Marcoluis Garcia 11-6-12 Period 4 Ionic vs.

Covalent Bonding Lab Investigation Introduction: There are many bonds that are found in nature. There are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. The reason atoms bond is so that they can satisfy their valence shell so that it becomes an octet. They want an octet so that they could be stable. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared. In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred; this results in the making of anions (-) and cations (+). Anions are negative ions and cations are positive ions. Ionic compounds appear in the shape of crystals and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. While covalent bonds dont. Hypotheses: Table 1: The expected results of testing five different chemicals Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis2: High Hypothesis 3: Will Compounds to Chemical be tested. Formula it conduct Ionic or or Low Melting electricity? Covalent Point? Distilled (pure) H2O Covalent Low No Water Sodium NaCl Ionic High Yes Chloride Sucrose (sugar) C6H12O11 Covalent Low Yes Dextrose C6H12O6 Covalent Low No Sodium Sulfate NaSO4 Ionic High Yes Procedures: Part I. Melting Point and Strength of Bonds 1. Aluminum foil was folded in thirds to get a square. Placed a small amount of four different compounds in each corner 2. Foil was placed on the ring stand and heated with the Bunsen burner. 3. Details were then immediately recorded, making sure which compound melted first. 4. The foil was then allowed to cool and washed. Part II. Electrical Conductivity 1. A little bit of each sample was put into individual wells in a well plate. 1

Marcoluis Garcia 11-6-12 Period 4 2. The dry compounds were tested with a Conductivity Tester. 3. Enough drops of distilled water were added to the well. The compounds were then left to dissolve in the water. 4. The solution was then tested for conductivity with the tester. Observations were recorded. The tester was then rinsed with distilled water. 5. The steps were then repeated for the rest of the samples. Results: Name/Chemical Formula: Part I: Melting Point (1-5; High, Med. or Low?) PART II: Conduct Electricity? (Yes/no) Dry Dissolved N/A No No No No No Yes No No Yes FINAL CONCLUSION: Ionic or Covalent Bonds? Covalent Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic

1. Distilled (Pure) Water / H2O 2. Sodium Chloride / NaCl 3. Sucrose (Sugar) / C12H22O11 4. Dextrose / C6H12O6 5. Sodium Sulfate / NaSO4

1= Lowest: (Already Melted) High Low Medium High

Conclusion: After completing the lab, students concluded that Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate were ionic compounds. It was then concluded that Water, Sucrose, and Dextrose were covalent compounds. All the initial hypotheses were correct except for Sucrose; it did not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. With the collected data, it was concluded that ionic compounds were those that conduct electricity when dissolved in water. These were also the ones with high melting points. Meanwhile, the compounds that did not conduct electricity and had low melting points were covalent. Ionic bonds are formed when metal cations(+) and non2

Marcoluis Garcia 11-6-12 Period 4 metal anions(-) are attracted to each other. this means that when the compound is dissolved in water, electricity flows through the solution. Additionally, ionic bonds are very strong since the cations and an electromagnetic force holds anions together. This results in a strong bond since the negative ions are attracted to the positive ions. Covalent bonds are formed when two nonmetals bond together. Due the fact that both elements have high electronegativities, the electrons are shared rather than transferred.