Bol. Depto. Geol. Uni-Son, 1992,Vol. 9, W 2, p.

1-74

PERMIAN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION BETWEEN SOUTHEAST ARIZONA AND SONORA

Olivia PERFZRAMOS Departamento de Geologia,Urn-Son,Hermosillo, Sonora,Mexico

ABS1RACf Fusulinids are benthic marine microfossils that lived during the late PaleozoicEra (PennsylvanianPermian)in a usually warm shallow water environment.Because of their worldwide distribution, great abundance, anddiversity they areconsidered goodindex fossils. This study is focusedon Permianrock correlationsbasedon fusulinid faunasobtainedby resampling previouslymeasured sections in southeastern Arizona, and the measuring and samplingof threestratigraphic sectionsin Sonora,Mexico. Descriptionsof 16 species are given that include the following genera: Monodiexodina, Parajusulina,Schwagerina, Paraschwagerina and Pseudoschwagerina.. Also given are descriptionsof six generaincluding: Schubertella,Fusulinella, Pseudochusenella, Parafusulina (Skinnerella),Schwagerina andParaschwagerina. In southeastArizona at the Hill 14 locality East of Douglas the Earp Formation was verified as Wolfcampianin age.It was deposited in a shallow marinecarbonate platform environment.In the same locality a Late Wolfcampian-Early Leonardianagewas assigned to the baseof the Colina Limestone.An Early Leonardianagein the middle (?) and upperpart of this formation was alsoconfirmed.A probable lagoonaldepositional environment is assigned to the ColinaLimestone. In centraleastSonorathe Arivechi sectionwas assigned a Late Wolfcampian-EarlyLeonardianage.It was also depositedin a shallow marine carbonateenvironment of moderatehigh energy. In central Sonorathe Willard quarry sectionI was designated asLate Leonardian-EarlyGuadalupianin age.The Willard quarry sectionII was designated an Early Guadalupian in age.Both sections were deposited in a shallowwater marineenvironment. RESUMEN Los fusulinidos son microf6siles marinos bent6nicosque existieron durante el PaleozoicoTardio (pensilvanico- Permico), generalmente en marescilidos y someros.Debido a su amplia distribuci6n estratignffica, granabundancia y diversidadsonconsiderados comof6siles fndice. En estetrabajoseconelacionan rocasdel Permicoen basea un estudiosistematico de fusulinidoss. Se llev6 a cabo un re-muestreo en secciones previamentemedidadsen el SE de Arizona y la medici6n y muestreo de tIes secciones estratignificas en Sonora. Sedescriben16 especies que incluyen los siguientes generos: Monodiexodina,Parafusulina,Schwagerina,Paraschwagerinay Pseudoschwagerina . Tambiensedescriben 6 generos: Schubertella, Fusulinella,Pseudochusenella , Parafusulina (Skinerella),Schwagerinay Paraschwagerina. En el SE de Arizona se verific6 que la Formaci6nE~ es de edad Wolfcampiano y de ambiente marino somero.En la mismalocalidad seasign6ala Formaci6nColina, de ambientelagunar, una edad

O. Perez Ramos

WolfcampianoTardIo - Leonardiano Temprano.En el areade Arivechi. Sonoraseasign6a la secuencia permica. de ambiente marino somera y moderadaalta energia. una edad Wolfcampiano Tardio Leonardiano Temprano.A la secci6nde la CalhidraWillard I rue asignada una edadLeonardiano Tardio - Guadalupeano Temprano.La secci6nWillard n rue defmida como Guadalupeano Temprano.Ambas secciones sereconocieron como depositos de un ambiente marino somero. Seestablecieron cuatrozonasbioestratigI1fficas: (1) Zona de Pseudoschwagerina. Wolfcampiano;(2) Zona transicional de Monodiexodina . entre Wolfcampiano y Leonardiano;(3) Zona de Schwagerina
crassitectoria. en la base del Leonardiano; (4) Zona de Parafusulina del Guadalupeano. en el Leonardiano y lfurite inferior

INTRODUCTION
Generalities The depositional history of Upper Paleozoic rocks in southeastArizona has been studied by several authors who are in general agreement aboutstratigraphicnomenclature, fusulinid identifications, and correlations (Gilluly, 1954; Sabins, 1957; Ross and Tyrrell, 1965; 1973; Armin, 1986). However, the paleogeographicreconstructionand correlationsof Paleozoicrocks in Sonora have been a subject of debate and controversy, since most of these sedimentsare considered to be of allochthonous origin (Anderson, 1979; Noll, 1981; Radelli et al., 1987; Poole, 1988).Paleozoicrocks of central Sonora havebeendescribed astectonicallydisplaced tens of kilometers from the Cordilleran belt in North Americain nonhwesterlytrendsacrossthe Sieua Madre Occidental (Anderson, 1979; Bartolini, 1988; Gastil et al., 1991). Radelli et al. (1987) also discuss in central Sonora allochthonous bodies by the presence of overthrusts folds (nappes). In both cases theseallochthonous rocks are considered basinal deposits of lower Paleozoicage which rest upon an early Permian platfoml. Upper Paleozoic sedimentsin Sonora were primarly deposited in a shallow water marine shelf environment. They contain an abundant benthic fauna including fusulinids of Wolf-

campian, Leonardian and Guadalupian age. Theserocks are usually reportedin fault contact with Ordovician to Pennsylvanian rocks of a deeperwater origin (peiffer, 1987;Poole, 1988). Severalhypotheses havebeenproposed to defme the edgeof the Paleozoicshelf and to explain the distinctive depositional facies from the northern and central regions of Sonora (Noll, 1981; Menicucci et al., 1982; Minjarez, 1985; Peiffer, 1987;Pubellier, 1987). Peiffer (1987), based on fusulinid studies, discussesa possible connect during Paleozoic time betweenthe Ouachita-Marathon orogenyto the east and the Cordilleran belt to the west into Sonora. Upper Paleozoicrocks in Sonoraare common and many of them have alreadybeenstudiedby different authors; however most results are unpublishedpapaersor proprietary information. This has made paleontological study and correlationdiffICult. Permianrocks in this region contain abundantfusulinids, yet only a few of thesehavebeenidentified to the species level. In fact, no systematic description of Upper Paleozoicfusulinids in Sonoraexists.(Fig. 1). In order to establish correlations for the Permianbetweensoutheast Arizona and Sonora, I studied the typical fusulinid faunas from one locationin Arizona and two in Sonora. In southeastArizona fusulinids from Lower Permianrocks of W olfcampianLeonardianages are abundantin the Earp Fonnation. They are

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absentfrom the Colina Limestone except from one locality (Hill 14) in southeastern Arizona and have bot been collected from the Epitaph and Scherrerformations.They increase in abundance again in the Concha Limestone (LeonardianGuadalupian). The Earp Formation and the Colina Limestoneat the llill14locality, because of the fusulinid occurrences, can be used to delineate theWolfcampian-Leonardian boundary. For this study previously measuredsections at the Hill 14 locality were resampled. Two different areaswere selectedin Sonora.The fIrst is the Willard quarry (two sections) locatedabout 16 km southeast of Hermosillo, and the second is the Arivechi section, located about 30 km southwest of Arivechi (Fig. 1). Purpose The purpose of this researchis to correlate Permian age sedimentary rock sequencesin Arizona with those in Sonora,basedon a study of their fusulinid faunas. Petrography and systematic paleontology were used to identify changes in depositional environment and to establishbiostratigraphiczones.A fmal purpose is to understand to someextent the biogeography and evolutionary lineages of some fusulinid species. Previous Work The earliest Upper Paleozoic correlations in Sonora were made by Taliafierro (1933) based upon the dominantly carbonaterock sectionsin the Morita Mountainsof northeastern Sonora.He comparedtheserocks with the Naco Limestone (Pennsylvanian) in Arizona. Cooper(1965) used fusulinids to assign the Monos Formation in Caborca(northwest Sonora)to the Guadalupian stagein North America. Lopez-Ramos(1969), correlatedPrecambrian and Paleozoicrocks from southernArizona with several localities in Mexico including Sonora. Tovar (1969), working in the Sierra de Terasof northeasternSonora, correlated what he called

Units ill, IV and V with the Earp, Colina, and Schen-er fonnations,respectively,in southeastern Arizona basedon a studyof fusulinids. Himanga's (1977) stratigraphic column for Sonora, included a comparison of the Tigre Limestone in Sonora with the Naco Group in Arizona. Hewett and Schmidt (1978) correlated the east-central SonoraLower Permianwith the EI Tigre Formationin northeasternSonora. They used fusulinids where present to equate their rocks with the Earp Formation, Colina Limestone,andEpitaphDolomite in southeastern Arimna. Wilkinson (1978) also correlated the Naco Group in southeastern Arimna and New Mexico with the El Tigre Formationandrocks exposed at Puertecitos, northeastern Sonora. Noll (1981)reportedthe fusulinid faunain the Sierra de Cobachi of central Sonora to be equivalentto that in the NacoGroupin Arizona. Peiffer (1987) established Paleozoic correlations for stratigraphiccolumns from northern, eastern and central Sonora, including some localitiesin southeastern Arizona. Most recently Lyons (1989) presented con-elations of Pennsylvanian-Permianrocks from severalsouthwestern U.S. localities, including a correlationbetweensoutheastern Arizona andthe EI Tigre Limestoneof northeastern Sonora. Location and Accessibility The Hill 14 locality is actually an isolatedhill located in section 14, T. 24 S., R. 31 E. (Guadalupe Canyonquadrangle)about45 kIn eastof Douglas in the southeastern comer of Arizona (Fig.1). Accessto the areais by a jeep trail south from the Magoffin Ranch(formerly known asthe Quimby Ranch)at any time of the year. The hill lies chiefly in the United States with the international Boundary crossing the toe of the south slope. The Arivechi sectionis locatednearthe village of Arivechi in central eastern Sonora approximately 240 kIn eastof Hermosillo at latitude 280 51' 10" North and longitude 1090 18' 16" West. Ruggedtopographycharacterizes the areawhich

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is boundedby the Sierra SantoDomingo and the Real Viejo. The measured sectionis locatednear the Ebenezermine about30 kin to the southwest of Arivechi. Accessto the areafrom Arivechi is via a primitive one-lane roadwith steepmountain grades. Field work in the rainy season (December-February) is inconvenientbecause of road conditions.In any case,a good field vehicle is recommended for access to this area. The Willard quarry is locatedin central Sonora, about 16 kin southeast of Hermosillo just 1.5 kin eastof a country road. The quarry is located at latitude 280 57' 30" North and longitude 1100 50' 25" West. SectionI is on the east side of the quarry and sectionn is on the west side. Field and Laboratory Procedures
The selection of samples from the formations in Hill 14 east of Douglas, Arizona was based mainly on previously measured sections and fusulinid content (Dirks, 1966, Lyons, 1989), along with extensive reconnaissanceof the area. Limited work was done in the Arivechi area of Sonora, becauseof transportation problems, road conditions and uncooperative weather. Three measured sections were obtained in Sonora: one near the Ebenezer mine in the Arivechi area and two in the Willard quarry near Hermosillo. These sections were measured using a Brunton compass and steel tape. Samples were taken at each lithologic change; lithologies described in the field were classified using the general field textural and compositional terms of Dunham (1962). The laboratory analysis included 50 rock thin sections stained with Alizarin Red-S to determine dolomite content. The microfacies study was done with a petrographic microscope using Folk's (1974) classification for limestones. Over 500 oriented thin sections were prepared for identification and description of the fusulinids. Determination and description of the fusulinids also included the measurements of the morphological features (Fig.6). Measurements were made by choosing the best axial and equatorial cuttings and projecting the image of a specimen from a thin section onto a screen at a magni-

fication of 24 times. Dimensions of the image were then read in millimeters. The results of these measmerrents are included in Appendix A. The oriented thin sections were made in the Geology laboratory at the University of Texas Arlington, under the supervision of Dr. Merlynd Nestell.

UPPER PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ARIZONA Generalities The Naco Group was originally describedby Ransome(1904) as the "Naco Limestone" Formation of Pennsylvanianage in the Naco Hills, southof Bisbee, Arizona. Later, Gilluly et al. (1954, 1956), elevatedthis formation to Group status including all Pennsylvanian(MorrowanVirgilian) and Pemtian (Guadalupian) strata in southeast Arizona and New Mexico. These formations are in ascending order: Horquilla Limestone, Earp Fomtation, Colina Limestone, Epitaph Dolomite, Scherrer Formation, and ConchaLimestone. (Fig. 1). The type localities are in the Gunnison Hills in Cochise County, southeast comerof Arizona. Earp Formation General Description

The Earp Formation (Upper PennsylvanianLower Pennian) is a thick series of interbedded red shales, siltstones, chen pebble conglomerates, and limestones that include some fossiliferous beds. The chen pebble conglomerate unit is a unique feature of this formation and has been used as a marker bed (Dirks, 1966; Rea and Bryant, 1968; Annin, 1986; Lyons, 1989). The type locality of this formation was established at Earp Hill eight km southeast of Tombstone (Gilluly et al., 1954). The thickness of the Earp Fonnation at the type locality is nearly 500 m. At Hill 14 in the contact with the

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overlying Colina is gradational from the red sandstones and siltstonesof the Earp to the dark thin beddedlimestoneof the Colina. The contact with the underlying Horquilla is not exposed (Dirks. 1966). Lithology and Micropaleontology
At Hill 14 the thickness of the Earp Fonnation is about 133 meters, and it may be divided into upper and lower members (Dirks, 1966 ; Armin,1987). The upper member comprises 68 meters of unfossiliferous red siltstone with dark micritic furestone layers. The lower member comprises 65 meters of red or reddish orange fusulinid-rich limestones interbedded with red siltstones (Dirks, 1966; Armin, 1987). In this member I collected unevenly spaced samplesfrom the base to the top of this section. The limestones gradually change in color from dark gray to brownish, yellowish, and orange as a result of variations in iron content and the extent of iron oxidation.
Furthermore, the limestones contained abundant fusulinids (fusulinid packstone), and fossil hash, including crinoid stems, echinoid spines, bryozoa, some brachiopods and gastropods.

