacement,

1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

sy= 0 m thus

30.0 m

D
47

PHYSICS
Solution : B

CHAPTER 2
1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

c. From point A to D, the vertical displacement, sy= 30.0 m thus

u
A C

a
30.0 m By using

t=

b 4ac 2a
OR

Time dont have negative value.

48

PHYSICS
Solution : B

CHAPTER 2
v y = u y gt v y = (10.0 ) ( 9.81)( 3.69 )

d. Time taken from A to D is t = 3.69 s thus

u
A C

OR From A to D, sy = 30.0 m
2 2

30.0 m

v y = (10.0 ) 2( 9.81)( 30.0 )

2 2

v y = u y 2 gs y

Therefore the balls velocity at D is

49

PHYSICS
Example 8 :

CHAPTER 2

A book is dropped 150 m from the ground. Determine a. the time taken for the book reaches the ground. b. the velocity of the book when it reaches the ground. (given g = 9.81 m s-2) Solution :

uy = 0 m s

a. The vertical displacement is

sy = 150 m
Hence

s y = 150 m

150 m

1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

50

PHYSICS
Solution : b. The books velocity is given by

CHAPTER 2

uy = 0

v y = u y gt

s y = 150 m

OR

v y = u y 2 gs y vy = ?

Therefore the books velocity is

51

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.3 :

CHAPTER 2

1. A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial speed of 8.00 m s1, from a height of 30.0 m. Calculate a. the time taken for the ball to strike the ground, b. the balls speed when it reaches the ground.
ANS. : 1.79 s; 25.6 m s1

2. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window 2.2 m tall as shown in figure 2.8.

2.2 m

to travel this distance took 0.30 s

Figure 2.8

From what height above the top of the windows did the stone fall?
ANS. : 1.75 m
52

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

2.4 Projectile motion
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe and use equations for projectile,

ux = uy = ax = ay =

u cos u sin 0 g

Calculate time of flight, maximum height, range, maximum range, instantaneous position and velocity.

53

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 2.4. Projectile motion

A projectile motion consists of two components: vertical component (y-comp.)

motion under constant acceleration, ay= g motion with constant velocity thus ax= 0

horizontal component (x-comp.)

The path followed by a projectile is called trajectory is shown in y figure 2.9.

v1y
P

v1

v
Q

1 v1x

Simulation 2.5
Figure 2.9

uy
A

sy=H

v2y
t2

v2x 2 v2
C
54

ux

t1

sx= R

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
From figure 2.9, The x-component of velocity along AC (horizontal) at any point is constant,

u x = u cos

The y-component (vertical) of velocity varies from one point to another point along AC. but the y-component of the initial velocity is given by

u y = u sin

55

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Table 2.2 shows the x and y-components, magnitude and direction of velocities at points P and Q. Point P Point Q

Velocity x-comp. y-comp. magnitude

v1 x = u x = u cos
v1 y = u y gt1

v2 x = u x = u cos

v2 y = u y gt 2
2

v1 =

( v1x )
1

+ v1 y

( )

v2 =

( v2 x )
1

+ v2 y

( )

direction

v1 y 1 = tan v 1x
Table 2.2

v2 y 2 = tan v 2x

56

PHYSICS
2.4.1 Maximum height, H

CHAPTER 2
The ball reaches the highest point at point B at velocity, v where x-component of the velocity, v = v = u = u cos x x y-component of the velocity, v = 0 y y-component of the displacement, s = H y Use
2 2 vy = uy 2 gs y

0 = ( u sin
2

2 gH

u sin H= 2g
2

57

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

2.4.2 Time taken to reach maximum height, t At maximum height, H

Time, t

= t and vy= 0

Use

v y = u y gt

0 = ( u sin ) g t '
t = 2 t ' 2u sin t= g

u sin t' = g

2.4.3 Flight time, t (from point A to point C)

58

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Since the x-component for velocity along AC is constant hence From the displacement formula with uniform velocity, thus the x-component of displacement along AC is

2.4.4 Horizontal range, R and value of R maximum

u x = v x = u cos

s x = u x t and s x = R R = ( u cos )( t ) 2u sin R = ( u cos ) g 2 u ( 2 sin cos ) R= g

59

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
From the trigonometry identity, thus

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

2

u R= sin 2 g

The value of R maximum when = 45 and sin 2 = 1 therefore 2

Rmax

u = g

Simulation 2.6
60

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Figure 2.10 shows a ball bearing rolling off the end of a table with an initial velocity, u in the horizontal direction.

2.4.5 Horizontal projectile

vx
h
Figure 2.10

vy

Horizontal component along path AB.

velocity, u x = u = v x = constant displacement, s x = x

Vertical component along path AB.

displacement, s y = h

initial velocity, u y = 0

Simulation 2.7
61

PHYSICS
1 2 s y = u y t gt 2 1 2 h = 0 gt 2

CHAPTER 2

Time taken for the ball to reach the floor (point B), t By using the equation of freely falling bodies,

t=

2h g
Figure 2.11

Horizontal displacement, x Use condition below :

The time taken for the ball free fall to point A

The time taken for the ball to reach point B

62

(Refer to figure 2.11)

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Since the x-component of velocity along AB is constant, thus the horizontal displacement, x

sx = u xt
x = u

and

sx = x

2h g

Note : In solving any calculation problem about projectile motion, the air resistance is negligible.

