THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

1. Look at sentences A H below. Decide which sentence concerns: 1. permanent states, actions and situations 2. current projects 3. regular events, routines and frequency 4. programmes and time tables 5. facts, general truths 6. actions in progress now 7. temporary situations 8. changes and developments. What tense is used in each? A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Our company produces computer software for business applications. Would you like to hold? Ms. Mellow is speaking on the other line. The sales people arrive at about 8.00 and we open at 8.30 Miss Deal is ill, so Im dealing with all the correspondence. The British Ariways flight to Manchester departs at 20:00 and arrives at 23:30. The papers on the disk belong to our teacher. It is currently developing a new auditing department and negotiating with the Council for more office space. H. Stockbrokers deal in stocks and shares. 2. Complete the information about 3Ms business activities with the verbs in the box, in the right form; some may be used more than once: be, involve, see, have, range, put, give, export, spend, account, depend, bolster 3M 1 the epitome of all that is best in corporate America. To stay on top, the company 2 its virtues to Europe Its 60.000 products 3 from medical imaging equipment to Scotch tape. It 4 more than 6% of its total sales on R&D. 3M .5 its future as lying increasingly outside the U.S. Europe 6 for some 30% of its worldwide sales and one quarter of its employees. That 7 3M among the 300 largest companies in Europe. Although 3M 8 only 150 Americans working for the company outside the US, the language of EMATS is English. A vast data-base 9 employees instant access to company experts. Technical forums 10 this process increasing the chances of crossfertilisation. Group Talks with Desi (n.b. Mr. Desimone) 11 the chairman directly in this process. Its future 12 on how well the company has learnt to addpt to change.

3. Talk about your daily programme and student life using the prompts below and your inventiveness: Model 1: Prompt: live / hostel? Student 1: Do you live at the hostel? Student 2: Yes, I do. / No, I dont Model 2: Prompt: Where / usually learn? Student 1: Where do you usually learn? Student 2: I usually learn in the reading room. Prompts: What time / get up as a rule? - always walk to the faculty? How / do/ get to school as a rule? - have classes every morning? Which subject(s) of study / like best? When / do/ homework? - usually participate in professional competitions / scientific workshops? When / begin/ summer vacation? Where / usually go on holiday? 4. Complete the dialogue using the verbs in brackets: x. Where (come) from? y.I (come) from China. x. (you / live) in Beijing? y. No, I (not), I live in Shanghai. x. What (you / do)? y. Im an accountant . I (work) for Coca-Cola. x. (you / travel) a lot? y. No, (I / not) at least not very often. 5. Look at Exercise 4 again and ask and answer questions about Y in the 3rd person: e.g. Where doesYcome from? 6. Open the brackets and put the verbs in either simple present or present continuous. Note that verbs describing perception, states, beliefs, or which make a declaration are never, or rarely, used in the continuous aspect. 1. We (think) of opening another office in Bucharest shortly. We (think) this will help us to improve our performance in Romania. 2. Our records (show) that you (owe) us 1,000. 3. CIF (mean) that insurance is included in the quotation. 4. The consignment (measure) 2 x 1 x 15 and (weigh) 50 kilos. 5. Our marketing people (try) to find a brand name that (sound) natural and sophisticated. 6. I (taste) our new instant coffee and I (be) very pleased: it (taste) better than the older one. 7. Ms. Brown (not seem) to be in the office. 8. I (not / know) what time Ill be with you, it (depend) on the traffic.

9. I (agree) that payment terms should be changed; I (suggest) a 2.5% reduction. 10. We (confirm) that we (spend) some weeks studying the German market. 11. What trends (you notice) in this sales chart? 12. It (seems) that stative verbs are not normally used in the progressive. 7. Complete this news item with suitable verbs from the margin. It concerns the present time.
treat help approach pipe believe keep talk allow give like perk put call give play

DANCING YEAST British gardeners to their plants, so why shouldnt some Japanese bakers music for their bread? Shikishima Banking Co., in Nagoya, that classical music to dance and up the taste of its white bread. The bakery its dough in a freezer, then in Beethoven for three days to give the yeast a dash of verve. It the bread Pasco Adagio because, says Yukichi Minowa, Shikishimas sales manager, the yeast slow, adagio-type music. It the bread more body and a sweeter taste, he . Sake brewers are joining the fad. Ohara Shuzo brewery, in Fukushuma prefecture, its fermenting Kura Shikku (Classic) sake to Mozart twice a day Music the microorganisms in yeast from dying, says Fumiko Ohara of the brewery. What next? Will Frank Sinatra wander the vineyards of Bordeaux, singing his great hits as the harvest ? It should be a very good year.

8. Look back at Exercise 7 and ask a few questions about the text. e.g. How do British gardeners treat their plants? Or Who(m) do British gardeners talk to? 9. A. Think about the way of life of people in Romania: how life is organize; education, customs, etc. Make generalisations about the groups below using verbs in the Simple Present and the generalising phrases from the box whenever appropiate: Example: Children go to school at the age of seven. Many people Most families Children The rich The poor The famous Young people Old people Most women (Most) students You may add other categories. In general Generally speaking On the whole As a rule usually generally never

9. B. Then use these ideas to ask your foreign colleagues about their way of life. Example: What do students usually do at weekends? 9. C.1. Write five generalisations about the inhabitants of five different countries. Do not name the country and do not write about your own nationality.

9. C.2. Now exchange lists with your partner, then with the entire class; try to guess which nationalities they have written about. Discuss how true these generalisations are. 10. Choose the correct form, simple or continuous, to give meaning to the dialogue below: John: Mike, what. (do you do / are you doing) Mike: I (read / am reading) a report on stress. According to this, life becomes / is becoming) too stressful for some people. Scientists (just develop / are just developing) a test to see what kind of personality responds to certain situations involving stress. Speaking of stress, you know that man Woods (is moving / moves) to advertising. John: Yes, what about him? Mike: Well, he (is going / goes) to hospital for a check up tomorrow. Apparently he never (leaves / is leaving) the office before ten oclock every night. I hope we (dont get / arent getting) like that! I (work / am working) hard myself, but I certainly (know / am knowing) when to stop. John: I cant agree less, you know: All work and no play (makes / is making) Jack a dull boy. 11. A colleague of your sisters keeps telephoning her, but she doesnt want to speak to him, so she asked you to save her each time he rings. Use the verbs in brackets in the right form of the present tense, simple or continuous: 1. Sorry I cant hear very well, Jean (use) the hairdryer. Just a moment. She (say) Coud you call back later? 2. Im sorry, but she cant come to the phone. She (paint) her nails. 3. Im sorry, but youve just missed her. She (go) to a Business English course on Friday evenings. 4. Im sorry, but she isnt back yet. She (usually come) home at about 10 oclock. 5. Yes, shes back, but she (have) a bath. Hm. I know she had a shower earlier. She (always have) a shower before she (go) out and a bath before she (go) to bed. She (say) it (help) her to sleep. 6. She (be) still in the bathroom, Im afraid, I think I can hear music, so I suppose she (listen) to cassettes. 7. Im terribly sory, but shes probably asleep by now. Yes, youre right its still early, but she (get up) at seven oclock so she always (go) to bed before eleven. Shall I ask her to call you tomorrow? 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the present tense, simple or continuous, according to meaning: a) This house, said the real estate salesman, (have) both its good points and its bad points. To show you I (be) honest, Im going to tell you about both. The disadvantages (be) that there (be) a chemical plant one block south and a staughterhouse a block north. What (be) the advantages? inquired the prospective buyer. The advantage (be) that you (can) always tell which way the wind (blow).

b) Ive invented a computer thats almost human. You (mean) it (think)? No. But whenever it (make) a mistake it (can) put the blame on another computer. c) Two cangaroos were talking to each other and one said, I (hope) it (not rain) today, I just (hate) it when the children (play) inside. 13. Talk about present actions (general, in progress and which started in the past, using the prompts): Model: A. Do you learn every day? B. Yes, I do. A. Are you learning (now)? or What are you doing (now)? B. Yes, I am, or Im learning at maths. A. How long have you been learning at maths? B. Oh, for two mouns, since I came back to the motel. Prompts: 1. Watch television. 2. Live at the motel. 3. a) work on a report; b) in the laboratory. 4. Study for the exams. 5. Play basketball. 6. Listen to music. 7. Write letters. 8. Think a) you have a gift for languages; b) of your future profession. 9. See films 10. Know a) him; b) statistics. (Note that verbs to think [meaning: a crede], to see, to know, do not take the continuous). 14. Join the sentences with since or for plus a time expression to show that the present action started in the past and has been going on for some time now: 1. Economic needs and priorities have always changed. They are still changing. 2. When expert systems were developed, software grew more mature, but its maturity is a long way off. 3. I first met Laura in September 1994, when we both came to ASE and we made friends at once; we decided to share everything together and weve kept our word. 4. As a manager, I have to work quite long hours; I am used to it now. It was more difficult at first, when I got this job. 5. Understanding needs, finding solutions: this is how Alcatel constantly opens new paths to progress in each country where it operates. This has always been its mission. 6. I am working at the computer and I am in a hurry to finish since I started early morning. 7. She is busy e-mailing my report at the moment; I asked her to do it a couple of minutes ago.

