Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Copyright 2008 AIRCOM International All rights reserved ADVANTAGE, ASSET, CONNECT, DATASAFE, DIRECT ENTERPRISE, NEPTUNE, ARRAYWIZARD, OPTIMA, OSSEXPERT, and WEBWIZARD are recognised trademarks of AIRCOM International. Other product names are trademarks of their respective companies. Microsoft Excel , .NET, Microsoft Office, Outlook , Visual Basic Windows, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Word are trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation. This documentation is protected by copyright and contains proprietary and confidential information. No part of the contents of this documentation may be disclosed, used or reproduced in any form, or by any means, without the prior written consent of AIRCOM International. Although AIRCOM International has collated this documentation to reflect the features and capabilities supported in the software products, the company makes no warranty or representation, either expressed or implied, about this documentation, its quality or fitness for particular customer purpose. Users are solely responsible for the proper use of ENTERPRISE software and the application of the results obtained. An electronic version of this document exists. This User Reference Guide finalised on 02 July 2008. Refer to the Online Help for more information. This User Reference Guide prepared by: AIRCOM International Ltd Cassini Court Randalls Research Park Randalls Way Leatherhead Surrey KT22 7TW Telephone: Support Hotline: Fax: Web: +44 (0) 1932 442000 +44 (0) 1932 442345 +44 (0) 1932 442005 www.aircominternational.com
Contents
Appendix A Array Descriptions 7
8
8
19
19 20
21
22 22 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 32 33
34
34 35
36
37 37 38 39 40
41
42
45
46 47
48 48 49 50 50
51
53
53 54
Page 5
55
56 56
56 57 58 59
60 62
63
64
64
64
65 66 67 68 69
71
71 72
73
74 75 76 77 77 77 78
References
78
79
Page 6
APPENDIX A
Array Descriptions
This section describes the different types of array available in ASSET. The ranges of arrays available may vary according to which technology you are using, which licences you have, and which processes you have chosen to run. The following types of array are described: Non-Simulation Coverage/Interference Arrays (2g, 2.5g and LMU) Simulation Arrays for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX For information on creating, managing and displaying arrays, see the ASSET User Reference Guide. In addition to this section, there are specialist documents containing more detailed descriptions of the array outputs and algorithms used in the Simulator. For information on how you can obtain these documents, please see Static Simulation Algorithms and Outputs on page 79.
In This Section
2g and 2.5g (Non-Sim) Arrays GSM (Sim) Arrays UMTS and CDMA2000 Arrays Fixed WiMAX Arrays Mobile WiMAX Arrays 8 19 21 34 36
Page 7
Example of the 2g/2.5g Arrays under the Coverage heading in the Data Types list
Page 8
Page 9
LMU Arrays
Location Measurement Units (LMUs) are used to locate a subscriber and/or their mobile equipment. LMU arrays can indicate geographically where a mobile station can be measured by more than three separately located base stations (through position triangulation). The mobile can only receive effective signals where: 1 2 The received signal strength at the mobile station is above the signal strength threshold that you have set in the Array Settings dialog box. The total C/I due to inteference from the other cells at the mobile station is above the C/I threshold that you have set. MS Measured Cells MS Measured Cells (C/I)
Page 10
ASSET then post-processes the array to calculate the average C/I for each pixel, and each serving cell entry in the Nth Best Server array. In the Map Information Window (accessed from the View menu in the Map View), if you hover over a cell, the number of cells that could be measured by the LMU is displayed for each array that has been calculated.
Page 11
Interference Arrays
When creating one of the Interference arrays, ASSET requires a Best Server array in memory. If this is not the case, a Best Server array will be automatically created. However, if you later create subsequent Interference arrays after making changes to the network, ASSET does not automatically create a fresh Best Server array. Therefore, in cases where you suspect the Best Server array in memory has become out of date for any reason, you should explicitly create both the Best Server array and the required Interference array when running the Array Creation wizard. For example:
Example of creating Best Server array and required Interference array in the Coverage/Interference wizard
Worst connection arrays require a Best Server array, which is generated automatically if one does not already exist in memory. If a best server array already exists but its contents are out of date, you will need to recreate it by explicitly selecting to create both the Best Server and Worst Connection arrays in the Array Creation wizard. This interference array type was designed for networks using frequency hopping, although it also works for non-hopping networks. In a non-hopping network, the carrier group can be considered to contain just a single carrier in the above description. This array is not available for AMPS/TDMA networks.
