Some problems from geometry olympiads

Collected by pupils of 10A1 Math - HSGS School

Preface
After a month of studying and researching under the advices of our English and mathematic teachers. We have collected some nice geometric problems from around the world. All solutions are written by members of our class 10A1 Math. We would like to introduce them readers. Thank for your attention.

Problem 1 (Russia Sharygin Geometry Olympiad 2008 problem 3 grade 10). Suppose X and Y are the common points of two circles 1 and 2 . The third circle is internally tangent to 1 and 2 in P and Q respectively. Segment XY intersects in points M and N . Rays P M and P N intersect 1 in points A and D ; rays QM and QN intersect 2 in points B and C respectively. Prove that AB = CD . Proof by Gii. Lemma 1. Let circle (O1 ) is tangent(O ) in P . Let G, H be on the circle (O ). Ray P G and P H intersect (O1 ) in points E and F . Prove EF GH .

A 2 A 1 P O 1 O 2 B 1 B 2 A 1 O1 P

B 2

O2 A 2

B 1

Proof of lemma. We have P, O1, O is collinear and triangle P O1 E and P OG are isoceles. Deduce P O1 PE triangle P O1E and P OG are similar = (1). PO PG P O1 PF Similarity, triangle P O1F and P OH are similar. Hence = (2). PO PH PE PF From (1) and (2), we deduce = EF GH. PG PH Proof of problem. Let O1 , O2 be center of 1 , 2 , respectively. According to lemma, we have AD MN and BD MN . Deduce AD BC or AD XY and BC XY . But XY O1 O2 (since X and Y are the common points of two circles 1 and 2 ). Deduce AD O1 O2 and BC O1 O2 . But A, D lie on the circle ) ; B, C lie on the circle 2 . Deduce A, B ; C, D are two pairs reflection points with respect to the lines O1 O2 , respectively. Therefor AB = CD . We are done.

B A X 1 Q O1 M O N P O2 2

Y C

Problem 2 (All-Russian Olympiad 2009 problem 2 grade 9). Let be given a triangle ABC and its internal angle bisector BD (D AC ). The line BD intersects the circumcircle of triangle ABC at B and E . Circle with diameter DE cuts again at F . Prove that BF is the symmedian line of triangle ABC .

M A

O D N C

Proof by ng Phc. Denote by O the center of circle OE AC = {N }; OE = {E, M }. Because BD is the angle bisector os triangle ABC . Hence OE AC or MND = 90 (1). On the other hand, ME is a diameter of (O ), so MBE = MF E = 90 (2). And we have that DF E = 90 (3). (1) and (2) hence BDNM is cyclic DBN = DMN (). (2) and (3) we have that M, D, F is collinear. Hence F ME = DMN F ME = F BE (Because DMN = F BE ()

BF EM is cyclic). From (*) and (**) we have F BE = DBN

Or BF is the symmedian line of triangle ABC (Q.E.D ).

Problem 3 (Romania Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests 2008 problem 4 day 1). Let ABC be a triangle, and D the midpoint of the side BC . On the sides AB and AC we consider the points M and N , respectively, both different from the midpoints of the sides, such that AM 2 + AN 2 = BM 2 + CN 2 and MDN = BAC. Prove that BAC = 90 .

N E F N' M B C

Proof by Tun Anh. Let E, F be the midpoints of AB, AC , respectively. Without loss of generality, we may assume that M, N are points on the segments BE, AF , respectively (since MDN = BAC = F DE ). We easily have AB = 2F D, AC = 2ED, BED = BAC = DF C. From the condition of the problem, we have (AE + EM )2 + (AF F N )2 = (BE EM )2 + (CF + F N )2 . It is equivalent to AB.EM = F N.AC ( since AE = EB, AF = F C ). FN AB 2F D FD = = = . EM AC 2ED ED Let N be point on the F C such that F is the midpoint of NN . From this, FN EM FN = = . FD FD ED Since FN EM = and MED = BAC = N F D, we deduce that FD ED MED N F D. NDN isosceles It follows that

It implies that F DN = MDE = F DN (since MDN = EDF ). We deduce that at D . From this, we have NF D = N F D = 90 . Therefore, we have BAC = 90 . 5

Problem 4 (Romania Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests 2008 problem 3 day 1). Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle. We consider the equilateral triangle A UV , where A (BC ), U (AC ) and V (AB ) such that UV BC . We define the points B , C in the same way. Prove that AA , BB and CC are concurrent.