Age In the lower memberof the Earp Formationin Hill 14, Dirks (1966) reports the presenceof severalfusulinida of Wolfcampian ageincluding in ascendingorder: Schwagerina, Schubertella kingi, Oketaella,Pseudoschwagerina, Triticites, Staffella, andRugosofusulina. In the same locality were identified the following species, from the base to the top: Pseudochusenella sp. A (Pl. 2, figs. 2-3), Paraschwagerina cf. P. fax (Thompson and Wheeler) (Pl. 2, figs. 4-6), Rugosofusulina sp. A (pl. 3, figs. 1-3), Schwagerina sp. A (Pl. 3, figs. 7-8). Schwagerina providens Thompson and Hazzard (Pl. 3, figs. 5-6) Pseudoschwagerina beedei Dunbarand Skinner(Pl. 4, figs. 45) and Pseudoschwagerina uddeni (Beed~and Kniker) (pl. 4, figs. 1-3). This faunal association is also indicative of a Wolfcampian age (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937; Needham.1937; Thompson, 1946, 1954; Newell, 1953; Sabins and Ross, 1963).

Environment of deposition
Based upon the paleontology and the pettographic study of the limestones of the lower member of the Earp Formation, I interpret the environment of depositionto havebeena shallow marine platform in a warm sea.The areaunderwent continuousdepositionof calcareous mud in a low energy,aerobicenvironment. The great faunal abundance and diversity suggests that the areawas optimal for carbonate production.The encrustingalgaeTubiphytes and Mizzia fragmentsare important componentsof the limestones. The crinoid-fusulinid-paleotextularida community observed in this area falls within the rangeof fossil assemblages commonly found in offshore normal marine waters, where factors such as salinity and depth appearto have remainedconstantthrough the time-spanrepresent by the faunal assemblage(Bretsky, 1968; Stevens, 1966, Yancey, 1981). According to Stevens(1966, 1969), a benthic fauna assemblagedominatedby fusulinids and paleotextularida in association with bryozoa and crinoids

The petrographic study of the limestones showed them to be dominated by a calcareous mud matrix, without terrigenous clastics, and great number of foraminifera, including fusulinids and paleotextularida. Most fusulinids are complete; a few are broken and randomly oriented and show signs of wear. (See Appendix, p. 133). Well preserved paleotextularida such as Climacammina Tetrataxis (pl. I, fig. 6) and Globivalvulina (Pl. I, fig.7) and other trochospiral and tubular forms (Tuberitina ) were also observed. Finally algal debris such as Calcisphaera, Mizzia, and the encrusting alga Tubiphytes were also found. This assemblageis commonly found in rocks of Permian age (Toomey, 1977; Flugel, 1978). Besides foraminifera, crinoid plates, bryozoa, brachiopoda, scarce trilobite and mollusk fragments, rounded micrite intraclasts, and dispersed hematitic grains are readily visible in thin section.

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suggests a water depth of 20 to 50 meters. However inmaturefusulinids could live in water as shallow as4 meters(Stevens,1966). Large, subglobose speciesof PseudoschwagerinaandParaschwagerina may beindicativeof low energy environments(Yancey, 1981).They are likely to have been floating or suspended forms at or near the water surface where they could be easily moved by currents (Coogan, 1960; Ross, 1963). Colina Limestone

General Description
The Colina Limestone consists of dark gray limestone of micritic texture with scattered chert nodules and interbedded dolomite. Gastropods, echinoid spines, scaphopoda tubes and brachiopod shells occur, while fusulinids, ammonites, bryozoa, corals, and trilobites are rare (Gilluly, 1954; Dirks, 1966; Wilt, 1969, 1990; Lyons 1989). The type locality is Colina Ridge in the Tombstone Hills about 3 km south of Tombstone, Arizona. Thickness of the Colina Limestone is 155 m at the type locality (Gilluly et al., 1954); however, the greatest thickness (302 m) is found at the Southeast Ridge section in the same area (Wilt, 1990). At Hill 14 east of Douglas the Colina Limestone is 290 m thick (Dirks, 1966; Lyons, 1989). The contact of the Earp Formation with the overlying Colina is comfonnable and gradational from the red siltstone of the Earp to the dark limestone of the Colina (Gilluly et aI., 1954, 1956; Dirks, 1966; Lyons, 1989). The upper contact of the Colina with the Epitaph Dolomite is exposed in the Quimby Hills (located north of Hill 14) where intercalated limestones and dolomites of the Colina grade into the mottled dolomitic limestone and dolomite of the Epitaph Dolomite (Dirks, 1966).

consists of thin-and-thick bedded light gray, weatheringbrownish gray limestone with interbeddeddolomitesand scattered silty laminations and cross laminations. In general the outcrop showsregular bedding. Benthic macrofauna and microfauna are usually found in concentrated zones within individual bedsandconsistmainly of gastropods, brachiopods, some corals, and fusulinids. Petrographic study showedpatchesof partially recrystallizedmicrite along with minor silicification as well scatteredhematitic patches. Some brachipods, bryozoa and echinoid plates were observed. Abundant fusulinids, but of low diversity, were found mainly in the upperpart of the section. Other foraminifera such as Paleotextularia (Pl. I, fig. 5), Globivalvulina (pl. I, fig. 7) and Tuberitina also occur. Algal debris suchas Tubiphytesand Calcisphaera and abundantMizzia fragments were alsofound. Age
On Hill 14 fusulinids in the Colina Limestone are locally abundant. A few species have been reported in the Mule Mountains, Pedregosa Mountains, and Guadalupe Mountains (Hill 14), in southeastArizona. In the Mule Mountains Hayes and Landis (1965) reported Triticites sp. aff. T. ventricosus (Meek and Hayden) at the base of the formation, but these collections may represent Earp Formation lithologies. In Limestone Mountain in the Pedregosa Mountains Triticites californicus Thompson and Hazzard, Schwagerina sp. and Staffella sp. are reported to occur at the base of the section (Epis, 1956). A Wolfcampian age is assigned to the lower part of Colina Limestone in these areas (Hayes and Landis, 1965; Epis, 1956). Hill 14 in the Guadalupe Mountains has the highest reported fusulinid content from the Colina Limestone (Dirks, 1966; Lyons, 1989). Dirks reports the presence of Staffella (about 50 m above the base of the section) as well as Schwagerina and Parafusulina upsection. Lyons mentions a similar faunal assemblage to that reported by Dirks, including Nankinella and

Lithology and Micropaleontology On Hill 14 I sampledthe Colina Limestone.It

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Endothyra.Lyons also reportsParafusuIina and Schwagerina in the upperpart of the formation. This fusulinid faunahelpsto assignto the Colina Limestone as Early Leonardian age (Lyons, 1989). Approximately50 metersabovethe baseof the Colina, an Endothyridae (Upper DevonianLower Permian) (Pl. 1, figs. 1,2) and Schubertella sp. (Upper Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian)(pl. 1, Figs. 3-4-8) were collected.The long stratigraphic range of these generacould place theseforms in the Late Wolfcampian age. The highestfusulinid contentwasobserved about 50 to 60 meters below the top of the Colina where abundantSchwagerinaguembeli Dunbar and Skinner (Pl. 5, figs. 2-4) were identified along with a few S. dugoutensis Ross, (Pl. 7, figs. 1-3). These speciesare typical of an Early Leonardianage(Ross,1960; 1962) In sample600, the following fusulinids were found: Parafusulina cf. P. deltoides Ross (Pl. 5, fig. 6), P. leonardensisRoss(Pl. 5, fig. 1), P. ct. P. brooksensisRoss (Pl. 7, figs. 4-5); scarce SchwagerinadugoutensisRossand S. guembeli Dunbarand Skinnerwere identified aswell. Most of the species described suggest Leonardian ages. (Ross, 1960, 1962; Magginetti, 1988). Unfortunately,it wasnot possibleto ascertain the stratigraphic position of sample600. Topographically it is found betweensectionsII A and II B of the Colina Limestone on Hill 14, and probably represents the middle or upper part of the Colina. Environment of Deposition
The Colina Limestone was deposited in a low energy environment, of a quiet, stable platform with restricted circulation - perhaps in a shallow lagoon where salinity increased from time to time. This is indicated by: 1. the presence of calcareous mud and scattered silty laminations, showing probably seasonalvariations;

linids of the samespecies which decrease in size near the top of the section (i.e. Schwagerina guembeli DunbarandSkinner);
4. the abundance of Mizzia, a calcareous green algae common in marine lagoons (Johnson, 1961; Wray, 1977); and

5. the lack of obvious current beddingin the outcrop.

PERMIAN CORRELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ARIZONA

Pemrian stratigraphic correlations that have been made in southeastArizona are based on lithological and facies changes, stratigraphic position, faunal assemblages, and particularly fusulinid content. Sabins (1957), Ross (1963), Sabins and Ross, (1963, 1965) and Ross and T~l (1965) have established biostratigraphic correlations using fusulinids in the Chiricahua,Dos Cabezas and Whetstone Mountains within the Earp Formation and the ConchaLimestone (Virgilian through Guadalupian).The Colina, Epitaph and Scherrer fonnationsareconsidered Leonardianin age basedon fossil assemblages, facies change, and stratigraphic position. McClymonds (1959) correlated Paleozoic Naco Group rocks from several localities in centralPima County with the GunnisonHills and Tombstone Hills in centralCochiseCounty. Dirks (1966), working at the Quimby Ranch (now the Magoffin Ranch) locality in the GuadalupeMountains assigneda WolfcampianLeonardian age to the Earp-Colina beds based upon fusulinids. His fusulinid collection from Colina Limestone beds came from the Hill 14 locality andrepresents the first fusulinids to have been collected from the Colina Limestone in southeast Arizona. Fusulinidswere also abundant in the EarpFormationon Hill 14 and the hills just to the north of Hill 14 andeastof the old Quimby Ranchhouse. Wilt (1969)redescribed the Colina Limestone in the TombstoneHills using modem carbonate rock tenninology. She measuredand correlated six new measuredsections. Correlations were

2. the scarcity of metazoanmarine fauna and benthicforaminiferaincluding the fusulinida andpaleotextularida; 3. the lack of variety but abundantfusu-

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basedchiefly on lithologies and a meagerfossil assemblage. This research helped others to recognizethe Colina environmentof deposition and the various lithologies in other. mountain blocks. Armin (1986)established regionalcorrelations for the Earp Formation (Pennsylvanian-Permian) using numerous sections in southeastArizona and southeast New Mexico. The correlations were based mainly on lithologies and faunal assemblages, including fusulinids, and the position of a prominent red chert pebble conglomeratebed.
The Naco Group rocks of southeast Arizona also have been correlated with those in the Grand Canyon section. The facies changes from the dominantly carbonate and nonclastic deposits of southeasternArizona to the considerably sandier deposits in northern Arizona is remarkable (Stoyanow, 1936, 1942; Gilluly, 1954; Ross, 1978; Wilkinson, 1978; Blakey, 1990).

Lower Pennianagehave beendescribed.This is the only areaknown in northern Sonorawherea relatively complete Permian sequenceoccurs. This section can be correlated with the Naco Group of southeast Arizona except for the ConchaLimestone(peiffer, 1987).According to Maldonado(1954),La Morita shouldbe the type locality of the Naco Group in Sonora.
Lower Permian sediments in these areas are disconformably overlain by Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Bisbee Group (Imlay, 1939; Peiffer,

UPPER PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY OF SONORA Generalities Rocksof Pennianagearewidely distributedin the nonhern,easternand centralparts of Sonora. Because fonnal stratigraphicunits havenot been established,a brief review of the main works is necessary for reference. EI Tigre Fonnation, described by Imlay (1939), along Canon Santa Rosa in the northeastern Sonorahas about 168Om of PennoCarboniferous limestone with chert and interbeddedshalesrich in fusulinids. Approximately 1080mbelong to the Permian sequence (Imlay, 1939). According to Alvarez (1949), Hewett (1978), Schmidt (1978) and Lopez Ramos (1985) this section can be consideredthe type locality, though the sequence is incomplete.The fusulinids Parafusulina skinneri Dunbar and P. sonoraensis Dunbar were fonnally describedby Dunbar(1939)asLeonardianin age.
In Cerro La Morita, 40 km nonh of Cananea (Fig. 2), 185m of partially sandy dolomites of

1987). Noll (1981) proposedthat the PicachoColorado Limestone in Sierra de Cobachi, Sonora should be designated as the type locali ty for Lower Pennianage strataof central Sonora(Fig. 2). The locality comprises about 145Om of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian andPennianstrata. However, these sediments are considered of allochthonous origin (Noll, 1981). In SierraEI Encinal andLa Zacatera, about 14 km south of Bacanora (Fig. 2), Hewett (1978) and Schmidt(1978) describeda 1019mthickness of Lower Permian rocks. They correlatedthese rocks with the EI Tigre Formation in northern Sonora (Fig. 4). However, Minjarez and Torres (1987) proposedthe tenDSantoDomingo Group for the EI Encinal sequence describedby Hewett and Schmidt arguing that the variety and thickness of this sequenceallowed its division into severalformations(Fig. 4). Other localities have been reported by other authors in the north and along an east-west transect throughcentralSonora. They arelistedin Table I. Most of them havebeenconsidered to be Wolfcampian-Leonardian rocks based on the presenceof benthonic foraminifera, including fusulinids and paleotextularida,as well crinoids, bryozoans, some mollusks, brachiopods, and algae.