Page 13
This array does not consider frequency hopping, and so can be considered to be an interference calculation for a non-hopping version of the frequency plan.
Page 14
Page 15
To display this on the map, ensure Average Data Rate per Timeslot (GPRS) is selected in the list of data types to display. The area covered by each GPRS sub-cell is displayed on the map in the colour corresponding to its average data rate per timeslot. When displayed on the map, the array has different colours representing the different service levels in a kb/s/timeslot. For example: High (Multimedia) Medium (Web access) Low (e-mail) >12kb/s (Red) 7-12kb/s (Green) 2-7kb/s (Blue)
As with other arrays, you can double-click the item from the Data Types list on the Map View to change the displayed colours and categories for the array.
When the average C/I value for each pixel has been determined, the array converts it from a signal to noise ratio to a data rate per timeslot by referring to the Coding Scheme. For details, see the ASSET User Reference Guide. It works out two of these data rates, one for the best GMSK available, and one for the best 8-PSK available, and then chooses the one that gives the best overall data rate to store. You can specify the cell layer/carrier layer combinations to be considered when calculating the EGPRS data rate array by selecting the appropriate combinations in the Interference tab of the Array Settings dialog box. As with other arrays, you can double-click the item from the Data Types list on the Map View to change the displayed colours and categories for the array.
As with other arrays, you can double-click the item from the Data Types list on the Map View to change the displayed colours and categories for the array.
Page 17
Page 18
Example of the GSM (Sim) arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
Pathloss Arrays
DL Loss & Nth DL Loss Dependencies: Terminal, Cell layer, Indoor These are the lowest (and Nth lowest) downlink losses. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0dB.
Page 19
Coverage Arrays
These arrays all provide information on coverage levels and coverage probabilities. Best DL Cell by RSS Dependencies: Cell Layer This is the sub-cell that provides the highest RSS for the terminal. Best RSS & Nth Best RSS Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor These are the highest (and Nth highest) RSS levels. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0dB. RSS Coverage Probability Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor, Fading This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSS) satisfies the RSS requirement specified on the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded. CINR (Control) Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor These are the CINR(Control) values corresponding to the best serving sub-cells, i.e. not necessarily the highest CINR(Control) values. CINR (Traffic + Control) & Nth CINR (Traffic + Control) Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Indoor These are the CINR (Traffic + Control) values corresponding to the best (and Nth best) serving sub-cells, i.e. not necessarily the highest (and Nth highest) CINR (Traffic + Control) values. Achievable Bitrate Dependencies: Terminal, Cell Layer, Service, Indoor This is the highest bitrate that can be achieved by the terminal based on CINR regardless of system loading.
Page 20
Example of the Simulator 3g arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
Page 21
Pathloss Arrays
DL Loss Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor The lowest downlink loss. Represents average values and is therefore calculated with fades of 0dB. Nth DL Loss Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor The Nth lowest downlink loss. Represents average values and is therefore calculated with fades of 0dB.