A'

Proof by Anh Th. Drop V H BC, UK BC (H BC, K BC ). We have UV We have BC V H = UK.

BH = V H. cot B A H = V H. cot V A B = V H. cot 60 BA = BH + A H = V H (cot B + cot 60 ) (1).

In the other way CK = UK. cot C A K = UK. cot 60 CA = CK + AK = UK (cot C + cot 60 ) (2). From (1) and (2), we have BA V H (cot B + cot 60 ) cot B + cot 60 = = . CA UK (cot C + cot 60 ) cot C + cot 60 CB cot C + cot 60 = AB cot A + cot 60 Simiary, we have AC cot A + cot 60 = BC cot B + cot 60 Hence (cot B + cot 60 )(cot C + cot 60 )(cot A + cot 60 ) BA CB AC = = 1. CA AB BC (cot C + cot 60 )(cot A + cot 60 )(cot B + cot 60 ) Then from Cevas theorem, we deduce AA , BB , CC are concurrent (Q.E.D)

Problem 5 (Romania Junior Balkan Team Selection Tests 2008 problem 1 day 2). Consider the acute-angled triangle ABC , altitude AD and point E - intersection of BC with diameter from A of circumcircle. Let M, N be symmetric points of D with respect to the lines AC and AB respectively. Prove that EMC = BNE .

N A

H O M B K D E C

Proof by Huy Hong. Since M, N be symmetric points of D with respect of D to the lines AC and AB , respectively so that AM = AN = AD and ANE = AME. Denote {K } = NE AB and {H } = ME AC . ANE = ADK So that AME = ADH i.e, 90 ADK = 90 ADH ; KBD = HDC . So by the typical of symmetric of point D , we conclude that BNE = KDB = HDC = EMC. i.e, BNE = EMC .

Problem 6 (China Team Selection Test 2005 Quiz 6 problem 2). In triangle ABC , BC = a,CA = b,AB = c, and a > b > c. I, O, H are the incentre, circumcentre and orthocentre of ABC respectively. Point D BC , E CA and AE = BD , CD + CE = AB . Let the intersection of BE and AD be K . Prove that KH IO and KH = 2IO .

F c

O E

K C

B H

Proof by Khnh. Let F and M be the tangent point of the incircle of triangle ABC and AC . Hence we have CF = p c (1) with p is equal to one-second the qrea of triangle ABC . But AE + AB = BD + DC + CE AE + AB = BC + CE and AE + AB + BC + CE = AB + BC + CA = 2p. So AE + AB = p AE = p c (2) From (1) and (2), we obtain that E and F are symmetric points together to the midpoint of side AC . Similarity, D and M are symmetric points together to the midpoint of side BC . Hence, K which is the intersection of AD and BE , is the "Nagel point" of triangle ABC . Let G be the centroid of triangle ABC , we have G, H, O are collinear and GH = 2GO (Euler line of triangle ABC ) G, K, I are collinear and GK = 2GI (Nagel line of triangle ABC ) So, according to Thales theorem, we have OI runs parallel with HK and 2.OI = KH (QED ).

Problem 7 (All-Russian Olympiad 2009 problem 7 grade 9). The incircle (I ) of a given scalene triangle ABC touches its sides BC , CA, AB at A1 , B1 , C1 , respectively. Denote by (O1 ), (O2 ) the incircles of quadrilaterals BA1 IC1 and CA1 IB1 , respectively. Prove that the internal common tangent of (O1 ) and (O2 ) different from IA1 passes through A.

B1 C1 E O1 B
Proof by Lng An. We easily seen O1 E = O1 F . Similarly, O2 H = O2 G. Let M, N be projection of O2 , O1 on AI . It is easy to proof that F O1N MO2 H because F O1N = HO2M NF O1 = HMO2 = 90 C So O1 F O2 M O1 E O2 M = = . O1 N O2 H O1 N O2 G 1 But EO1 N = GO2 M so EAO1 = IAO2 BAO1 + O2 AC = BAC . 2 Let Ax be the tangent of (O1 ), O1 AB = O1 Ax 1 but BAO1 + O2 AC = BAC . 2 Deduce, Ax is the tangent of (O2 ). We are done.

F I H N M O2