Arivechi Section
General Description The most extensive rocks described in the Arivechi areaare represented by limestonesand

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10

Fig. 2 - Map showing the localities of Permianoutcrpsin SonoraState.Mexico. Ages and microfauna arelisted in Table I.
interbedded clastics and chert of Permian sequences in fault contact with Jurassic and Cretaceous volcanoclastics (King, 1939, Flinn,

1977, Himanga.1977, Hewett, 1978, Schmidt, 1978, Ornelas, 1984, Palafox et al; 1985;

palafox, 1985; Minjarez, 1987, Pubellier, 1987). The Permian units and the clastic rocks of Jurassic- Cretaceous age are thought to be allochtonous (Minjarez et al., 1985; Pubellier,

1987).

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11

The term "Santo Domingo Group" was flfSt applied in Sierra Santo Domingo to the EI Cajoncito and Cerro Real Viejo sections(Minjarez and Torres, 1987); this is close to the Arivechi section,which was the areachosenfor my study (Figs. 1 and 3). Lithology and Micropaleontology

The Arivechi sectionis a 170mthick sequence of reddish-brown sandy limestone, interbedded with thin- and thick-bedded, sometimessandy, blocky red sandstone and siltstone (20 to 50 cm thick) as well gray massivelaminatedlimestone. Horizontal and cross-beddedsandy layers are common, along with iron concretions and fusulinid casts.Fusulinids and crinoidal debris are abundant; bryozoa and brachipods are common;andcoralsandmollusksare scarce . Large, thick-shelled fusulinids are embedded mainly in sandy limestone. In some samples fusulinids are aligned with the orientation of crossbedding. A petrographic study showed several sharp contacts from fossiliferous to unfossiliferous calcareoussiltstone and sandstone.The sandy limestonesnearthe baseof the sectioncontained less quartz sandand more dark colored organic matter. Petrographically,most samplesare fossiliferous silty and sandy limestones, which are slightly dolomitized in patches. The quartz grains are "floating" in themicrocrystalline carbonate mattix; sometimesauthigenic quartz (crystal overgrowth) is present.In generalthe quartz grains, which are angularand subangular, are within the range of silt and very fine sand. Also, this lithology includes grains of plagioclase, mica, zircon, and a few metamorphicrock fragments. Rounded detrital chert grainsvarying in sizefrom lessthan 1 to 2 or 3 mm, were also found. Magnetite grainsalteredto hematiteoccur asisolated crystals and in well developedlaminations of a single grain thickness. The massive, laminated limestones have a micritic mattix, usually with abundantcrinoidal plates and bryozoa,someforaminifera including fusulinids, a few arenaceous forms such as

Tetrataxis (Pl. 1, fig. 6); brachiopods,mollusc fragments,and ooids, scarcetrilobite fragments, the encrustingalgae Tubiphytes..algal (?) pisolites, and dark colored organic matter. A similar faunal assemblagewas found in the silty and sandy limestones, but in lesser amounts. However: fusulinids were remarkably abundant in the calcareous siltstone. In most of the samples the fusulinids, crinoid stemsand other fossil fragmentsshowedcun-ent orientation, which indicates paleocurrentdirection. In this this locality the walls of the fusulinids were much thicker than specimens observed in southeastern Arizona (Hil114). Age Fusulinidsidentified through the entire Arivechi sectionwere: Parafusulina(Skinnerella)brevis Skinner(Pl. 8, fig. 2), Parafusulina c/. P. brooksensis Ross (Pl. 7, figs. 4-5), P. cf P. allisonensis Ross (Pl. 6, figs. 5-6), Schwagerina crassitectoria Dunbar and Skinner (Pl. 5, fig. 5) S. guembeli Dunbar and Skinner (Pl. 5, figs. 2-4) and Monodiexodina linearis (Dunbar and Skinner) (Pl. 5, figs. 2-4). This faunal association is indicative of an Early Leonardian age (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937; Thompson, 1954; Knight, 1956; Ross, 1960, 1962; Skinner, 1971), with exception of M. linearis (mainly in the middle of the section), which has been reported also in rocks of late Wolfcampian age (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937; Ross, 1963). Thus, a Late Wolfcampian-Early Leonardian age is presented for the Arivechi section(Fig. 3). Also near the middle of the section (sample 8c), Fusulinella sp. indicative of middle Pennsylvania age (Atokan) was found. This sample may be in fault contact with Permianrocks, or it may represent erosion from older fusulinid bearingrocks into Permiandeposits. Environment of deposition The rocks of the Arivechi section suggest deposition in an open shelf, shallow marine

12

O. PerezRamos

environment affectedby wavesor currentswith an intem1ittent supply of terrigenousmaterial. Evidence for this includes the fossiliferous calcareous siltstone,with the commonalignment of the fusulinids, the cross-bedding,occasional interruptions in lithology, worn and broken fusulinid shells,and disarticulated crinoidal stem plates. The broken faunal material indicates transportor reworking of the bioclastics. The elongate, cylindrical shape of the fusulinid test (like Monodiexodina andParafusulina) and their low bulk densityaswell astheir thick shells specializethemfor life in shallow,agitatedwater (Coogan, 1960; Ross, 1961; Scholle, 1983). This type of faunais an ideal currentindicator.In this case it indicates moderately high energy because most of the clasticmaterialis well sorted. The presence of angularand subangularsilt-size quartzalong with someplagioclase, mica, zircon, and rounded rock fragments,indicates a source not far away. During heavy stormsor storm tides the same grainscould havebeentransported somedistance awayfrom the shorelineand depositedin slightly deeperwaters.This statement is basedupon the observation that most terrigenous grains are "floating"in micrite which suggests transportation to and ultimate deposition in quiet marine environment Also, the interbedded silty or sandy blocky beds in the limestones are suggestive of an increase in clastic supplyfrom time to time. Willard sections I and II General Description The Willard quarry, located about 16 km southeast of Hermosillo, exposesMississippian, Pennsylvanianand Permian limestonesand do-. lomites (some metamorphosed), sandstones and chert (Flores, 1929; Rodriguez,1981; Peiffer, 1987). The limestones are rich in crinoids, bryozoans,corals, brachiopods, and fusulinids. The Willard quarry has beenopenedin small hills located 3 to 4 km to the west of the Cerro Prieto and SierraSantaTeresa(Figs. 1 and 4).

The Sierra Santa Teresa preserves the thickest Upper Paleozoic rock sequencethat outcrops near Hermosillo. In this area Peiffer (1987) describes a 1500m thickness of Pennsylvanian-Pennian units, comprising limestones, sandy limestones and black nodular and bedded chen. The faunal assemblage includes crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods, corals, fusulinids and other foraminifera (paleotextularida), and some algae.
Two Permian sections were measured in the Willard quarry east of Sierra Santa Teresa:

Section I is on the west side of the quarry. It comprises 110m of thin bedded crinoidal limestone that is panially recrystallized, dolomitized, silicified and hematized Benthonic fauna in this section are deformed, broken and badly preserved. Section II is on the east side of the quarry. It comprises 180m thick section of recrystallized cheny limestones, with silicified fusulinids being poorly preserved.
In general, this area was strongly folded and fractured by post-Paleozoic intrusions and regional tectonism (Rodriguez, 1981).

Willard Section I Lithology and Micropaleontology Poorly resistant ferruginous shale was observedat the baseof the section.Units higher in the sectionwere mostly thin-to thick- bedded (10 to 30 cm) and blocky (50 cm ) crinoidal limestones of dark gray to reddish color and slightly silty. Near the middle of the section fusulinids and bryozoawere abundantin a white yellowish bedded limestone.The uppermost units are limestones that tend to be darker and brownishand havefewer fossils. A petrographic study shows that the shales also contain some angular and subangularsiltsizequartz.The matrix is silicified andhematized and shows a few micas. The position of the hematite helps to recognize laminations. No fossils were observed. In general,the limestone consistsof micrite that was partially recrystallized, dolomitized, silicified, andhematized.Also, some authigenic

O. PerezRamos

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quartz was observed as fracture flllings with hematite and recrystallized calcite. The most abundantfossils were found in the middle of the section and include bryozoa, crlnoidal ossicles, and foraminifera such as fusulinids and paleotextularida.Fusulinids were poorly preserved. In some samplesthey were silicified and showed parallel orientation. Dark material thought to be organic matter of probably algal origin (Tubiphytes?) was also observed.Sparse mollusca fragments and sponge spicules were also found. Age
Although most fusulinids were broken and deformed. it was possible to identify Parafusulina (Skinnerella) cf. P. (S.) sonoraensis Dunbar (pl. 8, figs. 1-4), P. cf. P. brooksensis Ross (pl. 7,figs. 4-5), P. cf. P. durhami Thompson and Miller (pl. 9, fig. 2) P. c/. P. deltoides Ross (Pl. 5, fig. 6), P. (Skinnerella) P. sp. A (Pl. 8, figs. 3,5; Pl. 9, fig. 1) and P. empirensis Sabins and Ross (Pl. 9, figs. 3-4). This fauna was found mainly in the middle part of the section. This faunal assemblage is indicative of Leonardian age (Dunbar, 1939; Thompson and Miller, 1949; Ross, 1960), with exception of P. empirensis which had been reponed only in rocks of Guadalupian (Wordian) age (Sabins and Ross, 1962). Thus, a probably Late LeonardianEarly Guadalupian age is confined for the Willard section I (Fig. 3).

Willard Section II Lithology and Micropaleontology

This sectionis approximately180mthick. The exact thickness of the section was difficult to detemrlne due to the strongfolding of the area. This sectioncomprisesa chaotic sequence of massive grayish, greenish, and reddish limestone,alternating with reddish beddedchert. Near the middle and upper parts of the section there is an increase of nodular chert in the limestoneand beddingalternates betweenlimestoneandchert
The limestones consist of partially recrystallized micrite that is silicified and has hematite stain.

The faunal assemblage consists of abundant broken and worn crinoidal plates, poorly preserved fusulinids, bioclastic debris, and some bryozoa, pellets, algal debris, and sponge spicules. At the base of the section large amountsof randomly oriented and strongly silicified fusulinids were found embedded in the limestoneor in clusterson the surfaceof the rock. Thesetests decreasedin abundanceupsection. Most fusulinids were found to be embedded in the nodular cherts. Age Based on the presence of Parajusulina empirensisSabinsand Ross (Pl. 9, fig. 4) in the Willard sectionII a Guadalupianage is assigned to these rocks (Sabins and Ross, 1963). This species was the only one identified in this section. The forms identified correspondedto macroandmicrosphericgrowth stages. This type of development is commonly found in fusulinids from middle Permian rocks (Dunbar, 1935). Thesefusulinids are probably closely related to the Guadalupian stage(Sabinsand Ross,1963).

Environment of Deposition
The assemblage of crinoids, bryozoa, some molluscsfragmentsand spongespicules,as well as benthonicforaminifera and somealgal debris in the limestones suggestsa shallow, normal marine environment The presence of unfossiliferousred shaleat the baseof the formation and the continuity of carbonatesthrough the whole section may indicate a increasein relative sea level.

O. PerezRamos

15

Environment of Deposition A change in water depth and/or increasing salinity is suggestedby the presenceof poorly preserved,partially silicified, packed fusulinids in limestones, a decreasing fossil content gradually towards the middle and top of the

section, and a scarcity of other types of marine fauna. The abundance of chen nodules, along with the increase of interbedded chen in the limestone, an the preservation of fusulinids in the chert stronglysuggests thereplacement of limestoneby silica.

Table I. Microfauna, localities and age of Permian rocks in Sonora

LOCAllON MICROFAUNA AGE

NOR nIERN AREA

La Morita (peiffer,1987)*
Triticites, Schubertella, Schwagerina

Permian Leonardian Wolfcampian-Leonardian Leonardian

Parafusulina skinneri, El Tigre Pm. CanonSantaRosa(Imlay, 1939) Schwagerina Parafusulina imlay, Triticites SierraHuchitaHueca(Im1ay,1939) Triticites, Parafusulina, Stafella, Sierrade Teras(Tovar, 1959)** Schwagerina, Monodiexodina, Schubertella

SierraEl Tule (Gonzalez,1986) El Antimonio MonosFm (Cooper, 1965;Brunner, 1979)

Schwagerina, Schubertella P arafusuIina antimoniensis

Virgilian-Wolfcampian Guadalupian

EASlERN AREA PicachoColoradoLs.Sierra Cobachi(Knoll,1981, Peiffer, 1987,King, 1939)

EI Palmar Fm. Cerros EI Palmar, La Agujita (Minjarez, et al.

ParafusuIina sp. ifP. skinneri, P. skinnerellamagna, P. sonoraensis Schubertella, Schwagerina, Parafusulina

Parafusulina im/ayi, Schwagerina Monodiexodina, P. sp.

Leonardian

Wolfcampian-Leonardian Wolfcampian -Leonardian

1985) EI Tigre Fm; SierraE1Encinal andLa Zacatera (Hewett& Schmidt, 1978) SierraLos Pinitosin Bacanora (Peiffer, 1987)

Parafusulina imlayi, P. sp. Wolfcampian(Sakmarian) Cuniculinellacalyx, Schwagerina

16

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SantoDomingo Group SierraSantoDomingo (Minjarez, 1986

Arivechi section ***(this report)

Schwagerinacrassitectoria

Early Leonardian

Schwagerina crassitectoria, Parafusulina if. P. brooksensis, Monodiexodina linearis, P. (SkinnerelIa) brevis Charaloschwagerina if.C. knighthi, PartfusuIina barkeri Parafusulina sp.

