COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)

ISSN 0976 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June, 2013, pp. 11-23 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

IJECET
IAEME

A SLOTTED E-SHAPED STACKED LAYERS PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5.15-5.85 GHZ FREQUENCY BAND APPLICATIONS
Uma Shankar Modani1, Gajanand Jagrawal2
1 2

(Govt. Engg. College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India) (Govt. Engg. College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India)

ABSTRACT The design of a slotted E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wideband operation has been presented in this paper. It has been demonstrated that by adding slots to E-shaped rectangular patch and applying stacked layers technique for broad banding, wideband operation can be satisfactorily achieved which is suitable for WiMax, WLAN, high- speed networks and other wireless communication systems operating in 5.15-5.85GHz frequency band. The ANSOFT HFSS software has been used for designing the antenna. The patch element is being placed on Roger RO4350 substrate of 1.6mm height with relative permittivity of 3.66 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.004. The antenna is coaxial probe feeded. High performance characteristics and good return loss values for 5.15-5.85 GHz frequency band have been obtained for the proposed antenna. The development of the design and parametric study has also been presented in this paper. Keywords: Slotted patch, E-shaped, WiMax, WLAN, Stacked layers. 1. INTRODUCTION Microstrip patch antennas are widely used in wireless communications due to their inherent advantages of low profile, less weight, low cost, and ease of integration with microstrip circuits [1]. However, the main disadvantage of microstrip antennas is the small bandwidth. Many methods have been proposed to improve the bandwidth. These include the use of a thick substrate and cutting slots in the design [2-6]. Improvement of broader bandwidth becomes an important need for many applications such as for high speed networks.
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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

Recently, high-speed wireless computer networks have attracted the attention of researchers, especially in the 5-6 GHz band (e. g. WiMax and IEEE 802.11a Indoor and Outdoor WLAN). Such networks have the ability to provide high- speed connectivity (>50 Mb/s) between notebook computers, PCs, personal organizers and other wireless digital appliances. Although current 5 GHz wireless computer network systems operate in the 5.155.35 GHz band, future systems may make use of the 5.72-5.85 GHz band in addition to the 5.15-5.35 GHz band, for even faster data rates. Many novel antenna designs have been proposed to suit the standard for high-speed wireless computer networks. Some approaches resulted in the probe-fed U-slot patch antennas [7-11], the E- shaped patch antennas [12-19]. In this paper, a slotted E-shaped patch antenna with an air gap of 1mm inserted between ground plane and the substrate to improve the bandwidth, which was introduced in [13], has been presented with the parametric study. The various parameters of the design have been varied and their effects on return loss have been studied. The technique of stacked layer structure using an air box sandwiched between substrate and ground has been reported in [2023]. Ansoft HFSS which is the industry standard simulation tool for 3D full-wave electromagnetic field simulation based on Finite Element Method (FEM) has been used for simulation purposes [24], [25]. 2. ANTENNA DESIGN The side view of the proposed antenna structure has been shown in Fig. 1. The broad banding technique of stacked layers is used to improve the bandwidth. An air box of height 1mm is inserted between substrate and the ground. The Roger RO4350 of 1.6mm thickness having relative permittivity of 3.66 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.004 has been used as substrate. The substrate and ground size has been considered as 33.2mm x 27.2mm. The antenna is probe feeded. The feeding method is easy to fabricate but difficult to model accurately and have low spurious radiation and narrow bandwidth of impedance matching [26]. The location of the feed element with respect to the patch also plays a role in the antenna performance. The patch geometry has been shown in Fig. 2. The optimized dimensions of the patch to cover the required bandwidth are listed in TABLE I. The two rectangular slots, one in each upper and lower edge of the main E-shaped patch have been introduced and two rectangular slot strips symmetrical and parallel to the y-axis have been cut from the main patch. The two square slots are embedded at the two corners of the left edge of the patch. All these slots have been included in the design to achieve the desired antenna performance. The feed point is located at (-1mm, -7mm).

Fig. 1 Proposed antenna structure

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

Fig. 2 Slotted E-shaped patch geometry TABLE I DIMENSIONS OF THE OPTIMIZED PATCH Dimensions Parameters (mm) L1 23.6 W1 17.6 W2 16.2 W3 1.4 L2 3 L3 7.6 L4 5 W4 5 L5 3 L6 1.5 L7 1 W5 6 W6 1

3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTENNA DESIGN The proposed antenna design is a modified standard rectangular patch. The various steps in the designing of the antenna shape have been shown in Fig. 3. In step 1, a rectangular patch has been designed to resonate at 5.2 GHz by using standard equations given in [1]. The feed point is located at (-1mm, -7mm). In step 2, two rectangular shaped patches of L2*W2 have been removed from the right edge of the main patch. These rectangular patches have been cut at a distance of L2 from both the top and bottom edges of the main patch. This step has resulted in E-shaped design. In step 3, two vertical strips each of L5*W6 dimensions have been removed from the top and bottom edges of the patch at a distance of 2.8mm from the left edge of the patch. In next step, two horizontal strips each of L7*W5 dimensions have
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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

been removed from the patch at a distance of 2.3mm from the left edge of the patch. In final step, two rectangular patches of L6*W3 dimensions have been removed from two left edge corners of the patch. The final design has resulted in required lower and higher cut off frequencies as well as the bandwidth. The return loss plots of all the steps have been shown in Fig.4.