Page 22
RSCP Coverage OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is a thresholded version of the RSCP Coverage Probability array and has just 2 values (Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the RSCP Coverage Probability array. A value of Yes means that the RSCP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. Number of RSCP OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory RSCP. A cell is counted as having a satisfactory RSCP if its RSCP coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. Pilot Ec/Io & Nth Best Pilot Ec/Io Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor These are the highest (and Nth highest) Ec/Io values. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0dB. Pilot Ec/Io Coverage Probability Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSCP) satisfies the Ec/Io requirement specified on the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded. Pilot Ec/Io Coverage OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is a thresholded version of the Pilot Ec/Io Coverage Probability array and has just 2 values (Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the Pilot Ec/Io Coverage Probability array. A value of Yes means that the pilot Ec/Io coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Page 23
Number of Pilot Ec/Io OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory pilot Ec/Io. A cell is considered as having a satisfactory pilot Ec/Io if its pilot Ec/Io coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. Pilot SIR Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the best Pilot SIR value. It represents an average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0dB. Pilot SIR Coverage Probability Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the probability that the Best DL Cell (by RSCP) satisfies the pilot SIR requirement specified on the terminal type. This probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded. Pilot SIR Coverage OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is a thresholded version of the Pilot SIR Coverage Probability array and has just 2 values (Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the Pilot SIR Coverage Probability array. A value of Yes means that the pilot SIR coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. Number of Pilot SIR OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the number of covering cells with a satisfactory pilot SIR. A cell is considered as having a satisfactory pilot SIR if its pilot SIR coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Page 24
Handover Arrays
The aim of the following arrays is to provide the planner with an idea of potential handover areas, and to indicate areas of pilot pollution. All arrays are based on mean Pilot Ec/Io levels calculated with fades of 0dB. Available Soft/Softer Cells Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the number of suitable HO candidates for the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). If the Ec/Io level of the best DL cell is below the Ec/Io requirement on the terminal type, then no result is given. Otherwise all the other cells are checked to see if their pilot Ec/Io levels make them suitable HO candidates. Available Soft Cells Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the number of suitable soft HO candidates for the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). If the Ec/Io level of the best DL cell is below the Ec/Io requirement on the terminal type, then no result is given. Otherwise all the other cells (on different sites to the best cell) are checked to see if their pilot Ec/Io levels make them suitable HO candidates. Available Softer Cells Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the number of suitable softer HO candidates for the Best DL Cell (by RSCP). If the Ec/Io level of the best DL cell is below the Ec/Io requirement on the terminal type, then no result is given. Otherwise all the other cells (on the same site as the best cell) are checked to see if their pilot Ec/Io levels make them suitable HO candidates. Active Set Size Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the potential size of the active set. It is related to the Available Soft/Softer Cells array by: Active Set Size = min (1 + Available Soft/Softer Cells, Max Active Set Size). Pilot Polluters Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor If the Pilot Pollution Threshold specified in the Simulation Wizard is XdB then: For UMTS, the number of pilot polluters at a location is: The number of cells that are not in the active set, but provide an Ec/Io level within XdB of the best Ec/Io in the active set. Therefore the pilot pollution threshold in UMTS is a relative quantity. A typical value for UMTS is 6dB.
ASSET Technical Reference Guide Version 6.1 Page 25
For CDMA2000, the number of pilot polluters at a location is: The number of cells that are not in the active set, but provide an Ec/Io level higher than XdB. Therefore the pilot pollution threshold in CDMA2000 is an absolute quantity. A typical value for CDMA2000 is -15dB.
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
HSDPA Arrays
HSDPA - Best DL Cell by SINR Dependencies: Carrier This is the cell that provides the highest SINR level for the terminal. HSDPA - SINR Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the highest SINR level. It represents an average value and is therefore calculated with fades of 0dB. HSDPA - DL Eb/No Margin Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, HSDPA Bearer, Speed This is the extent to which the Eb/No requirement of the HSDPA bearer is exceeded. The cell of interest is chosen by examining the SINR levels of cells that support the HSDPA bearer, and choosing the cell with the largest level.
Page 30
HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, HSDPA Bearer, Speed This is the probability of satisfying the Eb/No requirement of the HSDPA bearer. The cell of interest is chosen by examining the SINR levels of cells that support the HSDPA bearer, and choosing the cell with the largest level. The probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. If this standard deviation has been set to zero, then there are only three possible coverage probabilities: 0% if the requirement is not satisfied, 50% if the requirement is satisfied exactly, and 100% if the requirement is exceeded. HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, HSDPA Bearer, Speed This is a thresholded version of the HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability array and has just 2 values (Yes/No). It has the advantage of being quicker to calculate than the HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability array. A value of Yes means that the coverage probability meets the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. HSDPA - Achievable DL Bearer Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, Speed The purpose of this array is to provide a composite coverage plot for the HSDPA bearers of a service. The array shows the highest priority HSDPA bearer with acceptable coverage. i.e. with HSDPA - DL Coverage Probability meeting the coverage reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. HSDPA - Offered Load Dependencies: Carrier, This is the offered HSDPA load on the Best DL Cell by SINR. Note that the offered load is calculated for each HSDPA resource pool in the network. Therefore, if the HSDPA resources have been pooled on a site, all HSDPA cells on that site will show the same offered load. HSDPA - Effective Service Rate (Unloaded) Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, Speed This is the bitrate that the user experiences at a location when there is no queuing delay on the cell. It is calculated by multiplying the bitrate of the HSDPA - Achievable DL Bearer by its activity factor.