W 0 If campian-Leonardian

SierraMazatan(King, 1939, Ochoa,1992)SierraAgua Verde LasOninas;Ma7.at~n Soyopaarea(King, 1939) SierraLa Campaneria Bacanora(Vega y Araux, 1987 SierraEI Aliso, Bacanora (Bartolini, 1988) CerroLas Rastras andLos Chinostrail (King, 1939; Menicucci 1982;Peiffer, 1987)

Early Leonardian

Lower Pennian Wolfcampian-Leonardian

Wolfcampian

Parafusulina sp.
Schubertella, Triticites, Schwagerina, Parafusulina, Pseudoschwagerina

Schwagerina aff. S. bel/ula, Wolfcampian S. sp.Pseudoendothyra, Triticites creekensis, Pseudoschwagerina, S. longissimoidea, Charaloschwagerina, Dunbarinella hughensis Parafusulinaimlayi,Schwagerina Wolfcampian-Leonardian

Cerro Martinez (Menicucci, 1982; Peiffer, 1987) Cerro Valuane (Menicucci, 1982; Peiffer,1987) CerroTinaja (Menicucci,1982; Peiffer, 1987)

Parafusulina obtusa Parafusulina skinneri, Wolfcampian-Leonardian Cuniculinella calyx, Skinnerella biconica,

Schwagerina ana
Parafusulina sonoraensis,Parafusulina, Wolfcampian-Leonardian Schwagerina Boultonia, Pseudojusulina,

Schubertella

CENTRAL SONORA Upper bedsAparejo Ls. Las Norias (Araux, 1985) SieITa SantaTeresa southeast Hennosillo (peiffer, 1987) Cerrode La Flojera (King, 1939) Willard sectionI (this report) Parafusulina sp.
Pseudojusulina, Parafusulina, Dunbarinella, Boultonia, Schwagerina

Leonardian Wolfcampian-Leonardian Lower Permian(1) Leonardian-Early Guadalupian

fusulinids Parafusulina(Skinnerella) P. cf. P.

cfP .sonoraensis, P. cf. P. brooksensis, P. durhami, P. cfP.deltoides,

P. (Skinnerella)P. sp. A, P. empirensis

O. PerezRamos

17

Willard sectionII (Peiffer, 1987) (this report) * ** ***

Pseudofusulina Parafusulinaempirensis

Leonardian Guadalupian

Other generaand species:Triticites c/. T. creekensis, T. cullomensis, Fusulinella (Pennsylvanian), in the middle of Permiansection;Boultonia, Schwagerina silverensis. Other genera: Pseudoreichelina, Schwagerina eolata,Parastafella,Nankinella, Oketaella,Toriyamaio,Boultonia. Fusulinella (Middle Pennsylvanian) in themiddle of the section.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Phylum Protozoa ClassRhizopodea yon Siebold, 1845 OrderForaminiferida

Suborder Textulariina Delage and Heroward, 1896

Family Fusulinidae Yon Moller, 1878 SubfamilySchubertellinae Skinner, 1931 GenusSchubertella Staff and Wedekind, 1910 Schubertella sp. (pl. I, figs. 3, 4, 8) Occurrence: base of Colina Limestone Stratigraphicrange:Upper Pennsylvanian, Lower Permian. SubfamilyFusulininaevon Moller, 1877 Genus:Fusulinella Yon Moller, 1877 Type species: F. bocki von Moller, 1877 Fusulinella sp. (Pl. 2, fig. 1) Description: Shell small of elongate fusiform shapewith slightly pointed or roundedends,and uniform or slightly convex lateral slopes. Specimens of4 to 5 volutions reachlength 3.5 to 6 mm and 1.5to 3.5 mm in diameter.Proloculus about0.075mIDoutsidediameter. Spirothecathin composedof tectumand diaphanotheca.Early volutions loose coiled, subglobose,increasinggraduallyin sizewith typical fusiform shapeand pointed ends.Fluting only in polar regions. Tunnel path straight. Thick chomata borderedtunnel area,decreasing in height towardextremities. Remarks: This speciesis similar to Fusulinella juncea Thompsonand F. acuminataThompson in generalshapeand internal features.However, this specimen is poorly oriented and precise identificationis difficult Occurrence: This genusis confmed to rocks of Middle Pennsylvanian age.Only one samplewas found in themiddle part of Arivechi section.

SuperfamilyPaleotextulariacea Galloway, 1933 Family Palaeotextulariidae Galloway, 1933 GenusPalaeotextularia Schubert, 1921 Palaeotextulariasp.(PI.I, fig. 5) Occurrence: In eastern Arizona: Colina Limestone and Earp Formation; In Sonora: Arivechi sectionandWillard sectionI. Stratigraphic range:Carboniferous-Permian. Family Tetrataxidae Galloway, 1933 Genus Tetrataxis Ehrenberg,1854 Tetrataxis sp. (Pl. I, fig. 6) Occurrence: Abundant in the Early Permianof eastern Arizona,mainly in the EarpFormation. Stratigraphic range:Carboniferous-Triassic. Family Biseriarnminidae Chernysheva, 1941 Genus Globivalvulina Schubert, 1921 Globivalvulina sp. (pl. I, fig. 7) Occurrence: eastern Arizona, in Colina LimestoneandEarpFormation. Stratigraphic range: Upper PennsylvanianPermian. Family Endothyridae, Brady, 1884 Endothyridae (Pl. I, figs. 1-2)

Occurrence: base of Colina Limestone. Stratigraphic range: Upper Devonian-Lower Permian.

18

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PlateI. Endothyridae, Schubertella, Paleotextularida

Figures 1~2. Endothyridae. BaseColinaLimestoneeastern Arizona 1. Axial section,U.S. 121 size 50 microns 2. Axial section,U.S. 122 size 50 microns
Figures 3, 4, 8 Schubertella sp

BaseColinaLimestone, eastern Arizona 3. Axial section.U.S. 123 size60 microns 4. Axial section.U.S. 124 size60 microns 8. Equatorialsection,U.S. 128 size40 microns Figures 5,6 Paleotextularida 5. Paleotextularia sp. eastern Arizona andeastern and westernSonora localities 500, 600, U.S. 125 size 100microns

6.Tetrataxis

sp..

eastern Arizona, locality 500, 501, 600 U.S. 126 size 180 microns Figure 7. Globivalvulina sp. ,

eastern Arizona, locality 500, U.S. 127 size25 microns U.S.= University of Sonoraspecimen number

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Plate 2. Fusulinella, Pseudochusenellaand Schwagerina

(All figures exceptno. I lOX)

Figure 1. Fusulinella sp.

Arivechi section,eastern Sonora

. Axial section,locality 8a U.S. 128

Figures 2,3. Pseudochusenella sp. A

size 150microns

EarpFonnation,eastern Arizona 2. Axial section,locality 500, U.S. 129 3. Sagittal section,locality 500. U.S. 130

Figures

4-6.

Paraschwagerina

cr.

,f.

(Thompson

and

EarpFonnation.eastern Arizona 4. Axial sectionlocality 500. U.S. 131 5. Axial sectionlocality 500. U.S. 132 6. Sagittal section,locality 500,U.S. 133

Wheeler)

22

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Plate3. Schwa~erin~ Ru~osofusulina and Parasch wagerina (All figures lOX) Figures 1-3. Ru~osofusulina sp. A

EarpFonnation,eastern Arizona 1. Axial sectionlocality 500, U.S. 134 2. Axial sectionof locality 500, U.S. 135 3. Sagittalsection,locality 500, U.S. 136

Figure 4. Paraschwa~erina sp. A

EarpFormation,eastern Arizona 4. Axial section,locality 503, U.S. 136

Figures5,6. Schwagerina nrovidensThompson and Hazzard

EarpFonnation.eastern Arizona 5. Axial section,locality 503 6. Sagittalsection,locality 503 U.S. 137 U.S. 138

Figures 7,8. Schwa~erina sp. A

EarpFonnation.eastern Arizona 7. Axial sectionlocality 501 8. Axial sectionlocality 501

u.s. 139
U.S. 140

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23

24

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, ,.. Ramos

Plate4. Pseudoschwa~erina (All figures lOX)

Figures

1-3.

Pseudoschwagerina

uddeni

(Beede

and

Kniker)

upperpart of EarpFormation.eastern Arizona

u.s. 141 1. Axial section,locality 503 U.S. 142 2. Axial section,locality 503 3. Sagittalsection,locality 503 U.S. 143
Figures 4,5. Pseudoschwaeerina beedei Dunbar and Skinner

upperpart of EarpFonnation.eastern Arizona 4. Axial section,locality 503 5. Sagittalsection,locality 503

u.s. 144
U.S. 145

.;

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25

/
3

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Family Schwagerinidae Dunbar and Henbest, 1930 Subfamily Chusenellinae Kahler and Kahler, 1966

GenusPseudochusenella Bensh, 1987 Type species Chusenella Hsu, 1942; emend. Chen, 1956 Pseudochusenella sp. A (pl. 2, figs, 2,3) Pseudofusulinaglobularis Gubler, 1935.Mem Soc. Geol. France, v. XI, fasc. 4, p. 87, pl. I, figs. 1-7.
Chusenella gubleri Stewart, 1158, pl. 157, figs. 4-5. 1963, p. 1157-

Description: Medium size of highly globular to subspherical shape with small lateral polar projections, broadly rounded. Specimensof 8 volutions reachlength of 6 to 7.2 mm and 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Proloculussmall, thick-walledrangesbetween 0.10 and 0.11 mm inside diameter. Spirotheca thick, coarsely alveolar, increasesin thickness from 0.01 mm in first volution to 0.14 mm in seventh volution. The first threevolutionstightly coiled and elongated; gradual expansionof the following whorls establishthe subgloboseshape of this species.Septa thick with strong fluting regularly spaced with high and wide mostly rounded septal folds that reach the top of the wall. Intense vesicular fluting in polar extremities. Tunnel weakly developedin very early volution. Slight axial fillings acrossmiddle of the shell, in early volutions, also secondary deposits fill crestsin somesepta.Proloculusborderedby tiny chomata,increasingin size and diameterin first three or four volutions, but lacking in outeffi1ost whorls. Remarks: Stewart, 1963, includes within the genusChusenellaspecies having: "coiledjuvenarium, heavy axial fill, steeplateral slopeswith pointed apices, almost complete absence of chomata,highly fluted septaexcept in the first few volutions, small to medium size proloculus and thin spirotheca with weakly developed fibers in the keriotheca". However, Bensch, (1987) placedall the species having rathera pronounced

polar knobs, as was found in the speciesdescribed,within the genus Pseudochusenella. The most closely similar to the species described is Pseudochusenella gubleri (Stewan) in generalshape,size of the test and size of the proloculus; however,it differs in having thinner spirotheca, first volutions strongly elongate, absence of chomataand axial fillings in the inner whorls. The speciesdescribed is superficially similar in axial sectionto Chalaroschwagerina tumentis Skinner and Wilde, in size, general shapeand wall thickness;however, C. tumentis differs in having fewer volutions, larger proloculus with tiny chomataon the proloculus and slight axial deposits. Paraschwagerina kansasensis(Beedeand Kniker), showsthinner wall, lessseptalfluting, thick chomatain the first whorls andlesspronounced polar ends. Occurrence: Stratigraphicoccurrence andrange of the genusPseudochusenella is WolfcampianLeonardian.Only two well preservedspecimens were found in the basalpan of the lower member of the Earp Formation in the Douglas area, in association with Rugosofusulina sp. A, Paraschwagerina cf. P. fax (Thompson and Wheeler)andParaschwagerinasp.A.
Subfamily Schwagerininae Dunbar and Henbest, 1930

GenusMonodiexodina Sosnina, 1956. Type species: Schwagerina wanneri (Schubert) var. sutschanicaDutkevich, 1934
Monodiexodina Skinner) (pl. 6, figs. linearis 1-4) (Dunbar and

Schwagerina linearis Dunbarand Skinner,1937, p. 637-638,pl.62, figs. 12-15, pl. 63, figs.1-7. Parafusulina linearis (Dunbar and Skinner), Slade, 1962,p. 89, pl.15, fig. 1, pl.16, figs. 4-7. Schwagerina sp. aff. linearis Dunbar and Skinner. Robinson, 1962.p. 116, pl.17, fig. 12. Monodiexodina linearis (Dunbar and Skinner), Ross, 1962, p.6,7. figs. 11-13; 1963, p.160161, pl.14, figsl-3, 4-7. Description: Slender, highly elongatedsubcylindrical shell with slightly irregular outline and bluntly pointed ends. Specimenof 7 volutions reach 7.9 to 13.1 mm in length and 1.5 to 2.8 rom in diameter.Proloculusthick-walled.0.16 to