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. In some cases both could be used. 1. We (walk) ten miles. 2. How long you (walk)? 3. We (walk) for three hours. 4. What you (do)? We (develop) a new computer system. 5. How many errors you (pick out)? We (pick out) ten errors. 6. I (test) every computer in this centre and I dont like any of them. 7. Since when he (sleep)? 8. He (sleep) since ten oclock. Its time he woke up. 9. What a lovely smell ! Mary (make) apple pie. 10. The students (work) very well this term. 11. I only (hear) from him twice since he went away. 12. I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very good correspondent. 13. I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) Good morning to me. 14. He (teach) in this school for five years. 15. I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a brilliant class as this. 16. Why you (be) so long in the garage? The tyres were flat. I (pump) them up. 17. I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth? 16. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in the right tense: present perfect or present, simple or continuous: 1. Ive been working on this essay since I returned from school, but I still and tomorrows the deadline! What I to do? 2. We this daft soap since lunchtime! you bored with it? I to switch over to another channel, if you 3. Dans really excited about winning that scholarship at Harward. He never at a University abroad, although he several times for scholarship at universities outside Romania. 4. Why for a little while? You a break since we started work. 5. I with my aunt in Toronto. I there before, but she there for ten years now, so she can show me around. 6. Please understand that we to spend any more money on clothes, because we as much as we can until we on holiday. 17. Read this letter first, then complete it with suitable verbs according to context. Use present perfect or present, simple or continuous. Dear Dana, We (1) are having a marvellous time here, in Scotlands historic capital. Although we intended to spend only three days sightseeing in Edinburgh and a bit beyond, we (2) our minds and (3) to stay an entire week, because we (4) ourselves so much and (5) that theres a lot more worth seeing and doing here than we thought at first. We (6) already the Edinburgh Castle, magnificent on its volcanic rock, and this morning we (7) down the cobbled Royal Mile, which (8) something to attract us at every step we (9) We (10) St.Giles Cathedral and (11) in quite a few woollens, cashmere and tartan shops. You know I (12) always to have a kilt so I (13) just one: whenever I (14) it, Ill feel I (15) back here, in this fascinating place. Im writing this while we (16) for a cup of tea and oatcakes before we (17) our tour of the Old Town. We (18) no proper lunch today, as we (19) to see the countrys finest royal place, Holyroodhouse. Fortunately, the weather (20) very good so far. People (21) it can be very cold and it often (22) for days! As this is the first time I (23) to Scotland, I (24) Im just lucky. Love, Maria

18. A. Compare the use of the present tense and the present perfect tense for the Romanian prezent, then do exercise: Examples I. ACTION VERBS 1. Folosim pota electronic n fiecare zi. We use the e-mail everyday 2. ..in clipa de fa. We are using the e-mail at the moment 3. .a. din anul 1994. .... b. de civa ani. We ve been using the e-mail a. since 1994. b. for several years now II.STATIVE VERBS 1. Avem / Deinem aciuni la Connex G.S.M. We have / own / hold shares in Connex 2. .acum. We have / own / hold shares in Connex G.S.M. now. 3. ...a. din ianuarie. .b. de cteva luni. We have had / owned / held shares in Connex G.S.M. a. since January b. for several months now USES general habitual actions in the present; routine actions in progress now; temporary situations present actions in progress which started in the past TENSES Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Continuous

general states, situations in Simple the present Present current, temporary situations states, Simple Present

present states, situations in Present progress which began in the Perfect past Simple

18. B. Translate into English, using present or present perfect simple or continuous for the Romanian prezent, as appropriate (see 18. A.): 1. Ne facem bagajele; le facem de azi diminea, dar nc n-am terminat. 2. Aceasta este casa n care locuiesc; locuiesc aici din copilrie. 3. Ce caui? Stiloul. L-ai cutat peste tot? De cnd l caui? Mereu l pierzi! 4. Ninge tare; ninge de cinci ore aa c n-am ieit din cas toat ziua i nici nu mai putem iei. 5. Ce faci? N-a rspuns fratele tu? De ct timp ncerci s iei legtura cu el? 6. - Citeti cri englezeti n original? - Da, citesc n englez de la 14 ani. - Ce citeti acum? 7. Unchiul meu e scriitor. De doi ani scrie un roman, dar nu l-a terminat nc. Acum e n grdin i scrie. 8. Ct a scris pn acum, tii? - E pe terminate; nu mai are dect puin din ultimul capitol. 9. De cnd tii c John are un post de conducere? De cnd l vd mbrcat n costum n fiecare zi. 10. Firma noastr nregistreaz frumoase profituri de cnd s-a schimbat ntreaga conducere.

19.A. Compare the use of the past tense and the present perfect tense, common aspect, for the Romanian perfect compus, then do 19.B. Past Tense 1. When did you see him? I saw him then / at 5 oclock / an hour ago Present Perfect Have you (ever) seen him? I have seen him (Ive) already often seldom sometimes always Cnd l-ai vzut? never L-am vzut atunci / la ora 5 / acum o or notyet. L-ai vzut (vreodat)? L-am vzut (deja, adesea, rareori, uneori, mereu). Nu l-am vzut niciodat. Nu l-am vzut nc. 2. I saw him just now Ive just seen him. L-am vzut chiar acum Tocmai l-am vzut. 3. I saw him yesterday / Ive seen him today/ Last week / This week/ Long ago. Lately L-am vzut ieri / sptmna trecut / de L-am vzut astzi / sptmna aceasta / de mult. curnd. 4. I last saw him in 1980 I havent seen him since then / Ultima oar l-am vzut n 1980. since 1980 Nu l-am (mai) vzut de atunci / din 1980. 19. B. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense or the simple past tense and fill the blanks by repeating the auxiliary used in the question: 1. Have you wound the clock? Yes, I . I (wind) it last night. 2. Has he repaired the fridge? No, he He only (repair) part of it so far. 3. Have you done your homework? Yes, we (do) it all. We (do) it yesterday. 4. Have you found the note-books? No, I 5. Has Mary bought the coffee-machine? Yes, she She (buy) some two days ago. 6. Have you been here before? No, I 20. Change the present tense into the past tense or the present perfect, according to the adverbs given in brackets and translate into Romanian (see ex. 19.A.): 1. We live in Bucharest (always, last year). 2. Do you often have guests? (ever, when ?). 3. I dont miss any classes (never; when I was a student). 4. He listens to music every day (today, yesterday). 5. She works at the airport (last year; recently). 6. Does she make cookies? (ever, two days ago). 7. They call on her every week (last week, this week). 8. He does his homework every afternoon (never; a while ago).