Page 31
HSDPA - Effective Service Rate (Loaded) Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor, Service, Speed This is the bitrate that the user experiences at a location when there is queuing delay on the cell. The rate drops to zero as the HSDPA load on the cell approaches 100%. HSDPA - Effective Cell Service Rate (Unloaded) Dependencies: Carrier, Service This is the total amount of data in a service session (bits) divided by the mean service time per user on the cell (seconds), assuming there is no queuing delay. HSDPA - Effective Cell Service Rate (Loaded) Dependencies: Carrier, Service This is similar to the HSDPA - Effective Cell Service Rate (Unloaded) array, except that the mean service time per user on the cell is increased because of queuing delay. As the offered HSDPA load on the cell approaches 100%, the queuing delay approach infinity and the Effective Cell Service Rate (Loaded) drops to zero.
Page 32
Page 33
Example of the Fixed WiMAX arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
General Arrays
Achievable UL Bearer This array shows the highest priority UL bearer with acceptable UL coverage. The array is based on the UL CINR value. Achievable DL Bearer This array shows the highest priority DL bearer with acceptable DL coverage (based on the CINR). DL RSS This array represents the DL RSS at a given point. Calculated with fades of 0 dB as it represents an average value.
Page 34
Best Server by DL RSS This array represents the service area of each WiMAX sector based on DL RSS. CPE Azimuth This array displays the CPE azimuth required in order to connect to the best server (server with the highest signal strength). DL Loss This array represents the lowest DL losses. Calculated with fades of 0 dB as it represents an average value. DL CINR This is the best C/(I+N) in the DL. The C/(I+N) is calculated by taking into account the signal strength from the reference base station and signal strength from all interfering base stations. UL Required TX Power This array displays the UL required TX power for a given receiver sensitivity (specified in the Site Database). UL CINR This array displays the CINR in the UL.
Thresholded Arrays
DL CINR OK, DL RSS OK, UL CINR OK, UL RSS OK These are thresholded versions of their corresponding arrays. They have just 2 values (Yes/No), and have the advantage of being quicker to calculate than their corresponding arrays. A value of Yes means that the probability meets the reliability level specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box.
Page 35
Example of the Mobile WiMAX arrays appearing in the Map View Data Types
Page 36
Pathloss Arrays
DL Loss Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor These are the lowest downlink losses. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB.
Preamble Arrays
Best Server by Preamble RSS Dependencies: Carrier This is the cell that provides the highest Preamble RSS for the terminal. Preamble RSS and Nth Best Preamble RSS Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor These arrays display the highest (and Nth highest) Preamble RSS levels. They represent average values and are therefore calculated with fades of 0 dB. The preamble power is the TX power for the cell boosted by the preamble boosting factor. Both these parameters are specified in the Site Database. Preamble RSS OK Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This array has two values (Yes/No). A value of Yes means that the RSCP coverage probability (the probability that the Preamble RSS satisfies the RSS requirement in the terminal dialog) meets the coverage reliability criteria specified in the Sim Display Settings tab of the Array Settings dialog box. The coverage probability depends on the standard deviation of shadow fading for the clutter type at the pixel. Preamble CINR Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This is the best preamble CINR. It represents an average value and hence is calculated using fades of 0 dB. Sectors on the same site are not considered as interferers because such sectors will be allocated different segments.
Page 37
Page 39
DL AMC Worst Interferer Array Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier This array displays the worst interferer at each pixel. The pixel ownership is determined by the Best Server by DL AMC CINR array. DL AMC CINR Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Bearer This array displays the DL CINR in the AMC zone. For the downlink CINR analysis, the CINR is calculated by taking into account the level from the connected BS (reference base station) as server and the level from all other sites as interferers. The CINR represents an average value (with fades set to 0 dB). DL OPUSC CINR Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Service, Indoor, Bearer This array displays the DL CINR in the OPUSC zone. For the downlink CINR analysis, the CINR is calculated by taking into account the level from the connected BS (reference base station) as server and the level from all other sites as interferers. The CINR represents an average value (with fades set to 0 dB).