O. Perez Ramos

29

0.22 mIDinside diameter.Spirotheca moderately thick, finely alveolar, slightly thinning towards the ends. Wall thickness 0.01 mID in first volution to 0.10 mID in six or sevenvolutions. Early volutions low and elongate,increasing in size gradually with uniform height and slightly pointed ends. Last two or three whorls show suddenelongation. Young forms haveslight lateralslopes, having inner whorls someheightened, but as maturity is approached they show subcylindrical shapeand ratherflat outline. Intense fluting with low septal folds throughoutthe shell, exceptin polar ends,where fluting forms chamberlets. Outer surface of proloculus borderedby pseudochomata. Tunnel path is not well defined. Secondary depositsare presentalong axial zone and in early volutions tend to illl folded septa. Low cuniculi well displayedin tangentialsections. Remarks: Thesespecimens arestrikingly similar to specimens reportedfrom a numberof localities of Wolfcampian agein the southwestern United States;they probably belongto the samelineage. Most individuals of this collection are immature forms and only a few of them represent the typical Monodiexodinalinearis, but with slight thick whorls and presenceof pseudochomata. The speciesdescribed is closely similar to M. bispatulataWilliams from Texas;it differs in the absence of chomata,well deimedtunnelpath and stronger axial fillings in spatula shape. Schwagerina prolongada (Berry), is slightly larger and wider, with low chomata in ilfSt volutions, smaller proloculus and well deimed tunnel path. S. steinmanni Dunbar and Newell, shows stronger axial fillings and well defined tunnel path. Para[usulina peruana Roberts, is smaller, with larger proloculus and chomatain early volutions; alsoit showsdifferent patterns of axial i1llings. The last three are SouthAmerican species.
Occurrence: Monodiexodina linearis had been reported in rocks of the Late Wolfcampian-Early Leonardian in Texas and Nevada (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937; Slade, 1962; Robinson, 1962; Ross, 1962, 1963). In this study this species is

found at the base and in the middle part of Arivechi section, whereis fairly abundant.
Genus Parafusulina 1931 Dunbar and Skinner,

Type species:Parafusulina wordensis Dunbar and Skinner, 1931.GlassMountains,Texas. Parafusulina leonardensis Ross, 1962 (Pl. 5, fig. 1) ParafusulinaleonardensisRoss, 1962,p. 17-18, pl. 5, figs. 1-8; Magnetti, Stevens,Stone, 1988, p. 28-29, pl. 13, fig. 7, pl. 14, figs. 6-8 Description: Large, subcylindrical shell with irregular outline and bluntly pointed ends; specimenwith 7 volutions reach 12.5 mm in length and 2.8 mm in diameter.Proloculus 0.22 mm inside diameter. Spirotheca thick finely alveolar,becomingthinner up to fourth volution; wall thickens from 0.10 mm in first whorl to 0.090mm in sixth volution. Earliest volutions of highly fusiform shapeand pointed ends loosely coiled; later there is a suddenexpansionof the next whorls with roundedends. Intenseseptalfolding throughout,exceptnear middle of shell andlast volutions; somevesicular folding in extremities.Sparse high and low septal folds in last volutions.Tunnel wide with irregular path. Proloculus partially, crushed. Light axial fIllings observed in inner volutions. Remarks: Only one specimen was found, similar in all aspectsexcept intensit:Yof axial filling to specimensdescribedby Ross in west Texas. Occurrence: Parafusulina leonardensis was originally reportedin lower bedsof the Leonard Formation in the Glass Mountains Texas (Ross, 1962)alsoin the upperpart of the OwensValley Group (Leonardian),in California (Magnetti, et al., 1988).In this study, this specieswas found in Colina Limestone, Douglas area, in associationwith Parafusulina cf. P. deltoides Ross and P. cf. P. brooksensis Ross (Lower Leonardian).
Parafusulina fig. 6) cr. P. deltoides Ross (Pl. 5,

Parafusulinadeltoides Ross, 1960, p.126-127,

30

O. PerezRamos

Plate6. Monodiexodina, Parafusulina (All figures lOX) Figures

,2,3,4.

Monodiexodina

linearis

(Dunbar

and

middle part of Arivechi section,eastern Sonora 1. Axial section,locality 9, U.S. 152 2. Axial sectionof locality 9, U.S. 153 3. Tangentialsectionshowingcuniculi, locality 9, U.S. 15 4. Sagittalsection,locality 9 U.S. 155

Figures

5,6.

Parafusulina

allisonensis

Middle and upperpart of Arivechi section,Sonora 5. Axial section.locality 8. 6. Axial section.locality 1.

Ross

u.s. 156
U.S. 157

Skinner)

O. PerezRamos

31

32

O. Perez Ramos

Plate7. Schwagerina. Parafusulina

(All figW'CslOX)

Figures 1,2,3. Schwa&erina du&outensis Ross Arivechi section.eastern Sonora 1. Axial section,locality A-8 2. Axial section,locality 600 3. Sagittalsection,locality A-8

u.s. 158 U. S. 159 U.S. 100

Figures

4,5.

Parafusulina

cr.

~.

brooksensis

Willard sectionIt eastern SonoraandColina Ls. Fonnationteastern Arizona 4. Axial section,locality 302, 5. Axial section.locality 600, U.S. 161 U.S. 162.

Ross

O. PerezRamos

33

34

O. PerezRamos

pl. 19, figs. 12-13, pl. 20, figs. 1-5; Robinson, 1962,p.133, pl.19, figs. 5-7. Description: Shell large, elongatefusiform with irregular outline and sharply or bluntly pointed rounded ends. Specimenswith 6 or 7 volutions reach from 8.3 to 12.3 mm in length and 2.4 to 2.8 mm in diameter. Proloculus range between 0.18 to 0.20 mm inside diameter. Spirotheca thick and coarselyalveolarin the outervolutions, thinning in earliestvolutions; sometimes tapering toward the ends. The wall in initial volutions 0.01 to 0.02 mm thick, in seventhvolution 0.12 mm thick. Loose coiled inner volutions, following gradual expansion of whorls with elliptical shape or straight lateral slopes with pointe4 ends; sudden elongation of last two whorls with bluntly or pointed ends. High and low septal folding throughout the shell, but unevenlyspaced in the middle plane in the last whorls and tunnel areas.Somevesicular fluting present in polar extremities. Secondary depositsfill axial region in early volutions and occur at crestsof septa.Proloculusborderedwith rudimentary chomata and possibly in the first volution. Tunnel wide with inoegular path. Remarks: Although considerable diversity is present in Parafusulinadeltoides asillustratedby Ross,the generaloutline, the elliptical or slightly pointed ends of the inner whorls and the short axial fillings, are distinctive features in this species. The specimen described closely resembles P. skinneri Dunbar, from Sonora, Mexico; however P. skinneri differs in having stronger axial fillings and the inner whorls expandgraduallywith ratherpointedends. Occurrence: Parafusulina cf. P. deltoides was originally described in the middle pan of the Hess memberof the Leonard Formationin westTexas (Ross, 1960).In the study area,this specieswas found in Colina Limestone Douglas section, associatedwith P. leonardensis Ross and P. cf.P. brooksensis Ross. In the Willard section I P. cf. P. deltoides is associatedwith P. cf. P. brooksensis Ross,P. (Skinnerella) cf. P. (S.) sonoarensisDunbar,P. cf.P. durhami Thompson and Miller, P. (Skinnerella) sp. A and P. empirensis Sabins and Ross.

Parafusulina allisonensis Ross (Pl. 6, figs. 5,6) Parafusulina allisonensis Ross, 1960, p. 126, pl. 19, figs. 1-9; 1962.p. 14-15,pl. 2, figs. 1-4; Robinson, 1961. p.125. pl.18, figs. 11-13. Description: Subcylindrical shell of medium size with 6 volutions. reaching length of 7.5 to 10.7 mm and 2.1 to 3 mm in diameter. The outline is slightly irregular with ttuncate extremities with some sloping and rounding. Proloculus ranges from 0.0120 to 0.240 mm outside diameter.The wall is composedof thin tectum and moderately coarse alveolar spirotheca. about 0.020 mm in fIrSt two volutions, gradually increasing to 0.070 to 0.090, and reaches 0.110mm in fifth and sixth volutions. First volutions of highly fusiform shape, increasing gradually in size, becoming slightly elliptical; last volutions with rather pointed ends on one side and truncateon the other, thoughthe general outline has both truncate ends. Septa regularly fluted with mostly low folding in the middle sectionof the shell andpolar ends. Tunnel wide of irregular path. Proloculus borderedby rudimentarychomata. One specimen shows strong secondary deposits along axial section but last whorls; also thesedepositscoat someseptalfolding. Remarks: Only two specimens were found that closely resemble Parafusulina allisonensis. describedby Ross(1962)from GlassMountains. Parafusulina allisonensis as illustrated by Ross (1962) exhibits considerablevariation and has considerablestratigraphicrange (122 metersin the Glass Mts. of west Texas). The specimen illustratedin plate 6. fig. 5. may actuallybe more properly referedto Monodiexodina althoughit is more fusiform than most specimens of that genus.The specimenillustrated in plate 6. fig. 6 hasno axial filling and is similar to the specimen illustrated by Ross (1962. PI.2. fig. 1) from the lower part of the Leonard Formation, Glass Mountains.Texas. Occurrence: Parafusulina cf. P. alisonensis Ross was originally described from the Hess Member of the lower part of the Leonard Formation. west Texas; it was found in the middle and upper part of Arivechi section in Sonora.

O. PerezRamos

35

associated with M onodiexodinainearis (Dunbar and Skinner), P. cr. P. brooksensis Ross,P. (Skinnerella ) brevis Skinner, Schwagerina dugoutensis RossandSchwagerina crassitectoria Dunbar and Skinner. '

Parafusulina 7, figs. 4-5)

cf. P. brooksensis Ross (pl.

Occurrence: P. cf. P. brooksensis Ross is originally reponed in the upper part of the Hess Memberfrom the LeonardFonnation westTexas (Ross, 1960). The speciesdescribedwas found in three different localities: Colina Limestonein fme grained carbonate sediments, in Arivechi section in sandy limestone; and in Willard, sectionI in grainstones.
Parafusulina (Skinnerella) cf. P. (S.) sonoraensis Dunbar (Pl. 8, figs. 1,2)

Parafusulina brooksensis Ross, 1960, p. 129130, pl. 20, figs. 7-14, pl. 21, figs. 1, 4-6; Robinson, 1962, p.136, pl. 19, figs. 13-15.

Description: Shell of medium size, thickly fusiform with roundedpointed ends.Specimens with 5 to 7 volutionsmeasure from 6 to 13mm in length and 1.8 to 4 mm in diameter.Proloculus range between 0.16 mm and 0.48 mm inside diameter. Early volutions loosely coiled with highly fusiform shape,increasinggradually in sizewith somewhatflat surfaceand straight lateral slopes with pointed ends. Spirothecacomposedof tectum andcoarsealveolarkeriotheca. The thickness of wall increasesfrom 0.02 mm in fIrst volution to 0.18 mm in seventhvolution. Intensefluting is presentthroughoutthe shell with low and high septal folds except in tunnel areas. Large proloculus, with rudimentary chomata. Tunnel wide with irregular path. Light or heavy secondary deposits fill axial zonesand sometimes coat the septa. Remarks: Although some specimens in this study show a thicker wall than noted in the original descriptions, the size of the shell, large proloculusandlateral slopeswith pointedendsin the inner whorls comparewith Parafusulina cf. P. brooksensis. Specimensfrom Arivechi and WiUardsections showheaviersecondary deposits than those from the Douglas area. The species described is also similar to Schwagerina dugoutensis Ross,but it differs in having rather elliptical shape of the inner whorls, heavy secondarydepositsand smallerproloculus. The specimens studiedarenot well orientedandcould be referredto the genusSchwagerina. Until better oriented specimens are obtainedno firm assignment canbe made.

Parafusulina sonoraensis 1750-1751, pl. 3, figs. 1-8.

Dunbar, 1939, p.

Parafusulina sp. aff. sonoraensis Dunbar. Robinson, 1961, p.138, pl.19, figs. 17-19.

Description: Large, thickly fusiform shell, with steep lateral slopes and pointed ends; general outline slightly irregular. Specimensof 7 to 8 volutions having length of 10.6 to 12.8mIn and diameter of 5 mIn. Proloculus large, ranging from 0.260 to 0.420 mm inside diameter. First volution wide of irregular shape,next volutions gradually increase in size with subcylindrical shapeand slight constriction in middle of shell, with pointedor roundedextremities. Spirotheca thick, finely alveolar, becoming slightly thinner in the inner whorls, up to the fourth volution. Wall thicknessin early volutions is about 0.030, 0.050 and 0.080 mm to 0.120, 0.140 and0.160 mm in sixth, seventhand eighth volutions respectively.Intensefluting, with low and high septal folds unevenly disperse throughoutthe shell,decreasing in tunnel area. Proloculusthick-walled and wide tunnel area. Heavy axial fillings on either side of tunnel and along midplane; also secondary deposits coat septa. Absenceof chomata. Remarks: Specimens from Arivechi resemblein generalshape, sizeandinternal featuresthe types of P. (S.) sonoraensis , except for the inner walls. Probably the next most similar to these specimensis P. gruperaensis Thompson and Miller, (Wolfcampian) from Guatemala,Central America, but it is smaller in size, has thinner walls andcoarse alveolarkeriotheca. This species is also relatedto SchwagerinaguembeliDunbar andSkinner;but it differs in havingmoreregular outline. rather flat surface in the inner whorls,

O. PerezRamos

37

38

O. PerezRamos

smallerproloculus,presence of chomata,smaller proloculusanddifferentpatternof axial fIllings. Occurrence: P. (S.) sonoraensis was originally described in SierraEl Tigre, NE Sonoraand is consideredas Leonardianin age.This species was found in Willard section I, associated with P. cr. P. brooksensis Ross,P. cf. P. deltoides Ross,P. (Skinnerella ) sp. A P. cf. P. durhami Thompsonand Miller and P. empirensis Sabins and Ross.
Parafusulina (Pl. 8, fig. 2)
Parafusulina p.8-9, pl.17,

Occurrence: P. (Skinnerella)brevis was originally describedin the Bone Spring Fomlation (Leonardian) west Texas (Skinner, 1971). The specimens described here were found in the lower and middle part of Arivechi section, in association with Schwagerina dugoutensisRoss, Schwagerina crassitectoria Dunbar and Skinner, and Monodiexodina linearis (Dunbar and Skinner).
Parafusulina (Skinnerella) figs. 3,5; pl. 9, fig. 1) sp. A (Pl. 8,

(Skinnerella)
(Skinnerella) figs. 1-6. brevis

brevis
Skinner,

Skinner
1971,

Description: Stout shell, thickly fusiform with slightly concave lateral slopes and broadly roundedends.Specimens of 5 volutions attain a length of 6.8 to 8 mm and 3 to 3.5 mm in diameter.Pmloculuslarge and spherical,ranging from 0.38 to 0.60 mm inside diameter. First volution showssubsphericalshape, next volutions gradually increasein size with rather flat surfaceand slightly pointed ends.Spirotheca thick and finely alveolar in outer volutions, becomingthinnerup to the third volution; having thickness from 0.020 mm in fIrst volution to 0.120 mm in fIfth volution. Fluting is intense throughout shell, but unevenly dispersed in tunnelareaandlast volution. High andlow septal folding observed, as well somephrenotheca.
Proloculus bordered by scanty and tiny chomata. Tunnel wide of irregular path. Heavy secondary deposits bound tunnel areas and tend to develop in axial zones as well coating crests in septa.