21. Use either the simple past tense or the present perfect tense in short conversations according to this model: Have you (ever) seen that film? Yes, I have. When did you see it? I saw it last week / yesterday / a month ago / in 1992. Prompts: Been to London; met her before; worked on a farm; spoken to a film star; typed a letter; invented anything; had guests; made cookies; listened to music; turned on the TV; completed your degree project, introduced him to them; missed any classes; caught a cold; had a sore throat; lived at the hotel. 22. Two friends are talking together a few days before a party they are going to give. They are telling one another what they have done, when they did it, and what they havent done yet, like that: Jane: What about the invitations? Maria: a) Ive already done them! I wrote them yesterday. Or b) I havent done them yet. Write similar answers to the following sentences using present perfect and / or simple past, according to the time marker in brackets: Jane: Are Dan and Paul coming to the party? Maria: I dont know. (ask yet). Jane: What about Barbara and Peter? Maria: (invite already / last week). Jane: What are we going to drink at the party? Maria: I dont know (decide yet). Jane: That cake smells good anyway. Maria: (make just). Jane: We must buy some ham or cheese. Maria: (buy already / in the morning). Jane: But, the rooms untidy. Maria: (tidy up yet). Jane: What about the music, then? Have you a cassette-recorder, or something? Maria: (have a stereo-system for two months / buy two months ago). Jane: We can play my records too. How many people are coming? Maria: I dont know (send invitations yet). Jane: Lets go and post them now. 23. Notice how you can ask questions with How long both for past and present time. e.g. 1) X: I lived in Braov for a time You: Oh? How long did you live there? e.g. 2) X: I live in Bucharest. You: Oh? How long have lived / been living there? Now you do it: 1. We lived in Bran at first, you know. 2. We live in Braov, like you. 3. He studied English at school. 4. Hes learning French and Spanish. 5. I first worked as a receptionist.

6. Im working for a small cosmetics company. 7. Shes looking for another job. 8. She was unemployed for a while. 9. Yes, we watched television last night. 10. Shh! Weve watching a very interesting programme. 24. Put the verb into the correct form present perfect or past simple (see also ex. 19.A.). a) A. You have a lovely dress! When (you / buy) it? B.Come on! You (see) me in it before; I (have) it for two years now. b) A. Dear me! Somebody (spill) coffee on my carpet! B. Well, it (be / not) me! I (not / do). c) A. Is your brother at home? B. No, Im afraid he (go) out. A. When exactly (he / go) out? B. You (just / miss) him; it isnt more than three minutes since he / leave). d) A. How long (you / live) in Bucharest? B. Two years. A. And where (you / live) before that! A. In Braov, my hometown. e) A. Where is Mike? B. Dont you know? He (break) his right leg. A. Really? How (that / happen) ? B. He (slip) on a banana skin. f) A. Who (be) Albert Einstain? B. He (be) the scientist who (develop) the theory of relativity. 25. Ask questions in the simple past tense or present perfect (simple or continuous), using the prompts below each of them: 1. Its snowing How long / snow? How long ago / start / snow? When / start / snow? 2. Im learning Japanese How long / learn? How long ago / start / learn? When / start / learn? 3. We know Mary and John quite well How long / know? How long ago / first / meet? When / first / meet? 4. Ive got a camera How long / have? How long ago / buy? When / buy? 5. This jacket is so old! Got to get a new one. How long / have? How long ago / get? When / buy?

6. It took me a long time to become a good doctor, and there are still many things I dont know How long / take? How long / learn? When / start / learn? 1. We used to live in Braov; That was before I went to University, but Ill never get used to Bucharest! How long / live in Braov? How long ago / move from Braov? How long / live in Bucharest? When / come to Bucharest? 8. Ive been working here doing the same thing long enough. Time for a change in my live Since when / work here? How long / do the same thing? How long ago / start /work? How long / feel / time for a change? When / get bored with this job? 26. Are the underlined parts of sentence right R or wrong W? Correct the wrong ones: 1. Ive lost my glasses, I cant find them anywhereR 2. When have you lost them? W...: When DID you LOSE 3. Where have you been last Sunday? . 4. Im looking for Jane. Have you seen her? . 5. Im starving! Ive learnt all day and havent had time to eat anything. . 6. Did you see Gone with the Wind? .. 7. When did you see it? 8. Mr.Dombey has worked in a bank for 10 years; then he was made redundant and decided to start his own business. . 9. Ms. Wilkins is a teacher; She has been a teacher for 20 years, more precisely, since she has left her job at the bank 10. When I got home last night, I was so tired, I went straight to bed 11. I just got home and didnt have time to check my answering machine... 27. Use the time markers given in brackets instead of the one underlined. Make the necessary changes in the tense of the predicate: 1. The plane from London got here at noon yesterday (every morning; every morning since May). 2. Miss. Blake started work at seven oclock this morning (every day; every day since she got this job). 3. Mr.Whatt went out to lunch at one oclock yesterday (usually; just). 4. We are living in the country now (until 1996; since 1976). 5. I know all about it at last (for years; days ago). 6. John doesnt often come to see us nowadays (never; last year). 7. What are you smiling at now? (just; just now). 8. They always keep us waiting (since he got promoted; last night). 9. It is raining now (just; yesterday; for two hours). 10. He was preparing for the examination last month (today; for the last fortnight; never). 11. I am working on an invention now (usually; for a long time; last year). 12. Jane helped us last Sunday (tonight; often; last week). 13. I bought a lot of books last month (today; lately; every time I get my pay).14. The students next door frequently practise singing (for three hours yesterday; every afternoon since we moved here). 15. We play tennis once a week (every day last year; never; since we joined the club).

28. Use the bracketed verb in the correct tense: present, past, or present perfect simple or continuous: 1. What part of Romania you (come) from? Timioara; but I (live) in Ploieti just now. 2. How long it (be) since you (not be) in your native town? I (not see) it since I (graduate) from the University. 3. What he (say)? I (not hear) properly. I think he (explain) that the train from Braov (run) ten minutes late. 4. Science (begin) to dominate our lives. 5. You (listen) ever to pops? Not very often. I prefer classical music. 6. He (not have) a holiday for two years because he (be) too busy. 7. What her brother (do) for a living? Oh, he (be) a businessman. He (run) his own business It (do) well? Yes, they (get) more and more business deals every year. 8. Since you (give) me our number I (phone) you four times and (not find) you at home. 9. We (live) here for the last ten years, and just (decide) to move. 10. The whole place rapidly (become) a huge tourist resort. 11. What you (do)? I (write) a letter now. I (see) you writing two hours ago, too. Yes, I (write) letters for some hours now. 12. You (begin) to read up for your exams yet? Yes, I I (start) just now. 13. I (go) to Spain five years ago. Since then I (not speak) Spanish, and I (forget) nearly all I (learn) there. 14. You (read) The Bell? Yes, I I (borrow) the book last week and just (finish) it. 15. Fog (not cover) England the whole time, as some people (think). 29. Open the brackets using the present perfect or the past tense. A. Lucy: Hello, Phil. Sorry I am late. You (be) here long? Phil: No, I just (arrive). I (get) here 5 minutes ago. Lucy: How are you? Phil:Well, I (have) an awful morning at the faculty. I dont know whats wrong with me, but (not be) able to study properly for a few days now. Lucy: You (have) many classes this morning? Phil: Yes, I (have), and I (fall) asleep during the first hour, then I (not answer) properly at Statistics and we (have) a test at General Economics, too. Lucy: Luckily its your favourite subject! Phil: Right. But today I (make) a mess of the test. Lucy: I think its the weather. It (rain) so much these last few days. I (have) a headache since yesterday morning. Perhaps a film may do us good. Phil: What about going to a disco. We (not be) to one for ages. Lucy: Id love it. I can wear the gown I just (buy). Phil: Thats good news. When you (buy) it? Lucy: I (buy) it an hour ago. B. Dan and Paul are on their way to the faculty. They just (catch) this bus. Dan: Good mornig, Paul. You almost (miss) the bus. Paul: I (oversleep). I really (have) to hurry. Dan: You (look) tired. What (do)? Paul: I (go) to a party last night. We (dance) for a couple of hours. Dan: I not (be) to a party for ages. I (learn) too much lately. You (dance) all night?

