Digital signal processing

Signal:
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent variable or variables. It may be a function of one or more independent variables.

Signal processing is analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals DSP:

DSP is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques used to manipulate these signals after they have been converted into a digital form.

Need of processing: when the signal is transmitted from one point to another there is a possibility of
contamination/deformation of the signal by external noise so to retrieve the original signal at the receiver suitable filters are to be used ie., signal is processed to obtain a pure signal

Applications of DSP: 1.Space

Space photograph enhancement Data compression Intelligent sensory analysis by remote space probes

2.Medical
Diagnostic imaging(CT,MRI,ULTRA SOUND ) Electro cardiogram analysis Medical image storage or retrieval

3.Commercial
Image and sound compression for multimedia presentation

Movie special effects Video conference calling

4.Telephone
Signal multiplexing Echo reduction Filtering

5.Military
Radar Sonar Secure communication

6.Industrial
Oil and mineral prospecting Process monitoring and control

7.Scientific
Earthquake recording and analysis Data acquisition Spectral analysis Simulation and modeling

Telecommunications:

Telecommunications is about transferring information from one location to another. This includes many forms of information: telephone conversations, television signals, computer files, and other types of data. To transfer the information, you need a channel between the two locations. This may be a wire pair, radio signal, optical fiber, etc Three specific examples from the telephone network will be discussed here: multiplexing, compression echo control.

Multiplexing: In telecommunications and computer networks ,multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephone calls may be carried using one wire. The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel, which may be a physical transmission medium. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, can extract the original channels on the receiver side. A device that performs the multiplexing is called a multiplexer (MUX), and a device that performs the reverse process is called a demultiplexer (DEMUX).

Compression:
When a voice signal is digitized at 8000 samples/sec, most of the digital information is redundant. Dozens of DSP algorithms have been developed to convert digitized voice signals into data streams that require fewer bits/sec. These are called data compression algorithms. In general, reducing the data rate from 64 kilobits/sec to 32 kilobits/sec results in no loss of sound quality. The highest achievable compression is about 2 kilobits/sec,

Echo control:

Echoes are a serious problem in long distance telephone connections. When you speak into a telephone, a signal representing your voice travels to the connecting receiver, where a portion of it returns as an echo. As the distance becomes larger, the echo becomes increasingly noticeable and irritating. The delay can be several hundred milliseconds for intercontinental communications,. Digital Signal Processing attacks this type of problem by measuring the returned signal and generating an appropriate antisignal to cancel the offending echo. This same technique allows speakerphone users to hear and speak at the same time without fighting audio feedback (squealing).

It can also be used to reduce environmental noise by canceling it with digitally generated anti noise.

Radars:

Radar is an object-detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations Data gathered can include the position and movement of the object In the modern Radar systems digital signal processing (DSP) is used extensively. At the transmitter end, it generates and shapes the transmission pulses, controls the antenna beam pattern while at the receiver, DSP performs many complex tasks

Audio processing:
The two principal human senses are vision and hearing. Correspondingly, much of DSP is related to audio processing. DSP has made revolutionary changes these areas.

Speech generation:

Speech generation and recognition are used to communicate between humans and machines . Two approaches are used for computer generated speech: digital recording vocal tract simulation digital recording,: the voice of a human speaker is digitized and stored, usually in a compressed form. During playback, the stored data are uncompressed and converted back into an analog signal

Vocal tract simulators: are more complicated, trying to mimic the physical mechanisms by which humans create speech. The human vocal tract is an acoustic cavity with resonate frequencies determined by the size and shape of the chambers

speech recognition:

The automated recognition of human speech is immensely more difficult than speech generation. Speech recognition is a classic example of things that the human brain does well, but digital computers do poorly. Digital Signal Processing generally approaches the problem of voice recognition in two steps: feature extraction followed by feature matching.

Advantages of dsp:
Easy to store and use, that is why computers use it. Digital data is designed and artificially created, so it is efficient. DSP is easier to reconfigure as it is made up of h/w as well as s/w. Flexibility Accuracy

Disadvantages:
Bandwidth restrictions Speed limitations Finite word length problems Due to quantization some errors will occur