Remarks: Although only two small specimens were found, they appear to be similar in all aspectsto the type speciesof P. (Skinnerella) brevis. The forms describedare comparedwith P. (Skinnerella)formosa Skinner (Leonardian), from west Texas,in size of proloculus,presence of chomata and type of fluting; however, the latter showsinner whorls extremely longer with rather sharply ends,slight secondarydepositsin axial zonesandthinnerspirotheca.

Description: Shell large, fusiform with pointed roundedendsand slightly convex lateral slopes. Specimenswith 7 to 8 volutions, reach about 11.2to 12 mm in length (onehalf brokenis 9 mm long) and 3.4 to 4.2 mm in diameter. Proloculus large, measuring0.380 to 0.560 mm insidediameterandmay be aspherical. Spirothecamoderatelythick, finely alveolar, becoming gradually thinner in the flISt two volutions, The wall is about 0.020 to 0.030 mm in first volutions and 0.160 to 0.190 mm in fIfth and sixth volutionsrespectively.Most high septa arein outer volutions;low septaratherdevelopin the midplaneand extremities.Somephrenotheca areobserved. Proloculus thin-walled, bordered with some tiny chomata.Heavy secondarydeposits along axial zonesbut last volution. Also thesedeposits occur in crestsof high septaand boundingtunnel area. Remarks: Although rare and somewhat deformed the specimensstudied are similar to P. (Skinnerella) robusta Skinner except for the degree of flutting, number of volutions and thinner walls. Paratypesof P. sapperi (Staff) from CentralAmerica (Leonardian-Guadalupian?) are strikingly similar to the speciesdescribed; they differ in lacking chomata, septa folding slightly spacedand in the degreeof intensity of axial filling. This form is also very similar to Schwagerina figueroai (Thompsonand Miller) described from Chiapas. The latter has more intensevesicularfluting in the outerchambers.
Occurrence: P. (Skinnerella) sp. A was found in Willard section I in assemblage with P.

(Skinnerella) cf. P. (S.)sonoraensis Dunbar, P.

O. PerezRamos

39

cr. P. brooksensis Ross, P. cr. P. deltoides Ross,P. cr. P. durhami Thompson and Miller, andP. empirensis Sabinsand Ross. Parafusulina cf. P. durhami Thompson and Miller (pl. 9, fig. 2)
Parafusulina durhami Thompson and Miller, 1949, p. 15, pl.3, figs. 3-7, pl.5, figs. 9, 11, 12; Ross, 1962, p.15-16, pl. 6, figs. 1-7.

America and west Texas (Thompson, 1949; Ross, 1962).This specieswas found in Willard section I with P .(Skinnerella) cr. P. (S.) sonoraensis Dunbar,P. cf. P. deltoides Ross,P. cf. P. brooksensis Ross, P. (S.) sp. A and P. empirensis Sabinsand Ross. Parafusulina empirensis Sabins and Ross (pl. 9, fig, 3) Parafusulina empirensis Sabinsand Ross,1963, p. 362, pl. 39, figs. 1-5. Description: Large, fusifonn elongate shell of bluntly pointed ends. Specimen of 8 volutions reach about 10 mm in length and 2.2 mm in diameter. Proloculussmall, 0.120 mm inside diameter. First three volutions show ellipsoidal shape, following volutions expandsrapidly with rather fusifonn shapeand sharply pointed or slightly roundedends. Spirotheca extremely thin in first 3 or 4 volutions, slightly thicker in outer volutions. The wall thickness ranges from 0.010 mm in tlfst volution to 0.050 mm in the eighth volution. Regularfluting fonDSunevenly spaced low folds of semicircular shape; most fluting present in early volutionsandextremities. Tunnel narrowof irregularpath. Slight secondary deposits till axial zones in inner volutions and someseptain mid plane. Rudimentary chomata arepresentin proloculusand first volution. Remarks: The descriptionaboveis basedon the specimenfigured aspl. 9, fig. 3 which compares favorably with Parafusulina empirensis Sabins and Ross.The specimen figured as pl. 9, fig. 4 is included in this speciesalthough is somewhat distoned and not well oriented. It belongs to anotherpopulation, where the material is poorly preserved.The specimenshown in pl. 9, fig. 3, also comparesfavorably with the specimenof Parafusulina leonardensis Ross(1962) aspl.5, fig. 8, although the style of fluting differs. It is moreintensein Parafusulinaempirensis. Occurrence: The speciesdescribedin pl.9, fig, 3 was found in the Willard section I, with P. d. P. durhami Thompsonand Miller. The specimen illustrated in pl. 9, fig. 4, was found in the Willard sectionll.

Description: Shell large of elongate fusiform shapewith low lateral slopesand pointed ends. Specimenof 7 volutions about 10.7 mm length and 3 mm in diameter. Proloculus about 0.240 mm inside diameter. First whorls are loosely coiled with ellipsoidal shape; succeeding volutions gradually increasein size, becoming elongated with rounded ends slightly pointed. Smooth outline with slight constriction in mid plane. Spirotheca extremely thin in inner whorls, slightly thicker in outer volutions.Wall thickness in first and secondvolutions is 0.010 mm and 0.050 to 0.060 mm in volutions number six and seven. Intense fluting throughout, except in tunnel areas; high and low septal folds unevenly distributed. Proloculus thick-walled of medium size. Tunnel wide and well defmed,with regularpath. Heavy secondary depositsfIll early volutionsand tend to develop somedistancealong axial zone; also these deposits coat septa near mid plane. Chomataabsent. Remarks: Only one slightly deformedspecimen was found. Becauseof the poor orientation and preservationit is only possible to comparethis species with P. durhami ThompsonandMiller in general outline and inner features. P. skinneri Dunbar is also similar; but it differs in having more elongate inner whorls, thicker wall and larger proloculus. The species described also resemblesP. darwinensis Magginetti, Stevens and Stonefrom California (Late Wolfcampian), in size and generalfeatures; but it has stronger axial fillings, not sucha well defined tunnel, and a thicker spirotheca. Occurrence: P. durhami was described in rocks of Leonardian age in Colombia, South

40

O. P6rezRamos

(All figures lOX)

Willard sectionI, westernSonora

1.Axial section. locality302. U.S. 168

Wilard sectionI, westernSonora

2. Axial section, locality 302,

U.S. 169

Willard sectionI, westernSonora,U.S. 170 3. Axial section,locality 302

u.s. 170

Willard sectionII, westernSonora 4. Axial section,locality 400,

u.s. 171

42

O. PerezRamos

GenusSchwagerina von Moller, 1887 Type species Borelis princepsEhrenberg,1842 LowerPennian, Asselian?
Schwagerina providens Hazzard (pl. 3, figs. 5-6) Thompson and

Nevada. Arizona and west Texas (Thompson, 1946; Slade, 1962;Sabinsand Ross, 1963).The speciesdescribedwas abundantnear the top of the lower memberof the EarpFmmation. Schwagerina crassitectoria Dunbar and Skinner (Pl. 5, fig. 5) Schwagerina crassitectoria Dunbarand Skinner, 1937, p. 641, pl. 65. figs. 1-15; Thompson, 1954, pl. 35, figs. 10-13; Ross, 1960, p. 123, pl. 17, figs. 1-9;- 1963, p. 118, pl. 9, figs. 1015; Robinson, 1962, p. 118, pl. 17, fig. 16, pl. 18, fig. 1; Williams, 1963,p. 50, pl. II, figs. 17. Description: Small subcylindrical shell with truncate polar ends and 5 volutions that reach from 3.9 to 6 mm in length and 1.7 to 2.1 mm in diameter.Proloculus0.120 to 0.190 mm outside diameter,but cut is tangential. Spirothecathin with alveolar keriotheca.The wall thickness 0.020 mm in first volution to 0.060 mm in fifth volution. The first three volutions of ellipsoid shapegraduallyincrease in size, succeding volutions expand rapidly with bluntly pointedends. Intense folding throughout the shell with medium and high septalfolding. Tunnel low and narrow. Secondarymaterial coats some septa. Rudimentary chomata observed on proloculus andfirst volution. Remarks: The specimens described seembelong to the samelineage of speciesof Schwagerina that are small in size with development of rudimentary chomata,less than 6 volutions and lacking prominent secondary deposits (Ross, 1963). This specimen although a tangential closely compares with Schwagerina crassitectoria, only it haslesselongatedfusiform shapeand stronger folded septa. Occurrence: Only a few specimens were found mainly in the middle and top of Arivechi section. The best specimens are found nearthe top of the section. Schwagerina crassitectoria is a well known marker of earliest Leonard age rocks in North America (Ross, 1960, 1963; Wilde, 1990).

Schwagerina providens Thompson and Hazzard, 1946, in Thompson, Wheeler and Hazzard, 1946, p. 43, pl. 14, figs. 1-9; Slade, 1962, p.79, pl.13, fig.5; Sabins and Ross, 1963, p. 353-354, pl. 38, figs. 1-8.

Description: Shell small to medium size, elongatefusiform, sometimes subcylindrical, with irregular outline and convex lateral slopes; rounded to sharply pointed ends. Mature specimens have 5 to 6 volutions and measure 3.0 to 9.6 mm in length and 1.0 to 1.9 mm in diameter.Proloculusis about0.100 to 0.220 mm outsidediameter. Spirothecathick and finely alveolar,becomes thinner in the Ilfst two or three whorls. Spiral wall thicknessaveragefrom 0.010 to 0.030 mm in Ilfst and secondvolutions and 0.040 to 0.100 mm in fourth and fifth volutions. In general volutions are low and loosely coiled with chambers maintaining rather uniform height and length throughuot except in the last two whorls which suddenlyexpand. Outer volutions broadly undulated. Septa strongly and regularly fluted toward the extremities with broadly septal folds in the last whorls. Tunnel low and wide bordered by chomata,increasing in size in the IlfSt three or four volutions, slightly asymmetrical. Proloculus thin-walled showingpseudochomata. Remarks: Specimens from the Douglasareaare similar to paratypes from Thompson and Hazzard; the forms described by Sabins and Ross,(1963) differ in the lessrugosespirotheca, showingin the equatorialsectiona ratherregular spiral wall, without crenulations.The specimens studiedare similar to S. loringi (Thompson),in the fusiform shapeof the internal volutions, size of the proloculus and the presenceof chomata; the latter differs in being larger, with slight rugosity of the wall and stronger and higher septalfolding. Occurrence: S. providens has been described in rocks of Middle andLate Wolfcampianage,in

O. Perez Ramos

43

Schwagerina guembeli Dunbar and Skinner, 1937, p. 639, pl. 61, figs. 1-13; Knight, 1956, p. 778, pl. 83, figs. 7-10; Ross, 1960, p. 124, pl. 17, figs. 10-13, pl. 18, figs. 1-6; Ross, 1962, p. 11, pl. I, figs. 1-3; Robinson, 1961, p.117, pl.17, figs. 14-15.; Ross, 1963, p. 130, pl. 13, fi,s. 7-11. Description: Small to medium size highly fusiform shell with blunty rounded or sharply pointed ends. Specimens of 5 to 7 volutions reach 4.1 to 9.5 mm in length and 1.6 to 4.3 mm in diameter.Proloculus usually of medium size, ranging from 0.060 to 0.240 mm outside diameter.In one specimen proloculusis about0.310 mm. Spirothecathick, coarselyalveolarin last two or three volutions, thinning in inner whorls. Spiral wall thickens from 0.010 to 0.040 m.min first three volutions to about 0.050 to 0.120 mm in sixth and seventh volutions. First volutions show highly fusiform shape, later gradually increasein size with flat or slightly constricted surfaces,with pointed ends.Intensefluting with high septalfolds, exceptin tunnel area. Tunnel wide with irregular path. Secondary depositscommonthroughoutshell, but mainly in midplane along axis, either side of tunnel and coating or filling the septal folds. Proloculus bordered with rudimentarychomata. Remarks: Schwag.erina guembeli has some diversity in the amount and distribution of secondary deposits;because of this feature,it can be comparedwith other species. Somespecimens closely resembleS. gruperaensisThompsonand Miller, (Wolfcampian) from Chiapas in southeasternMexico, in the distribution of secondary material, generaloutline and shapeof the inner whorls; the latter differs in having thickly fusiform shape, thinner inner whorls and absence of chomata. S. dugoutensis Ross from Texas, shows stronger secondary deposits, smaller proloculus and more rounded ends in the inner whorls. S. crassitectoriaDunbar and Skinnerhas thicker fusiform shape,is larger in size, has a smallerproloculusand moreuniform thickness of the whorls.

