UNIT 5 The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East 1918: Ottomans

completely driven out of Mesopotamia 1919: Turkish War of Independence Begins 1920: Treaty of Sevres 1920: France deploys troops to deal with Faisal and Kingdom of Syria / British deploy Indian troops to crush Iraq movements 1921: British divide Palestine into two parts 1922: Grand National Assembly (GNA) voted to abolish the position of Sultan and to replace it with the position of a president 1922: King Faisal I and the British signed the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 1923: Turkish War of Independence Ends 1923: Treaty of Lausanne (new treaty to replace the Treaty of Sevres) - Said: o GNA = official government o Modern- day borders established o Dardanelles and Bosporus become demilitarized zones o Explusion of Greek Orthodox Christians from Turkey and Turkish Muslims from Greece 1926: Mehmed VI (the last Ottoman Sultan) died in exile in Italy 1923- 1938: The Development of the Republic of Turkey under Mustapha Kemals Leadership - Reformations: o Strong separation between church and state o Polygamy abolished o Men and women forbidden from wearing Islamic attire o Friday no longer the day of rest now Sunday o Western education 1932: Iraq becomes independent 1932: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia formed ruled by Ibn Saud 1933: With Hitlers expulsion of Jews, the British refused to allow unlimited numbers of Jews into Palestine

1934: GNA gives Kemal the name Ataturk Father of the Turks, hence his name Kemal Ataturk 1946: French troops finally leave Syria and Lebanon 1953: Ibn Saud (Syrian King) dies The Bolsheviks consolidate their Power in the Soviet Union, 1917- 1924 1918: Russian Civil War begins 1918: Bolsheviks signed the treaty of Brest- Litovsk July 1918: Romanovs and three of their servants murdered 1919: Bolsheviks created an organization called the Communist International (Comintern) March 1919: First Comintern meeting 1921: Russian Civil war ends / White forces had been defeated 1922: Bolsheviks change name of country to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) January 1924: Death of Lenin 1925: Politburo (decision making body for the Soviet Union) voted Trotsky no longer Commissar of Military 1927: Trotsky kicked off Politburo 1929: Stalin is leader of Politburo and of Communist Party Stalins Soviet Union 1927- 1939 1920s: major political and economic changes 1929: Beginning of Collective farms and controlled enterprise 1930s: high unemployment rates 1934: Great Purges 1953: Stalin dies

The Birth of Fascism in Italy 1919: Mussolini creates new political group (Fascists) 1920-1921: Mussolini forms squadristi (armed Fascists) 1926: All other political parties are outlawed By 1939: 6.8 children/teens enrolled in some kind of Fascists youth group Biography of Hitler PART I 1889: Hitler born in Austria 1903: Hitlers father (Alois) died 1907: Hitlers mother (Klara) died 1913: Moves to Munich hated life in Vienna 1914: Outbreak of World War I first chance to become involved in proving that Germany was superior to other countries - He was a dispatch runner Biography of Hitler PART II May 1919: Hitler arrested when German Army overthrew communists accused of being communist September 1919: Becomes propaganda manager for German Workers Party 1920: National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) aka Nazi Party published 25 points 1921: Hitler goes to jail 1923: French army invades Ruhr area because Germany was falling behind on WWI payments - Major inflation o Buckets filled with money November 1923: Munich Revolution (Hitler jumped on table saying that the Munich Revolution was taking place and the National Revolution would be next) 1923: Hitler goes back to jail - Where he writes Mein Kampf

1924: Hitler released from prison by then economy was back to normal Biography of Hitler PART III 1925: Germany joined the League of Nations 1929: Wall Street Crash Great Depression 1930: 107 Nazi Party members in Reichstag (German parliament) 1933: A group of politicians and idustrialists sent a petition to President Hindenburg asking for Hitler to become Chancellor Nazi Germany before World War II, 1933- 1939 1933: Hitler sworn in as Chancellor of Germany February 27, 1933: Reichstag building catches fire March 5, 1933: Communists did not participate in elections March 23, 1933: Enabling Act abolished all political parties except Nazi Party 1933: Autobahn project By 1934: Nazi SA = much larger than national army June 30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives (SA men murdered) 1935: Nuremburg Laws 1935: Hitler publically announced that Germany was going to remilitarize themselves builds more jobs better economy 1936: Stadium constructed for the Olympic games 1938: Volkswagen 1939: Strength through Joy (provided affordable leisure activities for workers) 1939: Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend)for boys 10-14 Nazi Policies towards Jews and other politically and socially undesirable people 1933: Jews expelled from all government positions

1935: Nuremburg Laws - Said: o Jews stripped of their German citizenship o Marriages between Jews and Germans forbidden o All relationships between Jews and Germans forbidden 1937- 1939: building of a majority of the concentration camps November 1938: Kritsallnacht 1939: mercy death to people suffering from incurable diseases