Fig.3 Development of the design

Fig.4 Return loss plots for various steps in development of the design TABLE III
RESULTS OF RETURN LOSS PLOTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE DESIGN

Design Step Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

fr[GHz] 5.2318 5.3273 5.8591 5.2727 5.8318 5.2591 5.7909 5.3682 5.7636

fL[GHz] 5.020 5.145 5.778 5.063 5.785 5.058 5.729 5.143

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fH[GHz] 5.461 5.542 5.925 5.484 5.880 5.467 5.8540 5.8580

Bandwidth[MHz] 441 397 147 421 095 409 125 715

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

4. PARAMETRIC STUDY The slots W3, W4, L4, W5, L5, W6, L6, L7, and feed point location are set as variables and their effects on the impedance bandwidth have been studied. The study has been carried out for the final design as obtained after the step 5 in the development of the design. The patch design parameters are varied about the optimized values shown in Table I. Fig.5 shows the effect of changes in W3 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. All the results in these figures show that this antenna has two resonant frequencies: f1 and f2. As shown in Fig.5, with the increase in W3, f1and f2 increase and with decrease in W3, f1 and f2 both decrease and also the bandwidth.

Fig.5 Return loss plots for variations in W3 Fig.6 shows the effect of changes in L4 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. As shown in Fig.6, when L4 is increased then both resonant frequency f1 and f2 are decreased. When L4 is decreased then f1 is decreased but f2 is increased. The bandwidth is also reduced as L4 is decreased.

Fig.6 Return loss plots for variations in L4

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

Fig.7 shows the effect of changes in W4 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. When W4 is increased then only one resonant frequency is remaining and bandwidth is also reduced. As shown in Fig.7, when W4 is decreased, then f1 is decreased, f2 increased and bandwidth is also reduced.

Fig.7 Return loss plots for variations in W4 Fig.8 shows the effect of changes in L5 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. When L5 is increased then both resonant frequencies f1 and f2 are decreased and bandwidth is also reduced. When L5 is decreased then also both resonant frequencies f1 and f2 are decreased. When L5 is decreased then it does not cover the entire frequency band from 5.15GHz to 5.85 GHz.

Fig.8 Return loss plots for variations in L5

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

Fig.9 shows the effect of changes in W5 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. when W5 is increased then both resonant frequency f1 and f2 are decreased and is not cover the frequency band from 5.15 GHz to 5.85GHz. When W5 is decreased then f1 is decreased and f2 is increased but bandwidth is reduced.

Fig.9 Return loss plots for variations in W5 Fig.10 shows the effect of changes in L6 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. In both cases, when L6 increased and decreased then bandwidth is reduced. Fig.11 shows the effect of changes in W6 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. When W6 is increased then the antenna does not cover the frequency band from 5.15GHz to 5.85GHz. When W6 is decreased then bandwidth is reduced. Fig.12 shows the effect of changes in L7 while keeping all the other parameters same as shown in Table I. When L7 is increased then both resonant frequencies f1 and f2 are decreased. When L7 is decreased then bandwidth is reduced. Fig.13 shows the return loss plots for different feed locations. As shown in Fig.13 we get optimized result in step5.

Fig.10 Return loss plots for variations in L6

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

Fig.11 Return loss plots for variations in W6

Fig.12 Return loss plots for variations in L7

Fig.13 Return loss plots for variation in feed locations

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. 14 shows the return loss plot of the proposed antenna with optimized parameters as shown in Table I. The lower -10dB frequency at 5.15GHz and upper -10dB frequency at 5.85GHz have been obtained which covers the entire range of WiMax and WLAN applications. In fact, there are two bands resonating at 5.35GHz and 5.75GHz which are stagger coupled to result in such response. Fig. 15 presents the E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns which are almost omnidirectional in shape. The maximum gain of 4.7dB has been obtained in both the planes. The smith chart has been shown in Fig. 16. Fig. 17 shows the 3D polar plot obtained at 5.5GHz. Fig. 18 shows the variations in the gain with respect to frequency. It has revealed that the gain performance of the proposed antenna is satisfactory within the desired frequency range. The other parameters such as peak directivity, peak gain and radiation efficiency are shown in TABLE III.
XY Plot 31
0.00

-5.00

Return Loss (dB)

-10.00

-10.0096

-10.0974

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 MX2: 5.1507 MX1: 5.8547 5.50 Freq [GHz] 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00