Schwagerina guembeli (Pl. 5, figs. 2-4)

Dunbar and Skinner

Occurrence: S. guembeli has beenreponed in the Arcturus Fonnation, Nevada (Knight, 1956) and baseof the LeonardFormation, in the Glass Mountains Texas (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937). This species was extremely abundant in two localities from Colina Limestone in association with S. dugourensisRoss.
Schwagerina 1-3) dugoutensis Ross (Pl. 7, figs.

Schwagerina dugoutensis pl. 3~ figs. 5-10.

Ross, 1962, p. 10-11,

Description: Shell of thickly fusiform shape and convex lateral slopes, with slight irregular outline and sharply or broadly pointed ends. Specimens with 6 to 7 volutions reach lengths from 7.9 to 9.7 mm and diameters from 2.8 to 3.7 mm. Proloculus of Iredium size ranging from 0.100 to 0.280 mm inside diameter. Spirotheca moderately thick, with coarsely alveolar keriotheca. Thickness of wall varies from 0.010 to 0.060 mrn in IIrst and second volutions and 0.080 to 0.130 mm in fifth and sixth volutions. Early volutions have elliptical shape and gradually increase in size with pointed or rounded ends. Septal folding varies from unevenly spaced away from tunnel areas to intense, forming small tubular projections or chamberletsin polar extremities. Tunnel wide with somewhat irregular path. Rudimentary chomata show in the outer surface of proloculus and IIrSt volution. Heavy secondary deposits nearly 1111 outside of tunnel area or away from midplane in typical triangular shape; also they usually thicken in septal folding. Remarks: Specimens described are similar to type species of Schwagerina dugoutensis ; they differ in being larger and lacking chomata. This speciescould be related to S. crassitectoria Dunbar and Skinner, but the secondary deposits do not fill most of the shell and the coating in septal folding is less stronger than in the material studied. Occurrence: S. dugoutensis was originally described from the Glass Mountains, west Texas (Lower Leonardian) (Ross, 1962). This species was found in the upper and middle (7) part of

44

O. PerezRamos

Colina Limestone in Douglas area and in the middle part of Arivechi section

Schwagerina sp. A (pl. 3, figs. 7-8) Description: Small shell of elongatefusiform shape, straight lateral slopes and sharply or bluntly pointed ends. Mature specimens have 7 volutions and measure 4 to 6.5 rom in length and 1.8 to 2.2 mm in diameter. Proloculus ranges from 0.040 to 0.080 rom outsidediameter. Spirothecamoderately thick, fmely alveolar becomesthinner in first two or three volutioDS. Spiral wall increases in thicknessfrom 0.010rom in fIrst volution to 0.070 and 0.100 rom in sixth and seventhvolutions. Usually the fIrst two or three volutions are closer, later they expand markedly and gradually increase in length to establishshapeof the shell.Fluting with high and low septalfolds unevenly spaced, mainly in last whorls; extremitieswith somevesicularfluting. Tunnel wide and borderedby small chomata in the first 5 volutions. Proloculusthick-walled. Slight axial fillings alongearly volutions. Remarks: Thesetwo specimens are not assigned a species namein this study.They aretransitional to Paraschwagerina because of the tiny proloculus,tightly coiled juvenarium and sudden inflation of the chambers. Occurrence: In the material studied,this species was found in the middle and upper part of the Earp Formation in Douglas area,in association with Schwagerina providens Thompson and Hazzard, Pseudoschwagerina beedeiDunbarand SkinnerandP. uddeni (BeedeandKniker). Genus Rugosofusulina Chemoussova, 1937 RausesEhrenberg em.

Spirotheca thick, finely alveolar and strongly irregular or undulated (rugose), becoming thinner in first whorls. Spiral wall thickens from 0.010 to 0.030 mm in tITst two volutions and to 0.085 to 0.100 in fifth and sixth volutions.
The early volutions show strong fusiform shape, followed by abrupt change to larger elongate whorls. Septa thin and regularly fluted. Intense vesicular fluting in the 2/3 parts of the shell and unevenly spaced in last whorls.

Proloculus thick-walled. Tunnel broad, with somewhat irregular path. Small and thick chomata nearly symmetrical in early whorls, in succeeding volutions are iIregularly distributed. Slight secondary deposits, mainly in the mid plane of the shell, in early volutions. fusulina . Loebich and Tappan (1988) regard Rugosofusulina as a synonym of Pseudofusulina Dunbar and Skinner. In this study it is considered a separate genus because it was compared with European literature (Kahler, 1985). The most closely similar species described is Schwagerina turki (Skinner) in size and general features, except the latter has more intense fluting and much less rugosity of the wall. These specimens also resemble S. loringi (Thompson) and S. longissimoidea (Beede); however they differ from the former in having stronger rugosity of the wall, less fluting, more cylindrical outline and larger proloculus. They differ from the latter species in having smaller proloculus, stronger fluting and more rugosity of the wall. From Rugofusulina sp. Sabins and Ross (1963), the above species differs in having smaller diameter, less number of whorls, thinner inner volutions and the absence of chomata. Specimens studied are related to R. incaica Roberts from Peru (Newell et al., 1953) in general shape and internal features; it differs in being smaller with thicker spirotheca. Occurrence: This species is fairly abundant in the basal part of the Earp Formation. SubfamilyPseudoschwagerininae L. H. Chang Genus Paraschwagerina Dunbar and Skinner, 1936.
Remarks: Ross and Dunbar (1962) considered Rugosofusulina as a subgenus of Pseudo-

Type species Alveolina prisca Yom, Moller, 1978

Rugosofusulina sp. A (pl. 3, figs. 1-3) Description: Shell subcylindrical, highly elongatedwith sharplyor broadlycrenulatedand roundedends.Specimens of 5 to 6 volutions are 7.8 to 12.9 rom in length and 2.1 to 2.8 rom in diameter. Proloculus ranging from 0.100 to 0.240 rom insidediameter.

O. PerezRamos

45

Type species:Schwagerina gigantea Dunbar and Skinner, 1936 Paraschwagerina cf. P. fax (Thompson and Wheeler) (pI.2, Figs. 4-6) Schwagerinafax ThompsonandWheeler, 1946, p. 27, pl. 1, figs. 1-4. Paraschwagerinafax (Thompsonand Wheeler) Skinner and Wilde, 1965,p. 69, pl. 32, figs. 913. Description: Shell of fusiform spindle shape, smoothlyconvexlateral slopesand blunt to sharp polar ends. Mature specimens have 7 to 8 volutions and measurefrom 6.4 to 9.3 mm in length and 2.4 to 4 mm in diameter.Proloculus small and averageoutside diameter 0.100 mm. Spirotheca composed of tectum and coarse alveolar keriotheca, except for the first two or three whorls. The spiral wall is in flfst volution 0.010 to 0.020 mm thick; in seventhand eighth volutions is about0.100 and0.135 mmthick. The first whorls aretightly coiled following an abruptexpansion of the next volutions, which are regularly spaced.The larger specimens show concave lateral slopein the last volution. Fluting is high and regular throughout the shell, but unevenly spacedin the last whorls. Septal loops are unevenly spacedinto high and shortfolds overlappingin the polar exttemities. Tunnel low andnanuw borderedby small and thick chomata in early volutions, also they are presentin proloculus.Slight axial fillings in early or last volutions. Remarks: The specimens describedare similar to the original types of Paraschwagerina fax , exceptfor the larger proloculusand thicker wall. Schwagerina bellula Dunbar and Skinner has smallerproloculus,last whorls irregularly spaced andlacks chomata. Two elongatespecimens from this collection,compare with oneillustrationfrom Paraschwagerinaelongata Skinner and Wilde, but the former form hasthicker walls and shows lesstightly coiledearly volutions. Occurrence: Paraschwagerinafax was originally described from the McCloud Limestone C (Wolfcampian)in northernCalifornia. Skinner and Wilde (1965)redescribed the forms from the Mc Cloud Limestone and refered them to Zone E of their Wolfcampian sequence.It is fairly

abundant in the basal part of the Earp Formation, in the Douglasarea,and it is found with

Rugosofusulina andPseudochusenella sp.A.

Paraschwagerina sp. (pl. 3, fig. 4) Description: Large, obese or thickly fusiform shell with steep lateral slopes and projecting but sharp polar extremities. Specimen of 8 volutions is 9.1 mID in length and 4.4 mID in diameter. Proloculus is 0.110 mID outside diameter. Wall composed of tectum and coarsely alveolar keriotheca, increasing in diameter from 0.010 mID in fIrStvolution to 0.160 mID in eighth volution. First three volutions slightly elongated, with abrupt expansion and gradual increase in size of following volutions. Intense fluting with septal folding mainly in midplane of shell, along axial section. Vesicular fluting in polar extremities. Tunnel low of regular path. Slight secondary deposits along axial section and outer whorls, also filling the top of some septa. Thick chomata are present on proloculus and first volution. Remarks: This species was compared with Paraschwagerinafax (Thompson and Wheeler) which differs in having thinner walls. P. acwninata Dunbar and Skinner has thinner walls, smaller proloculus, less intense fluting and axial filling. Occurrence: Only one well preserved specimen was found in the basal part of the lower member of the Earp Fonnation.

Genus Pseudoschwagerina Dunbar and Skinner. 1936 Type species:Schwagerina uddeni Beedeand Kniker. 1924 Lower Pennian (Asselian) Hueco Limestone. westTexas
Pseudoschwagerina beedei Skinner (Pl. 4. figs. 4-5) Dunbar and

Pseudoschwagerina beedei Dunbar and Skinner 1937. p. 656-658.pl. 49. figs. 1-14; Thompson 1954, pl. 50, fig. 5; Ross 1962, p. 307; Slade, 1962, p.78-79, pl. 12, fig.5; Ross, 1963,p.146, pl. 27, figs. 1.5,7;Williams 1963,p. 337-38,pI-. 3, figs. 1-8.

46

O. PerezRamos

Description: Shell of medium size, highly fusiform or elliptical profile and subrounded extremitieswith 6 or 7 volutions, includingjuvenarium of two or three whorls. Size rangesfrom 6.3 to 9 mm in length and 2.9 to 4.5 mm in diameter.Proloculussizebetween 0.120 to 0.280 mm insidediameter. Spirotheca composedof tectum and coarse keriotheca in the outer volutions, becomes slightly thinnerin inner whorls. Wall thicknessis about0.010 mm in fIrst volution to 0.120 mm in fIfth volutioo. Septathin; fluting unevenlyspaced and slightly wavy acrossmiddle part of the shell. Low semicircular folds toward the center and polar extremities.
T~ellow and wide, bordered by small and thick chomata in the inner whorls. Proloculus large and thick-walled. Remarks: The highly fusiform shape, well defined juvenarium, dense chomata bordering the tunnel and large proloculus are distinctive features in Pseudoschwagerina beedei; however, some transitional forms can be compared with P. uddeni (Beede and Kniker); although the latter speciesusually has smaller proloculus and shows

tightly coiled juvenarium. Two of the specimens describedshow the last whorls highly inflated; thesefeaturesarecloselyrelatedto P. parabeedei Ross from the Glass Mountains, however the specimens studiedareconsiderablysmaller than paratypes from Ross.
Occurrence: P. beedei , has been reported in Texas and Nevada (Wolfcampian) (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937; Ross, 1962, 1963; Slade, 1962). It is fairly abundant from the base to the top of the Earp Formation

P. beedei is considered the ancestor of P. uddeni , which was the most widespread of the Early Wolfcampianspecies complex(Ross,1962).
Pseudoschwagerina Kniker) (Pl. 4, figs. uddeni 1-3) (Beede and

Schwagerina uddeni Beede and Kniker 1924, p. 27, pl. 1, figs. 1-2; pl. 4, fig. 10; pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4-7; Dunbar and Condra, 1927, p. 119, pl. 13, figs. 1-3; White, 1932, p. 83, pl. 8, figs. 1618.

Pseudoschwagerina uddeni (Beedeand Kniker) Dunbar and Skinner 1936,p. 89, pl. 11, figs. 67; Needham, 1937, p. 53, pl. 9, fig. 5, pl. 10, figs. 1-4; Dunbar and Skinner, 1937,p. 658, pl. 50, figs. 1-10; Dunbar and Newell, 1946, p. 475, pl. 7, figs. 1-5; pl. 12, fig. 8; Thompson and Hazzard, 1946, p. 49, pl. 18, figs. 1-3; Newell, 1953, p. 208-210, pl. 40, figs. 1-2; Thompson 1954, pl. 50, fig.6; Williams, 1963, p.45-47, pl. 8, figs. 1-3; Ross, 1963A, p. 358359, pl.40, figs. 1-4; Ross, 1963B p. 153-155, pl. 23, figs. 1-4, pl.24, fig. 4. Description: Shell of medium size subglobose or highly inflated, with broadly rounded or bluntly pointed ends. Specimens with 5 or 7 volutions attain a length of 6.6 to 8.8 and4.4 to 6 mm in diameter.The juvenarium consistsof 2 or 3 tight whorls and the next 3 or 4 volutions increase abruptly,with decreasing in heightin the last 2 volutioDS.Proloculus is about 0.080 to 0.180mm outsidediameter. Spirotheca coarsely alveolar in outer volutions, but thins in inner whorls. Usually wall increasesgradually from 0.010 or 0.060 mm in thicknessin fIrst volution to 0.100 or 0.140 mm in sixth volution. Septashow little fluting and are slightly wavy throughoutshell. Most septalfolds confinedto the polar ends. Tunnel wide and short. The juvenarium stage with well developed, slightly asymmetrical chomata. Remarks: The expansion of the test, the degree of intensity of fluting and type of juvenarium, are distinctive features in P. uddeni.. The speciesmost similar to the forms in this study areP. californica SkinnerandWilde and P. robusta (Meek); the former differs in the larger juvenarium and the latter in the larger proloculus. Transitional forms of the material studied, compare to P. arta Thompson and Hazzard; but the latter has more volutions and less fluting in polar regions. P. texana Dunbar and Skinner is larger, has more whorls and the fluting is stronger. One specimen is strinkly similar in size and internal features to P. kozlowskii Dunbar and Newell from Bolivia in SouthAmerica (DunbarandNewell, 1946); it is

o. perez Ramos

47

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48

O. Perez Ramos

consideran intermediatefom1between P. uddeni andP. texana. Occurrence: P. uddeni has been reported in rocks of Wolfcampian age in South and Nonh America (Beedeand Kniker, 1924;Dunbar and Skinner, 1936; Dunbar and Newell, 1946; Thompson, 1954; Ross, 1963A). This species was fairly abundantin the upperpart of the Earp Fonnation,in the Douglasarea.