Paul: Of course not. I also (sit) and (watch) TV. Some people (play) cards, too. Dan: I never (play) cards. You (have)? Paul: No, I (not have) always (find) it boring. By the way, You (know) Peter? Dan: I (meet) him, but I really (not know) him. Paul: He (be) a lot of fun at a party. He always (have) a funny story to tell. Last night he (tell) us Irish jokes. I never (laugh) so hard in my life. You (hear) of the Irish woman who (try) to iron her curtains? Dan: No, I (not have). Paul: She (fall) out of the window or How you (make) an Irishman laugh on a Monday morning? Dan: I know it. Tell him a joke on Friday evening. Ha-ha! But let me tell you the one about the Scotsman who (be) late in paying his bills. Paul: Typical! What he (do)? Dan: He (receive) the following note: Your account (be) on our books for over a year, just want to remind you. We (now, carry) you longer than your mother (do). Paul: Oh, no! We (just, miss) our stop! Now we are going to be late to class! Dan: But we (have) a good laugh! C. Here is another Irish joke told by Peter last night, choose the right form of the predicate. An Irishman (was planning to spend / planned) his holiday travelling through Germany, so he (was deciding to / decided) learn a little German. He (went / was going) to a language school and (wanted to / was wanting) pay the fel when the secretary (said / was saying). Did you ever learn / Have you ever learnt another language? No, I (havent / didnt) the Irishman (answered / was answering). Then you (must / had to) know that German may seem very difficult at first, but after about lesson 7 it is much easier, said the secretary. Hearing that the Irishman (paid / has paid) his fee and (arranged / has arranged) to start next day at lesson 8. No one (can be / was able to be) as logical as an Irishman!

30. Complete the following anecdote with the suitable verb form from the list on the right. Some words may be used more times (as shown): A student __________to sell his dog to one of this colleagues. This ______a talking dog, he ______. And I _____it away for five dollars. His colleague ________, Who ______you ______ you _____ with this talking dog stuff? I ________ never ____ a dog that can talk! Suddenly the dog ________ up with tears in his eyes. Please buy me, sir, he _________. You _______not___ how cruel this man can be! He never _________ me a meal, never ________ me , never __________ me for a walk And I used to be the richest trick dog in America. I _________ before kings; I _________in the Army and________decorated the times! Wow, he _________! the student. Why _______you ________to sell him for just five dollars? Because, _________ the seller, I _________find of all his lies!
want be x 3 say x 3 kid get see take look know talk buy perform plead give sell try think bathe exclaim

31. Translate into English: 1. Tocmai am terminat cursul de calculatoare. 2. Ne-am distrat de minune. 3. Arta mai bine cnd l-am vzut la conferina internaional. 4. Irlandezul a pltit taxa pentru cursul de german i a aranjat s nceap a doua zi de la lecia 8. 5. Ai ntrziat vreodat la ore? Da. Cnd ai ntrziat? Cnd am dormit mai mult, deoarece nu am auzit detepttorul. 6. Te-a ajutat Dan vreodat s faci cumprturile? Da. Cnd te-a ajutat ultima oar? De fapt m-a ajutat doar odat, cnd a vrut s-i cumpere costum i pantofi. 7. L-ai auzit vreodat pe Peter spunnd anecdote? Nu, nu l-am auzit niciodat. Trebuie s-l auzi. Eu l-am auzit asear, la balul bobocilor i am rs ca niciodat n via. 8. De ct timp lucrezi la proiectul de diplom? Lucrez la el de cteva luni, din decembrie trecut. 9. Prietena noastr este rcit ru i noi suntem ngrijorate. Cnd a rcit? Cnd am fost n excursie. De atunci o doare n gt i are temperatur. 10. Atepi de mult? Nu, abia am sosit. De fapt am ajuns aici acum 10 minute i n timp ce te ateptam, am citit ziarul. 32.A. Turn the following present routines and events into the past by substituting the past time expressions given in the box for the present time ones wherever applicable: Yesterday (morning / afternoon), last week / month, etc, a year / month / week ago, a long time ago, in 1995, just now. 1. I eat at least ten apples every day, though Im not a vegetarian. 2. We play tennis every Saturday afternoon. 3. I work for an insurance company. 4. We usually stay at Youth hostels when we go on holiday. 5. He needs a new pair of shoes every month. 6. We want to buy a car today. 7. We often have just coffee and toast for breakfast. 8. The students are free every Sunday. 9. She buys a new dress every week. 10. He goes shopping only at weekends. 32.B. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past tense, then make the sentences both negative and interrogative like this: Mary (buy) a dress yesterday a) Mary bought a dress yesterday. b) Mary (did not/ didnt) buy a dress yesterday. c) Did Mary buy a dress yesterday? Now you do it. 1. This dress (fit) her last year. 2. I (see) a lovely skirt in the shop-window last week. 3. We (find) a lot of good books two weeks ago. 4. They (watch) television last night. 5. Gabriel (buy) a record four months ago. 6. We (enjoy) our lunch yesterday. 7. Mary (choose) a fancy silk for a minute ago. 8. Ann (look) for a pair of skis last Friday. 9. I (take) size 30 in shoes when I was a child. 10. My watch (stop) a while ago.

33. Put the verbs in brackets in the simple past tense, then retell the anecdotes. A. Did you hear about the cheerful truck-driver who (pull up) at a roadside caf in the middle of the night for a dinner stop? Halfway through his dinner, three wildlooking motorcyclists (roar up) bearded, leather-jacketed, filthy with swastikas adorning their chests and helmets. For no reason at all they (select) the truck driver as a target. One (pour) pepper over his head, another (steal) his apple pie, the third (upset) his cup of coffee. The truck driver never (say) a word just (arise), (pay) his bill and (go) out. That trucker sure aint much of a fighter (sneer) one of the bullies. The girl behind the counter, peering out into the night, (add); He doesnt seem to be much of a driver either. He just (run) his truck right over three motorcycles!. B. Striking a bargain Just occasionally, the seller does come out of a clever business deal on top as in this example of a man who (sell) an idea to a manufacturing company. The particular beauty of this deal lies in the fact that the idea (be) not one which he (can) put into practice himself. He simply (approach) a leading match company and (offer) to tell them how they could save thousands of pounds by means of one change to their manufacturing products. The change (will) cost absolutely nothing to carry out but he (want) a substantial percentage of the savings in return for the idea. Not surprisingly, the match company (be) more than a little suspicious, and (turn) him down. After all, if this idea (be) so obvious to an outsider, surely they (can) work it out for themselves. They duly (go) through the whole factory with a fine tooth-comb but (find) nothing. By this time, they were so intrigued by the mans offer that they (go) back to him and (agree) that if he (save) them money, he could have the cut he (want). Just put one striking surface on each matchbox instead of two he (advise) them Youll cut the money you spend on abrasives by 50%. They (do) and they (do). And over the next few years, the man who (sell) them the idea (make) a small fortune. C. All stitched up In the unstable and unpredictable world of popular music, there have been many astonishing business deals (both good and bad) but perhaps the greatest of them all (occur) in 1955. In that year, RCA Records (pay) Sam Phillips, the owner of a Memphis recording company called Sun Records, the sum of $ 35,00 for the exclusive contract he (have) with an unconventional young singer with a grossly exaggerate action. Phillips (be) happy with the deal at the time. After all, it (seam) like a lot of money and, in any case, the young man only (wander) into his studio one day to cut a record on specially as a present for his mother. But RCA (know) what they were doing. In the years that (follow), Elvis Presley (go) on to sell over a billion records and is still selling today.

34. Talk about past actions and situations using the prompts: Model: Prompt: ask your colleague when he was born. Student1: When were you born? Student2: I was born in july 18, 1969. Prompts: Ask your colleague: 1. Where he was born. 2. Where he lived as a child. 3. What schools he attended and where. 4. How he decided to study economics. 5. If he had a job before becoming a student. 6. When he had his entrance exam. 7. How long he studied for it. 8. If he liked his last summer vacation better than all the others before it and why. 35. Talk with your friend about your lives now and in the past. Complete the table with the information you receive:
What do you do at the weekend? What did you do when you were a child? I (usually) do the shopping and . I used to play with my friends and .

Topic What / do at the weekend? What / do in the morning? What / do in the evening? Where / go on holiday? What sports / play? What TV programmes / like? What newspapers / books / magazines / read? What food / like?

Life now

Life as a child

36. Answer the following questions to show the difference between momentary actions and actions in progress in the past. Model: When did it happen? (while I walk). It happened while I was walking. (momentary) (action in progress) 1. When did the lights go out? (just as I / leave). 2. When did you leave the faculty yesterday? (while it / rain). 3. When did the computer break down? (while the programmer / run it). 4. When did you come it? (just as they / feed data into the computer). 5. When did you hear someone moving in the next room. (while I / work out a problem).

