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1. Method of Transient Control : 1.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker 1.2. Pre-Insertion Resistor 2. Design & Reliability : 2.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor 3. Computer Simulation of Capacitor Switching Transients : 3.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor 3.2. Summary & Conclusion 3.3. Reference : Pre-Insertion Resistors in HV Capacitor Bank Switching
Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 1
ZeroCrossing Breaker
1.1
+
Synchronous Closing Device
6 1 6 1 2 5 2
1. Circuit Breaker (single pole) 2. Synchronous Closing Device 3. Capacitor Bank 4. Voltage Transformer 5. Input Command 6. Output Command
THREE MUST CONDITIONS : 1. 2. 3. CLOSING of ALL 3 PHASES at a ZERO VOLTAGE is a MUST PRECISE TUNING and CONTROL of the 3 INDIVIDUAL POLES is a MUST NO DRIFT of TIMING CALIBRATION is a MUST
Pre-Insertion Resistor
1.2
4 3
1 2 5 1
RESISTORS (1) are typically inserted into the capacitive-energizing circuit through the closing of RESISTOR CONTACT (2) for 5 ms to 15 ms, prior to the closing of the MAIN CONTACT (3).
Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 2
2.1
PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR
1. 2.
Specifically Designed and Tested for Capacitor Switching Number of Operating Mechanisms (spring loaded systems, shunt trips, motor operators) Allows Two or One Phase Closing of the Capacitor Bank (if one operating mechanism fails to operate) Key Factor for Successful Transient Suppression
3.
4.
Capacitor Bank must be switched exactly when the voltage is crossing ZERO. Electronic circuitry must successfully detect when the voltage wave is crossing ZERO and order the mechanical mechanism that drives the interrupter to close. Complicated calculation are required to offset effects of external conditions, mechanical wear, etc.
Simple electrical principle of a resistor in the circuit. Key factor is simple physics.
5.
Reliability Factors
Synchronous closing system is hard to maintain within required precision. A highly precise electronic system tied to a mechanical device (interrupter) is not a guarantee for performance.
Highly reliable
3.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor 3.2. Summary & Conclusion 3.3. Reference : Pre-Insertion Resistors in HV Capacitor Bank Switching
Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 3
3.1
Zero-Crossing Breaker
0 20.000k 0 00m 15.0 30.000m . 5 4 000m m 60.000 . 5 7 000m 00m 90.0 105.000m 2 10.000m 0m 135.00 k 7.200 0 20.000k 0 00m 15.0 30.000m . 5 4 000m m 60.000 . 5 7 000m 00m 90.0 105.000m 2 10.000m 0m 135.00 k 7.200 5 10.000k k 6.600 5 10.000k k 6.600 0 10.000k V c1 k 6.000 0 10.000k V c2 k 6.000 . 0 5 000k Vc 1 k 5.400 . 0 5 000k Vc 2 k 5.400
k 4.800
Vc 2
Vc 2
k 4.800
00k 50.0
Vc 1
k 4.200
00k 50.0
k 4.200
000k 100.
Vc 1
k 3.600
000k 100.
k 3.600
000k 150.
k 3.000
000k 150.
k 3.000
000k 200.
k 2.400
000k 200.
k 2.400
000k 250.
k 1.800
000k 250.
k 1.800
000k 300.
k 1.200
000k 300.
k 1.200
0 600.0
000k 350.
0 600.0
c1 I
000k 400.
c I2
c I2 c I2
c2 I
000k 450.
600.000
000k 450.
600.000
000k 500.
. 1 200k
000k 500.
. 1 200k
000k 550.
. 1 800k
000k 550.
. 1 800k
000k 600. 0 00m 15.0 30.000m . 5 4 000m m 60.000 . 5 7 000m 00m 90.0 105.000m 2 10.000m 0m 135.00
. 2 400k
000k 600.