Fig. 14 Return loss plot of the optimized antenna design

0 -30
m2 m1

30

3.20

0.40 -60
Name m1 m2 Theta -90.0000 -92.0000 Ang 0.0000 -2.0000 Mag 4.7212 4.7310

60 -2.40

-5.20
Curve Info dB(GainTotal) Phi='0deg' dB(GainTotal) Phi='90deg'

-90

90

-120

120

-150 -180

150

Fig. 15 E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME
110 120 130 140 150 160 0.20 170 0.20 -0.00 0.00 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 0.50 100 90 1.00 80 70 60 2.00 50 40 30 5.00 20 10

180

-170 -160 -0.20 -150 -140 -130 -0.50 -120 -110 -100 -1.00 -90 -80 -70 -2.00 -60 -50 -40

-10 -5.00 -20 -30

Fig. 16 Smith chart

Fig. 17 3D polar plot at 5.5GHz

XY Plot 34
6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

dB(GainTotal)

2.00

1.00

0.00

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 Freq [GHz] 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00

Fig. 18 Gain v/s frequency curve

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

TABLE IIII OTHER SIMULATED RESULTS Parameters Simulated Results Peak Directivity 1.6208 Peak Gain 1.5965 Radiation Efficiency 0.985

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK A novel compact slotted E-shaped microstrip patch antenna has been designed for WiMax, WLAN and other high-speed wireless communication systems operating within 5.15GHz to 5.85GHz frequency band. The simulated results have demonstrated satisfactory radiation performance of the antenna across the entire operating frequency range. These features are very useful for worldwide portability of wireless communication equipment. The proposed antenna design will be helpful for antenna design engineers to design and optimize the antennas for other wireless applications. The future works include fabrication of the antenna, measurements of antenna performance parameters with the industry standard equipments and comparison of simulated and measured results. REFERENCES [1] [2] Balanis, C.A., 2005. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 3rd Edn., John Wiley, Hoboken, ISBN: 047166782X, pp: 1117. Yoharaaj, D. Azmir and Raja Syamsul, A New Approach for Bandwidth Enhancement Technique in Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications, RF and Microwave Conference, 2006. RFM 2006. International, 2006, Page(s): 205 209. Rafi, G. and L. Shafai, Broadband microstrip patch antenna with V-slot, IEE Proc. Microw. Antenna Propag., Vol. 151, No. 5, 435440, October 2004. K. Karuna Kumari and Dr. P.V.Sridevi, Performance Evaluation of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Different Dielectric Substrate Materials International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 236 - 249, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. M. Veereshappa and Dr.S.N Mulgi, Design and Development of Triple Band Omnidirectional Slotted Rectangular Microstrip Antenna International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 17 - 22, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. Islam, M. T., M. N. Shakib, and N. Misran, "Multi-slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication," Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 10, 1118, 2009. Lee, K. F., K. M. Luk, K. F. Tong, S. M. Shum, T. Huynh, and R. Q., Experimental and simulation studies of the coaxially fed U-slot," Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., pt. H, Vol. 144, 354-358, Oct. 1997.

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May June (2013), IAEME

[22] G. Drossos, Z. Wu and L. E. Davis, "The air gap effect on a microstiip-coupled cylindrical dielectiic resonator antenna," Microw. and Opt, Techn. Lett., vol 20, pp.3640, Jan. 1999. [23] Modani, U.S.; Modani, S.G.; Swastika-shaped patch antennas for 5.8GHz WLAN Communications, International Journal of Operation Research and Optimization, JulyDecember 2011, Vol.2, No. 2, pp. 455-460, ISSN-(Print) 0975-3737, (Online) 22314741 [24] HFSS, Ansoft Corporation, http://www.ansoft.com/products/hfss/. [25] Ansoft HFSS V11 Users Guide, 2009. HFSS, Ansoft Corporation, Pittsburgh, USA. [26] B. Jyothi, B.T.P.Madhav, V.V.S. Murthy, P. Syam Sundar, VGKM Pisipati, " Comparative Analysis of Microstrip Coaxial Fed, Inset Fed and Edge Fed Antenna Operating at Fixed Frequency," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2012 1 ISSN 2250-3153. [27] Amit Kumar Gupta, R.K. Prasad and Dr. D.K. Srivastava, Design and Development of Dual E-Shaped Microstrip patch Antenna for Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 34 - 42, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. [28] Tauheed Qamar, Naseem Halder, Mohd. Gulman Siddiqui and Vishal Varshney, Simulation and Analysis of Slot-Coupled Patch Antenna at Different Frequencies using Hfss, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 1 - 7, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. [29] Nagraj Kulkarni and S. N. Mulgi, Corner Truncated Inverted U - Slot Triple Band Tunable Rectangular Microstrip Antenna For Wlan Applications, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 1 - 9, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472.

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