37. Change the predicates from simple past to past continuous. Add appropiate time markers or explanatory clauses to account for the change: e.g. I studied my English lesson last night. Becomes: I was studying my English leason 1) when Dan arrived. Or 2) this time last night. 1. I went shopping yesterday. 2. Did you walk home from the faculty last night? 3. It didnt rain yesterday morning. 4. He watched his favourite TV programme last night. 5. Paul wrote several letters the day before yesterday. 6. I got off the bus at the faculty. 7. Did you dance and tell jokes last weekend? 8. My friend did not drive at high speed last Sunday. 9. My students worked on a project last autumn. 10. We ran up five flights of stairs to our classroom. 38. Open the brackets using past tense simple or continuous, as appropiate: Dan: What you (do) yesterday afternoon when I (phone) you? Anna: What time you (phone) me? Dan: About 5. Anna: You (dial) the right number? Dan: Of course I (do). I (try) again and again. The line (be) busy. I (think) there (be) something wrong with your telephone. At last I (give) up. Anna: Oh, now I remember. I (leave) the receiver off the hook. I (write) letters and I (not want) to be disturbed. So, you see, I (work) hard while you (waste) your time telephoning. Dan: But you (write) letters. Anna: Thats right. Isnt that hard work? 39. Complete the following sentences to express an action in progress in the past: 1. She confessed that she 2. I was trying to find the keys when/while. 3. He took up working when we (still) 4. I didnt leave the house as it 5. She arrived when he 6. I fell down while I 7. I was watching TV while she 8. We didnt agree with her because she 40. Use the verbs in brackets in the right past tense, to tell the story: Yesterday morning was another of those mad mornings. The alarm clock (not wake up) me at 6:30. When my roommate (wake up) me at last, the sun (shine) and the radio (announce) 8:00. I (go to be) late for class again! While I (have) breakfast I (throw) all my books and copybooks into the bag. Just as I (leave) I (see) the bus coming. As I (run) as quickly as I could to the bus-stop, I (run) into an elderly woman and nearly (knock) her over. I (apologize) and (start) running again. I (get) to the bus-stop just as the bus (leave). As I (get on), I (slip) on a banana skin and (fall) on my back and (break) a leg. So, while my groupmates (have) classes I (be) driven to hospital.

41. Translate into English using past tense simple and continuous as appropriate. 1. Prietenul meu se ntorcea din excursie cnd l-am ntlnit. 2. Ieri la ora asta nvam la englez. 3. Ploua cnd ai pornit-o la drum? 4. Nu conduceam maina n mare vitez cnd am dat peste cea din fa. 5. Te uitai la televizor asear la ora 8? 6. n timp ce urcam pe munte ploua, dar cnd am ajuns n vrf era soare. 7. Chiar n clipa n care ieeam din cmin am vzut autobuzul venind. 8. n timp ce fugeam spre staia de autobuz, am dat peste o persoan mai n vrst i mi-am cerut scuze. 9. Cnd am ajuns la facultate, tocmai suna de intrare. 10. Cu ce te ocupai anul trecut pe vremea aceasta? 11. Cnd lucra la planul de afaceri se tot plngea c nu are datele exacte cu privire la concuren. 12. La secia Relaii Externe, m ntlneam cu o mulime de oameni de peste tot, dar nu ajungeam s cunosc pe nimeni cu adevrat. 42. Answer the questions about the following pairs of sentences: 1. In which sentence did Mary not see John? a) Mary left when John arrived. b) Mary had left when John arrived. 2. In which sentence is it certain that Margot is studying economics at the time of speaking? a) We knew Margot was studying economics. b) We knew Margot had studied economics. 3. In which sentence has Mike behaved wisely only on one particular occasion? a) We all thought that Mike was wise. b) We all thought that Mike had been wise. 4. In which sentence did they miss the beginning of the film? a) By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started. b) Hardly had we got to the cinema when the film started. Bring arguments in support of your answer. 43. In each pair below, pick the sentence referring to a past action in progress for a longer period of time. Underline the verb forms and the time markers that prove your point: 1. a) We were playing tennis when the rain started. b) We had been playing tennis for 1 hour when the rain started. 2. a) This time yesterday Jane was watching TV. b) By this time yesterday Jane had been watching TV for a couple of hours. 3. a)When I arrived, they were all waiting for me. b) When I arrived, they had all been waiting for me for a long time, so they were rather angred. 4. a) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours were having a party. b) It was very noisy next door, as our neighbours had been having a party since they got home. 5. a) Where were they living at that time? b) Theyd been living in a caravan for several months, actually since the big fire that (had) destroyed the entire village, remember?

44. Name the tenses underlined in the following sentences: 1. Id phoned my friend, Elaine, from the airport before the plane took off. 2. Id always wanted to go to Athens and now my dream was coming true. 3. I sipped a gin and tonic, pushed my seat back and snoozed until I heard a voice.. 4. Wed been flying for about two hours when we met an airpocket. 5. I still havent worked out how I slept through all that. Now match the tenses underlined above with the definitions given below: This tense is used to describe a past event or situation that: a. occurred before another past event / situation b. Happened at an indefinite time and is relevant to the present c. Happened at a specified time in the past d. Continued over a period of time in the past, starting before another past moment e. Was in progress at a certain time in the past 45. Put the verbs in brackets into Simple Past, Past Continuous, Simple Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous depending on whether the past actions are simultaneous or one of them had happened or had begun before the respective past time: 1. While we (stay) in London the dome of St.Pauls (repair). It (repair) still when I (return) to London a year later. 2. Although the sun (shine) and (fall) kindly upon them and the scene (be) really very pretty, they (not be able to) feel at ease until they (get) home. 3. By the time they (arrive) it (rain) hard.4 Before the sun (set) down the already (come) to a little inn; the landlord (show) them into a large room where a cheerful fire (burn). 5. I hardly (go) out when it (start) raining, so I (open) up the umbrella while I (cross) the street to catch the bus which (wait) there and a car nearly (knock) me down. 6. Mary hardly (go) to bed when the telephone (ring); she (talk) on the phone when there (be) a knock at the door. 7. When eleven oclock (come) and he still (not get) home, I (begin) to wonder if he (have) an accident. 8. When we finally (return) to Bucharest we (travel) twenty thousand miles. 9. Why you (interrupt) me just now? I (have) quite an interesting conversation with my old friend, Jake. 10. They (say) they (can not) help thinking that they (see) that face somewhere before. 11. After he (see) that film, he (tell) all his friends that he never (see) a better one. 12. I no sooner (arrive) at the station than I (see) Jill waiting for me. She (wear) a white dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) her hand and (shout) something, but I (can not) hear what she (say) because everybody (make) a terrible noise. 13. After he (enter) the room he (fling) open all the windows. 14. We (call) on our friend yesterday and (find) that he (be) out for some hours. 15. While he (make) a speech, the manager suddenly (feel) faint and (pour) himself a glass of water. 46. Translate the two stories into English, using all the past tenses: A. Dup ce am aflat c voi putea pleca la mare, am venit acas i mi-am fcut bagajul, dar, deoarece eram tare grbit, nu am mai verificat dac mi-am luat toate cele necesare. Cnd am ajuns n staie, tocmai plecase autobuzul. Pn cnd a venit urmtorul, m-am hotrt s caut un taxi. Nici n-am ajuns bine la gar, c a i pornit trenul. Orict am fugit eu dup el, tot nu l-am prins. Abia m-am ntors trist acas, c m-a sunat la telefon prietena mea s m roage s mergem mpreun la trand. Mi-am

zis c, dac nu-i marea, e bun i trandul. Dar n timp ce-mi cutam costumul de baie n valiz, mi-am dat seama c uitasem de el cnd mi-am fcut bagajul pentru mare. Dac prindeam trenul, ajungeam la mare fr costum de baie! Morala: graba stric treaba! B. (Here you may have to use emphatic inversion): Niciodat nu visasem eu s-mi apar n cale un asemenea noroc: nu numai c bunicul mi lsase prin testament toat averea lui, dar, n acelai timp, niciodat nu mai avusesem atta noroc n afaceri. De acum nainte, nu va mai trebui s-mi fac griji pentru viitor! Nu voi mai fi nevoit s mprumut bani de la prieteni i, cu att mai puin, nu voi mai depinde de bunul plac al rudelor bogate! Dimpotriv, nu va mai fi niciodat, dar absolut niciodat, cazul s depind de nimeni din punct de vedere financiar. Rareori mi mai pruse totul att de minunat! De unde s tiu, ns, c n curnd norocul avea s m prseasc? Abia am ctigat averea (came into money) c au i sczut aciunile la burs foarte mult. Nici nu am apucat s m bucur de bogie, c am reczut n starea de srcie dinainte. Niciodat n via nu m mai simisem att de nenorocit! n zadar am ateptat ca aciunile s-i recapete valoarea anterioar. Dar dup muli ani de munc grea miam dat seama c banii nu aduc fericirea i, ntorcndu-m cu gndul la acel episod din viaa mea, nu mi-a mai dori s fiu bogat vreodat. Doar dac

47. Match the following utterances (1-7) with the corresponding functions (a-f) of the Simple Future. 1. Ill answer the door. 2. Shall I give you a lift? 3. Unless you pass the test, you wont get the scholarship. 4. Therell probably be another exam and I expect youll sit for it. 5. Honestly, Ill never be late again. 6. By the way, will you please make a spech at our Appreciation Day? 7. I like this printer; Ill offer you 200 for it. a. b. c. d. e. f. prediction promise invitation, polite request offer of help instant decision, spontaneous reaction First Conditional.

48. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets. There may be two right answers sometimes. Explain your choice(s). You may have to make some changes: 1. finish ll be exhausted When you have finished your project, you ll have been exhausted ll finish are exhausted 2. What our world will be like is going to be like

in the year 2000?

3.

shant have m not going to have peace of mind until I ve passed ll pass ll have passed today.

ll se see the doctor have seen all my exams.

4. By this time next week I hopefully 5. Look at the lovely blue sky: it

isnt raining isnt going to rain

6. When I

ve graduated, graduate, I ll graduate,

start ll start

my own business. are going ll be going will go

7. All the members of this department next Saturday. ll have finished 8. We ll finish finish the entire weekend. leaves is leaving will leave

to their wedding

anniversary

are going to celebrate our exams by Friday and we ll celebrate over ll be celebrating

9. Our train

at 11:15 you know! We

have to will have to

hurry!

10. What you

will do will be going are going to do ll support m going to support ll be supporting

this time next year? ll need need me. ll be needing the committee to approve

11. I promise I

you whenever you ll ask are asking are going to ask

12. If there (ll be / is) no objection, we the proposal. 13. Over the next five years the government

phases out will phase out will be phasing out

income taxes.

49. Put the verbs between brackets into present or future, indefinite or perfect: 1. Well go out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. Ill begin the lesson as soon as Jack (stop) talking. 3. His father will not lend him any more money until he (learn) not to waste it. 4. See that it is clean before you (touch) it. 5. As soon as you (buy) the book Ill borrow it from you. 6. The radio (be) fixed by the time you get back. 7. You (not forget) to lock up before you go out, will you? 8. As soon as the ship (reach) port, its cargo will be unloaded. 9. I (do) a lot of work by the time she wakes up. 10. Dont count your chickens before they (be) hatched. 50. Use future or present, simple, perfect, or continuous: 1. We (go) to the nountains for our next holiday. Roy (be pleased) to see us again. 2. When you (be) twenty-one In June, and I (have) a wonderful twenty-first birthday party. There (be) champagne, caviare and dancing. We (have) the time out life!. 3. Hugh is very good at his work; he (earn) a high salary when he (be) thirty. 4. I (think) of you every day while you (be) away. 5. I hope you (feel) better when I next (see) you. 6. Mr. Timms has applied for a job in Indonesia. This time next year he (teach) English there if he (get) the job. 7. We (have) a long journey tomorrow; We (drive) all day. 8. I still (go) my homework when my room-mate (come) home from the faculty. 9. This time tomorrow I (bathe) in the sea if the water (be) warm enough. 10. Mary (fly) to Cluj tomorrow. She (send) her family a telegram as soon as she (arrive). 11. By the end of the month the new factory (commission). 12. I (read) the paper while I (have) lunch. 13. How much he (save) by the end of this year?. 14. By 1999 John (write) a lot of novels. 15. I just (begin) reading one of his novels. It (be) a very long book and I (have) only time to read some pages a day. I (not think) I (be able to) finish it by Sunday, or by the time he (ask) it back from me. 51. Look through this extract from the conversation between a Young Entrepreneur (YE) and a Small Business Adviser (SBA). Part 1 Fill the gaps (a-h) with appropriate words and phrases from the box below to express plans, intentions and wishes: plan wish intend be going to mean be looking to think want set out to

SBA: How much money (a) you to borrow? YE: I (b) of a sum around USD 5,000. SBA: What (c) you to do with this money? YE: I (d) to start a small catering business and to buy new seasonal inventory. SBA: What type of loan(e) you to take out? YE: I(f) of a short-term lean; three months, I suppose. SBA: Fine.(g) you to pledge any security in support of your application? YE: Yes, I (h) of your accepting the line on the equipment Im planning to buy.

Part 2 Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form to express future conditions. SBA: This is a possibility. On the other hand, if you open a business start-up account with our bank, therell be more advantages for you. YE: Could you be more specific, please? SBA: Well, if you open a start-up account, there (be) a preferential rate of interest, below our normale rate. YE: It sounds great! SBA: If you (be) aware of all these factors and (understand) their workings, youll certainly avoid the pitfalls awaiting those who are less cautious. Above all, remember the golden rule: Plan carefully, right from the start; any other time is too late. Ye: I know theres a risk in everything. But, if you (not take) risks, there (be) no gain. SBA: Right you are. And our bank believes in small entrepreneurs like you with enterprising spirit and realistic business plans. YE: Thank you. SBA: OK then, if you (bring) the modified business plan by Tuesday this week, I (get) the forms prepared and sent to you with our confimation letter by Monday. 52. Translate into English, paying attention to the verb forms used to express future time: A. 1. i voi telefona imediat ce voi ajunge la Londra. 2. Cnd vei sosi, m vei gsi lucrnd la raport. 3. Vom atepta aici pn se va ntoarce Paul. El se va ntoarce seara trziu. 4. Dac Dan o s m invite, probabil c o s m duc la petrecere. 5. Nu tiu dac voi pleca sptmna viitoare, sau dac o s mai stau o

sptmn n Bucureti. 6. Anul viitor pe vremea aceasta vom locui ntr-un apartament nou. Ne mutm n ianuarie. 7. E prea devreme. Prietenii notri vor fi nc la mas cnd vom ajunge acolo. 8. Cnd va absolvi Adrian facultatea, va fi studiat aici patru ani. 9. Peste o lun se vor mplini 10 ani de cnd lucrez n aceast fabric. 10. Ct voi tri nu voi uita anii de studenie.
B. Dac i-ai ntreba azi pe oameni de ce folosesc telefonul pentru a comunica cu prietenii lor, ori de ce deschid televizorul ca s se distreze sau s afle tiri, s-ar uita la voi ca i cum ai fi nebuni. Nu considerm telefonul, televizorul sau automobilul ca fiind ceva neobinuit. Acestea au devenit o parte att de integrant a vieii, nct nu mai sunt remarcate sau comentate. n acelai fel, n zece ani, majoritatea americanilor i a multor altora de pe tot globul nu vor mai remarca Web-ul. Va fi un simplu reflex s operezi Web-ul pentru tiri, educaie, divertisment i comunicare, exact aa cum astzi este att de firesc s ridici receptorul ca s vorbeti cu cineva ori c comanzi ceva dintr-un catalog. Exist un interes extraordinar pentru Web. Cu toate acestea, este nc la nceputuri. Tehnologia i viteza de rspuns sunt pe cale de a face un salt important. Aceasta va face ca oamenii s considere Web-ul ca parte din viaa lor cotidian.

