Multiple MIMO scenarios for Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

E. D. Vagenas*, G. S. Paschos, S. A. Kotsopoulos and V. Stylianakis 1. Introduction One of the most promising application of the well known Ad Hoc Networks are the Wireless Sensor Networks. The sensor nodes are miniature devices equipped with a sensor, a transceiver and the necessary electronic circuits and able to collect and forward information. These nodes are designed to be deployed randomly or strategically in area and left operating until their battery is totally used up. Therefore, a major domain of interest in their design is the power management. Many ways of reserving energy have been proposed in the literature, including energy-aware protocols (e.g. MAC protocols), energy-aware routing, QoS scheduling, data gathering schemes, power-aware electronics and many other. This paper investigates the use of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems for energy conservation. The application of MIMO systems in Wireless Sensor Networks is very little explored. In [1], Cui and Goldsmith proposed both the use of a flat MIMO system and the use of nodes transmitting in a cooperative mode. The showed that in some cases power consumption in the electronic circuit of a MIMO system can be deficient. In [2], Jayaweera investigated even deeper the consumed energy of a sensor node employing a MIMO transceiver. Dai and Xiao in [3] and [4], proposed cooperative MIMO systems and the use of V-BLAST techniques as a more power efficient scheme. In this paper, an investigation of power efficiency of several MIMO scenarios is made. We take into consideration the room constraint of a sensor node and its impact on array characteristics. Taken fixed bit rate and antenna space into account, the optimum MIMO scheme is elected. A QoS operating mode is proposed, according to which, the transceiver is able to choose between the scenarios in real-time functioning. 2. Antenna deployment Many promising applications of Wireless Sensor Networks demand a very small sensor size. Even though the progress in electronics has provided with very small and fully integrated transceivers, the sensor size remains a design constraint for the antenna of the sensor, and even more for the case of a multi-antenna as in a MIMO system. For this reason, we deploy three different scenarios with 1, 2 and 4 element antenna respectively, all to fit in a
*

Aircraft Engineer Efstathios D. Vagenas; Electrical Engineer Georgios S. Paschos; Prof. Stavros A. Kotsopoulos, Wireless Telecommunication Laboratory. Lect. Vasileios Stylianakis, Wired Telecommunication Laboratory, Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Patras, Kato Kastritsi, Patra, tel. 00302610997301, e-mail: kotsop@ee.upatras.gr

given area which we choose to be a 2cm acme square. In Figure 1, a possible deployment is showcased. In [5], Karaboikis et al., showed that such a miniature multiple antenna can be used effectively in a MIMO system for a Wireless LAN application. In [6] and [7], it is shown that for multiple antenna systems, the correlation coefficient between the elements r is affected by the mutual coupling of the antennas. The correlation coefficient is generally given by (1). In this paper, we make the assumption that the antenna elements are fully decoupled.

Fig 1 Three scenarios of multiple antennas (for SISO, 2x2 MIMO and 4x4 MIMO)
jk =

E j () Ek ( )S ( )d * * E j () E j ( )S ()d Ek () Ek ( )S ()d
*

(1)

A useful approximation of the above for a Rayleigh channel is given by the Clarks formula. This holds truth for a uncorrelated channel (i.e. for indoor propagation without line of sight).
2 2d jk = J 0 2

(2)

Where, J0 is the zero-order Bessel function of the first kind, d is the distance between the elements, the wavelength, Ej and Ek the complex electric field S the spectral density and the space angle. Using this approximation, the correlation coefficient matrix is calculated for the 2x2 MIMO (3) and the 4x4 MIMO scenario (4). The left-hand side data correspond to a highly uncorrelated terrain (indoor propagation), whereas the right-hand side correspond to a mildly uncorrelated environment such as an urban application. The antenna element correlation coefficient matrix will be:
0.0255 1 in 2 x 2 = 1 0.0255 0.8516 0.472 0.0255 1 0.8516 0.8516 0.472 1 = 0.472 0.8516 0.8516 1 1 0.0255 0.472 0.8516

(3)

in 4 x 4

(4)

3. MIMO capacity and Energy consumption For a given channel, we can estimate the Shannon limit on channel capacity to be C = log 2 (1 + SINR0 ) (5) where SINR0 is the average signal-to-noise+interference ratio. Clearly SINR0 is the critical parameter affecting channel capacity. C is expressed as bits/Hz actually measuring bandwidth efficiency. For a flat fading MIMO channel, capacity is given from the formula: C = E < log 2 (det[ I N + SINR0 HH ' ]) > (6)