. 2 400k 0 00m 15.0 30.000m . 5 4 000m m 60.000 . 5 7 000m 00m 90.0 105.000m 2 10.000m 0m 135.00
Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank Zero-crossing Breaker Bank 1 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 942A 5021A 419A Frequency 944Hz 16,807Hz 672Hz Peak Voltage 120kV (1.28pu) 108kV (1.15pu)
Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank Zero-crossing Breaker Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 5228A 420A Frequency 16,667Hz 670Hz Peak Voltage 108kV (1.15pu)
Pre-Insertion Resistor
0 20. 0 00k m 0 . 15 0 m 0 . 30 0 m 0 . 45 0 m 0 . 60 0 m 0 . 75 0 m 0 . 90 00 0m 00 5. 10 0m 00 0. 12 0m 00 5. 13 0k 20 7. 0 0 20k 0. m 0 . 15 0 m 0 . 30 0 m 0 . 45 0 m 0 . 60 0 m 0 . 75 0 m 0 . 90 00 0m 00 5. 10 0m 00 0. 12 0m 00 5. 13 0k 20 7. 0 5 10k 0. 0k 60 6. 0 5 10k 0. 0k 60 6. 0 10k 0. Vc 1 k 0 . 50 0 0k 40 5. k 0 . 50 0 Vc 1 0k 00 6. 0 10k 0. Vc 2 0k 40 5. Vc 2 0k 00 6.
0k 80 4.
Vc 2
Vc 2
0k 80 4.
0k 00 5 0. Vc 1 k 0 . 10
Vc 1
0k 20 4.
0k 00 5 0.
0k 20 4.
0k 60 3.
k 0 . 10
0k 60 3.
k 0 . 1 50
0k 00 3.
k 0 . 1 50
0k 00 3.
k 0 . 20
0k 40 2.
k 0 . 20
0k 40 2.
k 0 . 2 50
0k 80 1.
k 0 . 2 50
0k 80 1.
k 0 . 30
0k 20 1.
k 0 . 30
0k 20 1.
k 0 . 3 50
0 00 0. 60
k 0 . 3 50
0 00 0. 60
k 0 . 40
c I1
c I1
c I1
c I1
k 0 . 40
c I2
c I2
c I2
c I2
k 0 . 4 50
0 . 60
k 0 . 4 50
0 . 60
k 0 . 50
-1 0 k 2 .
k 0 . 50
-1 0 k 2 .
k 0 . 50
-1 0 k 8 .
k 0 . 50
-1 0 k 8 .
k 0 . 60 0 m 0 . 15 0 m 0 . 30 0 m 0 . 45 0 m 0 . 60 0 m 0 . 75 0 m 0 . 90 00 0m 00 5. 10 0m 00 0. 12 0m 00 5. 13
-2 0 k 4 .
k 0 . 60 0 m 0 . 15 0 m 0 . 30 0 m 0 . 45 0 m 0 . 60 0 m 0 . 75 0 m 0 . 90 00 0m 00 5. 10 0m 00 0. 12 0m 00 5. 13
-2 0 k 4 .
Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank at 80 Ohms Pre-insertion Resistor Bank 1 Energization Bank 1 Transient Bank 2 Energization Bank 2 Transient Bank 2 Ringing Peak Current 835A 404A 1100A 1520A 235A Frequency NA 948Hz 809Hz 16,400Hz 670Hz Peak Voltage 97kV (1.03pu) 101kV (1.07pu) 114kV (1.21pu) 97kV (1.03pu)
3.2
Summary
Single-Bank Simulation Case PEAK CURRENT ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER (1 ms error) 942 A FREQUENCY 944 Hz PEAK CURRENT 5021 A FREQUENCY 16.807 Hz Back-to-Back PEAK VOLTAGE
1.28 pu
835 A
948 Hz
1820 A
16.529 Hz
1.22 pu
Remarks : All above values are summarized from the most significant data.
Conclusion
Simulation Case Mitigation of CURRENT TRANSIENTS Mitigation of VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS Remarks
Successful
Good
Successful
Significant
3.3
Prepared for : Western Protective Relay Conference October 19 - 21, 2004 Spokane, WA
Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Reference