Schwagerina crassitectoria

Zone

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES
Three major biostratigraphic zones and one transitional zone were establishedbasedon the systematic paleontological study of fusulinids undertakenin southeastern Arizona and southeasternandcentralSonora(Table2). Pseudoschwagerina Zone This genus is considered an index fossil of Lower Permian rocks. especially middle and upper Wolfcampian sequences [AsselianSakmarian] (Thompson. 1954; Thompson. 1964; 1964; Ross. 1963 b Wilde. 1990). The associatedfusulinid fauna is listed in Table 2. Two gepera.Pseudoschwagerinaand Paraschwagerina.includedin this list, first appeared near the beginningof the Permianand becameextinct before late Permian time, although they come from different lineages(Ross. 1962c).
The Pseudoschwagerina zone is found in the Earp Formation in southeast Arizona.

Schwagerinacrassitectoriais dte well-known marker of early Leonardian age (Dunbar and Skinner,1937;Ross,1960;Williams, 1963).The biostratigraphicrangeis placedat the baseof the Leonardianstage, which is represented by several species of Schwagerina and also includes S. dugoutensis and S. guembeli.Thesespeciesare commonnearthe top of dte Colina Limestone.in southeast Arizona. S. crassitectoria and S. guembeli, forms the lowest zone of the Leonard Formation in Glass Mts. Texas (Ross, 1960, 1962). Parafusulina Zone

Most authors agree that in early Leonardian time when Parajusulina becomesdominant, the schwagerinas dropped out, though some overlapping of the rangesof Schwagerina and Parafusulina could be observed( Skinner and Dunbar, 1937; Ross 1967 c). In North America the genus Parafusulina dominates faunas of Leonardian and lower Guadalupian strata (Thompson, 1964; Wilde, 1990). This genus was also dominantin Leonardianrocks from the Colina Limestone in Hill 14 as well as the Arivechi and Willard areas. The genera and species includM in this rone arelisted in Table2.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A correlation between the Earp FomIation of Wolfcampian agefrom southeast Arizona and the lower part of the Arivechi section in Sonorawas found (Fig. 3). In southeast Arizona a Wolfcampian age was assigned based on several species of Schwagerina and Pseudoschwagerina. In the Arivechi section a late Wolfcampian age was assigned based on the abundance of Monodiexodina linearis, which also marks the boundarybetweenWolfcampian andLeonardianages(Dunbarand Skinner,1937; Ross,1963). The lower portion of the Colina

Monodiexodina Transitional

Zone

This zone is defined by the presence of Monodiexodina /inearis (Dunbar and Skinner), from the Arivechi section.M. /inearis, hasbeen reported in the Upper Wolfcampian and lower Leonardianbedsin North America (Dunbar and Skinner, 1937; Ross, 1962). Thus, this zone correspondsto the Upper Wolfcampian-Lower Leonardianboundary.

O. Perez Ramos

49

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50

O. PerezRamos

,.

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Fig. 5- Map showingdistribution and dispersalof (a) Pseudoschwagerina and (b) Paraschwagerina (from Ross, 1962c)

O. PerezRamos

51

Limestone in Hill 14 was assigned a late Wolfcampian-Early Leonardian age because of the presence of Schubertella and some Endothyridae. An Early Leonardian age was assigned in the s~ fonnation based on the presenceof S. guembeli and S. dugoutensis (Ross, 1960, 1962). At the Arivechi section in Sonora the presenceof Schwagerina crassitectoria chiefly in the upper part of the section is interpreted to represent earliest Leonardian deposition (Ross, 1960; Wilde, 1990). It is interesting to contrast the environment of deposition. The Colina Limestone is characterized by lime mud deposition in a low energy, dominantly lagoonal setling; the fusulinids are small and have thin walls. To the south about 300 kIn distant from this locality the Arivechi section consists chiefly of silty limestone that are the product of deposition in a high energy, shallow, open marine environ~nt; the fusulinds are large and with thick walls. At the Willard section I in central Sonora a Leonardian age is based upon several species of Parafusulina. However, the presence ofP. empirensis also permits an age assignment of up to Early Guadalupian. The deposition of crinoidal limestones along with other shallow marine fauna was common in this area. This section correlates with upper part of the Colina Limestone, Epitaph Dolomite, Scherrer Formation and the lower part of the Concha Limestone in southeastArizona (Fig. 4). The Willard section II contained the fusulinid species and lithologies that are most closely similar to the Concha Limestone. P. empirensis occurs in both limestones, and even more remarkable, both limestones also contain very abundant chert nodules. Other fusulinid species of Leonardian age had a similar distribution. P. brooksensis was identified from the Colina Limestone, in the Arivechi section and in the Willard I section. Schwagerina dugoutensis and S. guembeli were also found in the Colina at Hill 14 and in the Arlvechi section. Parafusulina cf. P. deltoides also occurs in the Colina and in the Willard I section. P . (Skinnerella) cf. P. (S.) sonoraensis was first described from northeastern Sonora (Imlay,

1939)~it was also found in Nevada, U.S. (Robinson, 1961), and in the Willard section I.

About half of the species describedfrom my study areasin southeastern Arizona and central Sonora are related to species in west Texas (Ross, 1960, 1962; Sabinsand Ross 1963) and the other half to speciesof the western region (NevadaandCalifornia) (Slade,1961;Robinson, 1961;Magnettiet al., 1988).A few fusulinids are related to speciesfound in Central and South America. Theseinclude Schwagerinaguembeli, Monodiexodina linearis ,and Parafusulina cf. P. durhami (Thompsonand Miller, 1944, 1946; Dunbar and Newell, 1946).One genus(Pseudochusenella ) was originally described in Indochina (Gluber, 1935). The Wolfcampianagefusulinids consisting of Pseudoschwagerina beedei, P. uddeni and Paraschwagerinasp. A from the EarpFormation in Hill 14 have also been describedfrom South America (Dunbarand Newell, 1946;Ross, 1962 b; Vachard, 1991). These species follow dispersal patternsin the ancient shallow seasthat were geologicallyrelatedto the Uralian, Tethyan and Andean geosynclines(Ross 1962 b) (Figs. 5a and 5b). Certainpaleoecological conclusions regarding fusulinids can be assumed: (1) fusulinids can be found from lagoonto open marine watersin low or high energy environments, (2) the thickness and the generalshapeof the fusulinid test can be related to the energy of the environment and bottom sediment Thin walls are commonin low energyand fine-grainedsediments; thick walls in high energy and coarse grained sediments (3) fusulinids are usually associated with other benthic foraminifera such as arenaceousforms (Paleo textularidae ). The fusulinid fauna describedin this study, from southeastern Arizona andeast-central Sonora (Arivechi section) support the probable extension of the Ouachita Orogenic Belt into Sonoraashypothesized earlier by Peiffer (1987). The westernSonoralocalities (Willard I and II) also suggest strong affinity with Cordilleran species(peiffer, 1987)and supportthe probable rock displacement(allochthonous) from the Cordilleran belt into Sonora(Anderson,1979).

52

O. PerezRamos

Acknowledgments Many people have been involved with the various aspects of this study to make it possible. I am grateful to the University of Sonora in Mexico and the University of Arizona in the United States for the rmancial support which madepossiblethis project andmy degreestudies. Many thanksareextendedto Drs. Karl W. Flessa and Andrew Cohen as committee advisors for useful criticism of the manuscript. I especially thank Dr. Joseph F. Schreiber, Jr. for field assistance and transportation to the Guadalupe Canyon area, as well as for his patience and carefulreview of my entirepaper.I appreciate the time he spentreadingandeditingmy manuscript I am particularly grateful to Dr. Merlynd Nestell of the University of Texas at Arlington for the use of his thin section laboratory, his personalequipment,the completereview of my fusulinid identifications,descriptions,and pictues.I am alsoindebtedto Susan White, University of Texasgeology student,for housingduring my stayin Arlington. My deepappreciationalso goesto Bo Baylor and Betty Hupp of the Department of Geosciences office at the University of Arizona, for helping me in so many ways through my stay in Tucson.

I am indebtedto numerousfellow graduatestudents.Many thanksto ElenaCentenofor housing me during the initial and terminal phasesof my stay in Tucson and for drafting assistance. Specialthanksgo to David Richardsfor teaching me the useof the computers,and for helping me to create the tables. Timothy Demko, Manuel Palacios,Lynn Soreghan, Michael Kowalewski, Miguel Miranda and CarlosGonzalezassisted at different times during three field trips to the GuadalupeCanyonareaeastof Douglas,Arizona. I appreciatethe editorial assistance of Beth Miksa, andthe fmal correctionsby Lisa Ely. I am grateful to many persons in Sonora who helped in numerous ways to make this study possible.IsmaelMinjarez, JosePalafox, Porfirio Sosa,Toribio Ruiz, Jesse UmItia, Martin Chaparro, and Ramon Clavero, provided invaluable field assistance andadviceduring my field work. I wish to thank Dr. Guillermo Salas,chairman of GeologyDepartmentat the University in Hermosillo, for his support,and Ricardo Amaya for his help in sendingme my fmancial suppon. I am also indebtedto the Arreola family and Berthade Molina for housingme during my trips to Hermosillo. Finally I express my deepest thanks to my family, especially my mother, for their unfaltering faith and suppott,during my stayingin the United States.

REFERENCES CITED
ALVAREZ, M., Jr., 1949,Notas sobreel Paleozoico Mexicano: Asoc. Mexicana Geologos Petroleros Bol., v. 1, p. 47-56. ANDERSON, T. a, and Sll..VER, L. T., 1979, The role of the Mohave-Sonora megashear in the tectonic evolution of nothern Sonora,in ANDERSON, T. H., and ROLDANQUINTANA, J., eds, Geology o/Northern Sonora: Guidebook-Field Trip # 27, Geological Society 0/ America Annual Meeting in SanDiego, p. 59-68.
ARAUX, E. Y VEGA, R., 1985, Geologia y Yacimientos Minerales de la Sierra de la Campaneria, Municipio de Bacanora, Sonora
central: Tesis profesional, xico, 70 p. Univ. Sonora, Me-

ARMIN, A., 1986,Red chert-clastconglomerate in the Earp Formation (PennsylvanianPennian),southeastern Arizona: Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and tectonic significance: Ph.D. dissertation, Tucson, Arizona, University of Arizona, 388 p. BARTOLINI, C. 1988, Regional structure and stratigraphy of the Sierra el Aliso, central Sonora,Mexico: M. S. Thesis: University of Arizona, Tucson, 189 p. BEEDE, J. and KNIKER, H., 1924, Speciesof Genus Schwagerina and their stratigraphic

O. Perez Ramos

53

significance:Univ. of TexasBull. 2433, 96 p. BENSH, 1987, Review of the Systematic of Pseudochusenella,Pseudofusulina and the closest genera: Division of Geology, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Earth Sciences, Publ. 29, GeologicalInstitute. Russia,60 p. BLAKEY, R., 1990, Stratigraphy and geologic history of Pennsylvanian and Petmian rocks, Mogollon Rim region, central Arizona and vicinity: GeologicalSocietyof AmericaBulletin, v. 102,p. 1189-1217.
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54

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O. PerezRamos

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56

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58

O. Perez Ramos

APPENDIX A MEASUREMENTS IN THE FUSULINIDAE

STATISTICAL MEASUREMENTS AXIAL SECTION

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O. Perez Ramos 59

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APPENDIX B
List of Algae and Foraminifera mentioned in this study

Algae: Tubiphytes Mizzia Calcisphaera Foraminifera:

Tuberitina Paleotextularia sp. Tetrataxis sp. Climacammina sp. Giobivalvulina sp. Endothyridae

Fusulinella spA Pseudochusenella spA Monodiexodina linearis (DunbarandSkinner) ParafusulinaleonardensisRoss Parafusulinacf. P. deltoidesRoss Parafusulinacf. P. allisonensis Ross Parafusulinacf. P. brooksensisRoss Parafusulina(Skinnerella)c/. P. (S.) sonoraensisDunbar Parafusulina(Skinnerella) brevis Skinner Parafusulina(Skinnerella) spA Parafusulinacf P. durhami Thompson andMiller ParafusulinaempirensisSabinsandRoss Schwagerina providens Thompson andHazzard Schwagerina crassitectoriaDunbarandSkinner Schwagerina guembeli Dunbarand Skinner Schwagerina dugoutensisRoss Schwagerina spA Rugosofusulinasp.A Paraschwagerinacr. P.fax (Thompson andWheeler) Paraschwagerina spA Pseudoschwagerina beedei DunbarandKnicker Pseudoschwagerina uddeni BeediandKniker