63

PHYSICS
Example 9 : y

CHAPTER 2

u
Figure 2.12 O

H
P

= 60.0
R

v1x
v1
Q

x v2x v2
64

v1y Figure 2.12 shows a ball thrown by superman with an initial speed, u = 200 m s-1 and makes an angle, = 60.0 to the horizontal. Determine a. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and
direction of its velocity, when t = 2.0 s.

v2y

PHYSICS
calculate the value of H.

CHAPTER 2
H and

b. the time taken for the ball reaches the maximum height,

c. the horizontal range, R d. the magnitude and direction of its velocity when the ball reaches the ground (point P). e. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity at point Q if the ball was hit from a flat-topped hill with the time at point Q is 45.0 s. (given g = 9.81 m s-2) Solution : The component of Initial velocity :

65

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Solution : a. i. position of the ball when t = 2.0 s , Horizontal component :

sx = u xt

Vertical component :

1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

therefore the position of the ball is

66

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Solution : a. ii. magnitude and direction of balls velocity at t = 2.0 s , Horizontal component :

v x = u x = 100 m s 1

Vertical component :

v y = u y gt

Magnitude,

v=
1

2 vx + v2 y =

(100) 2 + (153) 2

Direction,

vy 1 153 = tan = tan v 100 x

67

PHYSICS
Solution : b. i. At the maximum height, H :

CHAPTER 2
vy = 0

Thus the time taken to reach maximum height is given by

v y = u y gt

ii. Apply

1 s y = u y t gt 2

68

PHYSICS
Solution : c.

CHAPTER 2
Flight time = 2(the time taken to reach the maximum height)

t = 2(17.6 )

Hence the horizontal range, R is

s x = u xt

d.

When the ball reaches point P thus s y = 0 The velocity of the ball at point P, 1 Horizontal component: v1 x = u x = 100 m s Vertical component: v1 y = u y gt

69

PHYSICS
Solution : Magnitude, v1

CHAPTER 2

v +v =
2 1x 2 1y 1

(100)

+ ( 172)

Direction,

v1 y 1 172 = tan v = tan 100 1x

therefore the direction of balls velocity is = 300 from positive x-axis anticlockwise e. The time taken from point O to Q is 45.0 s. i. position of the ball when t = 45.0 s, Horizontal component :

sx = u xt

70

PHYSICS
Solution : Vertical component :

CHAPTER 2
1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

therefore the position of the ball is (4500 m, 2148 m) e. ii. magnitude and direction of balls velocity at t = 45.0 s , Horizontal component :

v2 x = u x = 100 m s

Vertical component :

v2 y = u y gt
71

PHYSICS
Solution : Magnitude, v2

CHAPTER 2

v +v

v2 =
Direction,

(100)
1

2 2x

2 2y

+ ( 269 )

v2 y = tan v 2x

therefore the direction of balls velocity is

72

PHYSICS
Example 10 :

CHAPTER 2

A transport plane travelling at a constant velocity of 50 m s 1 at an altitude of 300 m releases a parcel when directly above a point X on level ground. Calculate a. the flight time of the parcel, b. the velocity of impact of the parcel, c. the distance from X to the point of impact. (given g = 9.81 m s-2) Solution :

u = 50 m s 1
300 m X

73

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
u = 50 m s 1 u x = u = 50 m s 1 and u y = 0 m s 1

Solution : The parcels velocity = planes velocity thus a.

The vertical displacement is given by Thus the flight time of the parcel is

1 2 s y = u y t gt 2

74

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

Solution : b. The components of velocity of impact of the parcel: 1 Horizontal component: v x = u x = 50 m s Vertical component: v y = u y gt

v y = 0 ( 9.81)( 7.82 )
2 x 2 y

Magnitude, v

v +v =
1

( 50)

+ ( 76.7 )

Direction,

vy 1 76.7 = tan v = tan 50 x

75

therefore the direction of parcels velocity is

PHYSICS
Solution : c.

CHAPTER 2
Let the distance from X to the point of impact is d. Thus the distance, d is given by

sx = u xt

76

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.4 :

CHAPTER 2

Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2 1. A basketball player who is 2.00 m tall is standing on the floor 10.0 m from the basket, as in figure 2.13. If he shoots the ball at a 40.0 angle above the horizontal, at what initial speed must he throw so that it goes through the hoop without striking the backboard? The basket height is 3.05 m.

Figure 2.13 ANS. : 10.7 m s1

77

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.4 :

CHAPTER 2

2. An apple is thrown at an angle of 30 above the horizontal from the top of a building 20 m high. Its initial speed is 40 m s1. Calculate a. the time taken for the apple to strikes the ground, b. the distance from the foot of the building will it strikes the ground, c. the maximum height reached by the apple from the ground.
ANS. : 4.90 s; 170 m; 40.4 m

3. A stone is thrown from the top of one building toward a tall building 50 m away. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 m s 1 at 40 above the horizontal. How far above or below its original level will the stone strike the opposite wall?
ANS. : 10.3 m below the original level.

78

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

THE END
CHAPTER 3 : Force, Momentum and Impulse

Next Chapter

79