n cele din urm, toate crile de vizit ale oamenilor de afaceri vor specifica o adres pentru e-mail. Fiecare avocat, fiecare doctor i fiecare firm mare sau mic vor fi conectai. Unde o s gsim timpul pentru Web? De fapt, n unele cazuri, oamenii vor economisi timp, pentru c Web-ul va face ca orice aciune s fie mai eficient ca n trecut. Cum ar fi, de exemplu, s obii informaii despre o achiziie important. Aceasta se poate foarte uor afla pe Web, nc de astzi. n alte cazuri, oamenii vor folosi timpul petrecut acum citind ziarul sau uitndu-se la televizor pentru a gsi informaii sau divertisment pe ecranul computerului. Acest lucru va deveni evident n 1998. Americanii, mai ales cei tineri, vor sta mai puin timp n faa televizorului dect n faa computerului. n viitor, vom putea nu numai s batem pe tastatur, ci i s introducem verbal n computer cereri de informaii, iar dac ne va interesa viteza unor chip-uri, rspunsul care ne va parveni se va referi la computere, i nu la cips-uri de cartofi. Web-ul va fi n 2008 tot att de obinuit ca i automobilul. Poate chiar mai curnd. (Supliment Capital, 18 dec.1997)

Final tense review 53. Match these utterances to numbers on the time flowchart below taking into account only the predicates underlined. Give reasons for your choice. a. Our order LZ-456 hasnt arrived yet. b.1. We were meeting the Japanese delegation on Monday, but there was a change of plans and they had to go to Switerland first; b.2. so were seeing them on Wednesday instead. c. Have you seen the revised contract? d. Im afraid I cant see you next week because Ill be attending a training course. e. Did you go to Italy last year? f. After youve worked with us for six months, well renegotiate your pay. g. After Id worked with them for a year, I decided to ask for a promotion. h. Weve been doing business with them for many years now. i. Business is good. j. When his car broke down, he was driving to Geneva for a conference. k. When his car broke down, he had been driving for two hours. l. I live in Bucharest. m. I also lived in Bradford for three years long ago. n.1. By the time we graduate do you think n.2. well have learnt everything we need to know about international trade? o. They said theyd spend the weekend in London. p. Did you ask them what hotel theyd booked in? r. I didnt know you wanted to meet them.

Time flowchart 1 THE PRESENT 4 seen from the present 2 THE PAST 6 seen from the past 7 seen from the present 8 seen from the future 9 seen from the past 5 seen from the past 3 THE FUTURE 10 seen from the present 11 seen from the future

(adapted from Discover English, by Rod Bolitho and Brian Tomlinson, Heinemann 1995) 54. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense: 1. The tourists arrived at London Airport early on Monday morning. They (leave) Bucharest on Sunday night. They (spend) a fortnight in Romania and (see) all the sights. After they (show) their passports to the official and (pass) through the customs they (get) on the bus and (go) to the terminal. 2. I saw Mr.Green yesterday, driving my old car. I (sell) it to him three months before and he (pay) me half the price. But he still (owe) me 125. When I (see) him in my car, I (tell) myself that I (do) a foolish thing, selling it to a man like Mr.Green. 3. I left home one morning at eight oclock, (jump) on a bus, and (sit) down. The conductor (ask) for the fare. I (put) my hand in my pocket for the money, but it (be) empty. I (forget) my money. I (leave) it on the table in the living-room. I (have) to get off the bus and go home again. I (be) half an hour late at the office that morning. I never (be) late before. 4. Lilly will fly back to Rome next July after she (take) a degree in Economics at the Academy of Economic Studies in Bucharest. Her parents (meet) her at the airport. She (not see) them for four years. They (feel) very proud of her when she (tell) them that she (pass) all her examinations with high marks. She (be) happy to be home again, for sometimes she (feel) lonely in Bucharest, away from her family and friends, although she (make) lots of friends in Romania. 5. An American tourist was boasting to a Kerryman about the fact that the Americans just (put) a man on the moon: That (be) nothing (say) the Kerryman, we (have) plans to land a man on the Sun. That (be) crazy, (say) the American, he (burn) before he (get) within a million miles of the sun: We (think) of that, too; (say) the Kerryman, we (send) him a night.

55. This is a description of Jane. Read it carefully. Then write the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. e.g.: Jane (be) a newspaper reporter. You write: is 1. Jane (be) born in Watford. 2. In other words she (come) from Watford. 3. For the past two years she (have) a job with a newspaper there. 4. From 1968 to 1991 she (go) to Manchester University. 5. Ever since she (leave) university she has wanted a job in television. 6. So now she (think) of giving up his job with the newspaper. 7. In fact, at this very moment she (have) an interview with a television director. 8. The director (need) a young television reporter. 9. The interview (start) half an hour ago. 10. In other words she and Jim (talk) for half an hour. 56. Complete each sentence with the right verbal form selected from the four alternatives given below it. 1. This is the first time that we the Tower of London. a. visited c. are visiting b. have visited d. visit 2. We here since Monday. a. are c. shall be b. had been d. have been 3. Ill wait here until you your work. a. will finish c. will have finished b. have finished d. finish 4. As soon as the book is published, I it. a. will buy c. will have bought b. have bought d. buy 5. By next october I the piano for one year. a. have learnt c. will learn b. have been learning d. will have been learning 6. Mike, youre back again at last! We you for ages! a. didnt see c. havent been seeing b. havent seen d. cant see 7. Would you please give him this note the moment he a. arrives c. will have arrived b. has arrived d. will arrive 8. It was the second time she in love that year. a. fell c. had fallen b. was falling d. had been falling 9. I a wonderful dream when the alarm clock off at 7 oclock in the morning. a. had, went c. was having, went b. was having, had gone d. had dreamt, went 10. We softball for a few minutes when I and my ankle. a. had been playing, tripped, twisted c. had played, tripped, twisted b. were playing, tripped, twisted d. had been playing, had tripped, had twisted

57. Read this letter of application and underline the right form of the predicates in brackets; make any other necessary changes: Dear Sir, I (look for / am looking for) currently work in York and (wonder / was wondering) whether you might have any vacancies. I (enclose / am enclosing) my CV. I would like to point out that I (have / have had) considerable experience as a Social Organiser in several well-known hotels and (can / will be able to) give you the names of referees if you should require them. I (am / am being) available for an interview during the coming month. In the hope that you (will consider / will be concidering) my application favourably, I (look/have been looking) forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, 58. You would like a job with the London Import-Export Co. Ltd. in London for a year or two. Write asking if they can offer you a post. Use these notes and deal with each in a separate sentence. Pay particular attention to the use of tense forms. 1. name when and where born 2. education different schools how long 3. present job what is it how long 4. English past five years better and better 5. but important come to England practise everything learned 6. other languages French and Italian hope-useful 7. consider come England ever since school 8. not necessary same job in English firm English (language) important 9. friend suggested London Import-Export Co.Ltd. worked there two years 10. application form, please 59. You are going to interview people who have applied for the vacancies advertised by your company, or students applying for scholarships abroad. Work in pairs to prepare questions so that you can fill in this form: Personal data: - name - birth - permanent address - current address Education: - postgraduate - higher education - high school Qualifications:

Languages:

Work experience:

Family

Interests, hobbies

Reasons for applying

Expectations from the job / scholarship

Hopes and intentions for the future

Others

You may start your questions with the following words. What ? When ? Where ? How ? How long did you? How long have you ? How many ? Why ? Do you ? Have you? Model: When / Where were you born? 60. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian prezent into English (see Time and Tense Chart and ex.18A) 1. Ce faci duminic? - M gndesc s plec puin la munte. Dei mi place alpinismul, n ultimul timp sunt att de ocupat c reuesc cu greu s ies din Bucureti. - Dac am timp, vin i eu cu tine, vrei?