H ' is the conjugate transpose of H and the expectation is over the channel realization H (assuming Gaussian channel with mean value equal to zero and variance equal to 1). In this formula the antenna element spacing is not accounted. Due to antenna correlation channel matrix becomes H = 1 / 2 N (1 / 2 )' as in [8], where N is a stochastic N t x N r matrix with independent and identically distributed complex Gaussian elements. From [1], the transmission energy per symbol as a function of transmission distance is:
E bt = A 4 d 2

E b + Pc

(7)

Where A includes transmitter and receiver antenna gain, receiver noise etc , Eb is the required per bit energy at the transmitter and Pc is power consumption per bit because of the circuit consumption (amplifiers, filters etc). From [1] we can find typical numbers of A and Pc assuming a data rate of 10kbps. Figure 2 shows that an energy gain is obtained by using MIMO channel diversity techniques. However, this gain is compromised in small propagation distances where the circuit power is greater than the transmitter power.

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

x 10

-5

Transmission Energy per bit in J

SISO MIMO 2X2 MIMO 4X4

1 0

20

40 60 80 Transmission Dinstance in Meters

100

Fig 2 Per bit Energy consumption for the three scenarios (SISO, 2x2 MIMO and 4x4 MIMO) 4. A QoS scheme From figure 2, it is evident that depending on distance of transmission, a MIMO deployment might offer energy reservation or not. In this case, a mixed scheme is proposed that can maximize the Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of energy consumption. Using energy consumption as a QoS parameter, a transceiver can choose to either enable or disable antenna elements and use any of the three deployment scenarios in order to minimize it. This mixed scenario can be easily integrated in a MIMO system that uses selection diversity. The results from section 3 can lead an engineer to design an algorithm of selection diversity relying on the maximum output power, which is relative to the transmission distance.

Specifically, we propose the use of a 2x2 MIMO system in combination with the SISO system. The switch between the two systems will take place at approximately 40m distance of transmission, depending on the transmission parameters of the transceiver in use. References 1. S. Cui and A. Goldsmith, Energy-efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO Techniques in Sensor Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2004. 2. S. K. Jayaweera, Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks, CISS, March 2004. 3. H. Dai, L. Xiao and Q. Zhou, On Cooperative MIMO Transmission Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Agents, 2004 International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies (CCCT), Austin, TX, Aug. 2004. 4. L. Xiao and M. Xiao, A New Energy-Efficient MIMO-Sensor Network Architecture MSENMA, Vehicular Technology Conference 2004 Fall, Los Angeles, USA, September 26-29, 2004. 5. M. Karaboikis; C. Soras, G. Tsachtsiris, V. Makios, Compact dual-printed inverted-F antenna diversity systems for portable wireless devices, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters Vol: 3, Dec. 2004. 6. I. J. Craddock, G. S. Hilton and P. Urwin-Wright, An Investigation of Pattern Correlation and Mutual coupling, VTC 2000, Fall. 7. A. Derneryd and G. Kristensson Signal correlation including antenna coupling, IEE Electronics Letters vol. 40, no. 03, 5th February, 2004. 8. Multi-Antenna Transceiver Techniques for 3G and beyond Wiley p.28 Summary Dieses Papier erforscht die Fhigkeit eines MIMO-Szstems, das wird in Wireless Sensor Network gebraucht. Wegen der Kleinen Gre, die in der mehrere sensor Anwendungen erfordert wird, die Abwicklung der multiple antennas ist interessant als das Verhltnis zwischen der Kamalen ist grer. Aber, der Brauch der MIMO Kanalen kann die hnliche Forderungsratio mit nicht viel Energie leiten, die wird von dem Sender verbraucht. En QoS Schema ist vorgeschlagen, wenn Antennaszenario in Verhltnis whrend der Anwendungszeit sind, die von der Distanz der Frderung abhngig ist. This paper investigates the efficiency of a MIMO system used in Wireless Sensor Networks. Due to small size demanded in most sensor applications, the deployment of multiple antennas becomes challenging as the correlation between the channels becomes greater. However, the use of MIMO channels can provide the same transfer rate with less energy spent by the transmitter. A QoS scheme is proposed according to which antenna scenarios are negotiated at the application time depending on the distance of transmissions.