2. Ce fac n Sala de Consiliu colegii notri? - Discut un nou proiect; l discut de peste patru ore, cred c sunt pe terminate. 3. Ieri am aflat c dna Popa pred tiinele comunicrii. - Nu tiam c este profesoar. - A, este profesoar din 1990, de cnd a absolvit facultatea. 4. Imediat ce termini de lucrat la calculator, te rog s-mi spui c am i eu nevoie de el. 5. Michael mi-a spus c nu poate veni cu noi; o ateapt pe Diana i este puin ngrijorat, deoarece o ateapt de o or, iar ea nu obinuiete s ntrzie. 6. De cnd tii limba chinez? - N-a putea spune c o tiu, abia o nv de cteva sptmni. 7. Crezi c are loc edina Consiliului de Administraie sau iar se amn? - O amn ntr-una, din pcate. 8. Cine nu tie c apa fierbe la 1000C i nghea la 00C? 61. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian perfect compus into English (see ex. 19. A). 1. a. Ai ncercat n ultimul timp s vorbii numai englezete? b. Da, asear, dar a fost foarte greu. 2. a. Am avut mult de lucru astzi. b. Am avut mult de lucru ieri. 3. a. Am exersat trei ore n dimineaa aceasta. b. Am exersat trei ore asear. 4. a. Maria a fost n Romnia cu muli ani n urm; b. Maria a fost n Romnia de mai multe ori. 5. a. Pn acum Maria a fost o student bun; b. Maria a fost o student bun anul trecut. 6. a. S-au uitat sear de sear la televizor sptmna trecut; b. S-au uitat la televizor sear de sear zilele acestea. 7. a. Tocmai ne-am ntors din excursie; b. Tocmai acum ne-am ntors din excursie. 8. a. Ct timp ai locuit aici? b. Ct timp ai locuit acolo nainte de a veni s stai cu noi? 9. a. L-ai ascultat pe Menuhin cntnd cnd a fost n Romnia? b. L-ai ascultat vreodat pe Menuhin? 10. a. Ai fost vreodat la British Museum? b. Da, am fost anul trecut, cnd am fost la Londra. 62. Translate the following, paying attention to the rendering of the Romanian imperfect into English: 1. Dan citea o carte cnd am intrat noi n camer. 2. Dan citea mult n vacan. 3. Dan citea multe poveti cnd era mic. Acum citete doar romane istorice. 4. Dan citea o carte, apoi i-o povestea surorii mai mici. 5. Dan era acas de la ora 4. Citea de o or cnd i-am telefonat. 6. Dac vremea era urt, Dan citea o carte, dac era frumos, mergea la plimbare. 7. Nu citea cartea, dac nu o gsea interesant.

8. Cnd profesorul ne-a spus s ne oprim din scris, mai lucram nc la ultima problem; lucram la ea de vreo 20 de minute. 9. Ce fceai luna trecut pe vremea asta? - nvam pentru examene. 10. Sandra era ocupat cu mpachetatul pentru c urma s plece la mare a doua zi. Dac nu se grbea s plece atunci, o duceam eu cu maina peste o sptmn, cnd eram i eu liber. 11. Nu crezi c era mai bine s te fi dus la interviu? Poate primeai postul. 12. Era timpul s se fi ncheiat prima etap a privatizrii. 63. Translate the following letters into English: A. Domnilor, Conform comenzii noastre nr.L/345, am primit ieri de la d-voastr un lot de 100 mese, comandate din catalogul d-voastr de var nr.154. Dar, la despachetarea mrfii, am constatat c ni s-au trimis 100 mese mari din lemn de mahon, n loc de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin, aa cum cerusem noi. Avnd n vedere faptul c avem deja comenzi ferme pentru comanda respectiv i c majoritatea clienilor notri locuiesc n apartamente mici i au un venit mediu, este puin probabil c vom gsi aici pia de desfacere pentru mobilier voluminos, la preuri mult mai mari. V-am ruga, aadar, s expediai urgent lotul de 100 mese mici din lemn de pin i s ridicai marfa livrat greit. Ateptm cu interes rspunsul d-voastr, cu ntoarcerea potei. Cu stim, . B. Stimate domnule Maiden, V scriu referitor la comanda dumneavoastr nr. CV 1154/d pe care ne-ai trimis-o n urm cu 4 sptmni. n acel moment am considerat c vom putea termina comanda nainte de data livrrii, 18 iunie, dar n aceast perioad am aflat c principalul nostru furnizor de crom a dat faliment. Aceasta nseamn c trebuie s gsim alt furnizor care s poat ndeplini toate contractele pe care trebuie s le ncheiem. Dup cum v putei da seama, aceasta necesit timp, dar suntem ncreztori c vom reui s obinem toate materialele, i s livrm mrfurile ctre clienii notrii, pn la mijlocul lunii viitoare. Toate articolele comandate au fost asamblate i necesit doar s fie finisate. Regretm aceast situaie neplcut asupra creia nu am avut nici un control i ne cerem scuze pentru problemele cauzate. Este de neles dac dorii s anulai comanda, dar accentum c vom putea onora livrarea pn luna viitoare i am aprecia dac ai rmne alturi de noi pn atunci. V rog s ne transmitei decizia dumneavoastr ct mai curnd posibil. V mulumim pentru nelegere. Cu stim, D. Panton Director executiv

64. Translate these exerpts from newspaper articles using all the tenses of the Indicative Mood. A. Fenomenul deja a nceput. Pentru alegeri, n Statele Unite, oamenii acceseaz Internetul ca s vad rezultatele imediat. Misiunea Pathfinder spre Marte i problemele ivite pe staia spaial Mir au atras milioane de oameni pe Web pentru a afla mai multe detalii de ultim or dect puteau afla din oricare alt surs. O astfel de schimbare ine adesea de generaii. n vreme ce oamenii n vrst trebuie s nvee ceva nou n afara experienei lor de zi cu zi, putii care cresc cu o nou tehnologie o iau drept fireasc. n mod special, campusurile universitare ofer ingredientele pentru a crea masa critic pentru o cultur pregtit pentru Web. n Statele unite exist azi peste 22 de milioane de aduli care folosesc Web-ul, dintre care cam jumtate acceseaz Internetul cel puin o dat pe zi. ntre timp, varietatea activitilor de pe Web crete cu o vitez uimitoare. Aproape c nu exist domeniu pentru care s nu gsim materiale interesante pe Web. Multe dintre aceste site-uri sunt accesate cu o frecven extraordinar. Vrei s cumperi un cel? S vinzi o aciune? Sau s comanzi un automobil? Folosete Internetul! Un mare avantaj al Web-ului este c ne permite s transferm informaii de pe hrtie pe reea. Mai multe state din SUA folosesc serios Web-ul. Poi solicita diferite permise sau licene comerciale. Unele state afieaz liste cu locuri de munc, nu doar din cadrul instituiilor de stat, ci din orice sector din statul respectiv. Cu timpul, cred, toate datele publicate de guverne i toate documentele pe hrtie vor fi transferate pe Internet. Comerul electronic se dezvolt i el, de la o lun la alta. Este greu de fcut o estimare, pentru c o mare parte a comerului electronic implic clieni i furnizori existeni, care doar transfer tranzaciile de pe hrtie pe Web. Acesta nu este nimic nou. Microsoft, de exemplu, a achiziionat PC-uri de milioane de dolari, ce folosesc reeaua electronic n loc de documente de hrtie. Nu a fost o schimbare fundamental, ci doar o mbuntire a eficienei unui proces deja existent. B. Presa, ca de obicei, va da o interpretare greit. n primii ani ai deceniului, presa american a prevestit aproape cu isterie triumful Japoniei asupra firmelor americane, tocmai n perioada n care pieele din Tokio cunoteau falimente catastrofale. n urmtorii trei ani s-au publicat editoriale n care funcionarilor corporaiilor li se reproa brutalitatea fa de muncitori, reducerea dimensiunii firmelor i trecerea n omaj a unor angajai. Rezultatul nu a fost conform previziunilor, dezastruos, ci a nsemnat cea mai bun pia a forei de munc din istoria recent. Acum, atenie! Aceiai autori preamresc epoca unei noi paradigme n 1998 i n anii urmtori. Vechile adevruri economice sunt nlocuite cu o nou lume, tot mai prosper i permanent stabilit. Ai fost avertizai. Acesta va fi anul n care rile occidentale i vor ncerca puterile pentru a aduce nu prea recentele democraii est-europene la un punct de plecare. Pentru a depista aceast tendin, uitai-v la noul pas vioi al diplomailor occidentali n orae ca Praga i Varovia. A trecut mult vreme apte ani sau mai bine de cnd se simt att de importani. n primul rzboi rece, ambasadele lor din Europa de Est erau locuri captivante care fceau frme regulile comuniste prin strngerea de informaii secrete, ajutorul acordat dizidenilor i planuri puse la cale mpotriva celor ri. Dup schimbare, s-a aternut linitea. Acum ns, diplomaii lucreaz din nou pn noaptea trziu, avnd o sarcin diferit, dar nu mai puin solicitant: aducerea guvernelor din Europa postcomunist la nivelul standardelor occidentale. (Supliment Capital, 18 Decembrie, 1997)

C.