General Arrays
Throughput Array Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier The throughput array displays the information displayed in the Simulator throughput report in a graphical format. The throughput for a given sector is presented within the region specified by the Best Server by Preamble RSS array. The throughput is summed for all services. UL Required TX Power Dependencies: Terminal, Carrier, Indoor This array displays the minimum UL required TX power for a given receiver sensitivity (specified in the Site Database). CPE Azimuth Array Dependencies: Carrier This array displays the azimuth that the directional CPE should point to in order to connect to the best server.
Page 40
APPENDIX B
Example of Setting Maximum Disk Space for Prediction File Storage in the Modify Project dialog box
Page 41
Overview of Algorithm The settings for maximum disk space specified, as described above, are stored in a configuration file in the root of the prediction folder. The prediction management algorithm is designed to manage the files as a cache, using a weighting function to determine which files are to be removed whenever the cache exceeds its maximum space. In order to monitor this, a statistics file is updated at the end of every prediction creation session. The weighting function takes the following factors into consideration for each prediction file (most important first) : The elapsed time since the file was last used The amount of time that was needed to perform the pathloss calculation The number of times the file has been loaded If a "disk full" error occurs during prediction creation, then the file management system may be automatically invoked early to try to provide some space for the prediction that has just been calculated. If this fails to provide enough space then a "disk full" error is written to the message log. The prediction management algorithm only monitors files generated by ENTERPRISE, and ignores any other files.
A file with a large 'position' has more chance of being deleted than one with a small 'position'. The basic concept is as follows: The most important factor used in determining the position of a file in the list is the elapsed time since the file was last loaded. The position can also be influenced by a modifier weighting: Files that were 'quick to create' are more likely to be deleted Files that have been 'loaded many times' are less likely to be deleted
Page 42
Modifier Calculation 1 The time taken to create the prediction is recorded and will result in an initial modifier as follows:
Creation Time 0-10s 10s-20s 20s-40s 40s-1.5m 1.5m-2.5m 2.5m-5m 5m-10m 10m-20m 20m-40m 40m+ Modifier 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.05 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75
The number of times a file has been loaded is recorded and then used to adjust the modifier, as follows:
Number of loads 0 1-5 5-10 10-20 20-40 40-80 80-160 160-320 320-640 640+ Add to modifier +0.05 0 -0.03 -0.06 -0.09 -0.12 -0.15 -0.18 -0.21 -0.24
All the above values are stored in the configuration file in the root of the prediction folder, and can be modified by your administrator if necessary.
Page 43
Page 44
APPENDIX C
In This Section
Interference Table Algorithm Interference and Connection Array Calculations Frequency Hopping Algorithms Non-Frequency Hopping Algorithms Automatic Frequency Planning (ILSA) MAIO Planning Cost Function GPRS and HSCSD Capacity Calculations FCC Calculations Frequency Calculations 46 47 51 53 54 56 56 60 62
Page 45
The values for area are obtained by averaging the probability of interference over the region where A is the best server. The average is taken over all pixels in the appropriate coverage array. For traffic, the value to be averaged is the probability of interference x the traffic (in mE) at that pixel. Thus it is necessary to have a traffic raster available to make this calculation. The probability of interference at a given pixel is calculated using a standard statistical technique based on a C/I signal threshold value and a standard deviation. The assumption is that a difference in signal level between server and interferer exactly equal to the threshold value would give rise to a 50% chance of co-channel interference. For more information on how these values can be specified, see the ASSET User Reference Guide. By default, a -18dB offset is used for the adjacent channel interference, relative to the co-channel interference. This means that if, for example, the co-channel C/I threshold value is set at 9dB, a signal difference of -9dB between server and adjacent channel interferer would give rise to a 50% chance of adjacent channel interference. The C/A offset can be modified in the Array Settings dialog box.
Page 46
All signal differences are converted into probabilities of interference. The following graph displays the spread of probabilities for both C/I and C/A based on the default Interference Weights. Here, the C/I signal threshold value is 9dB, using a standard deviation of 7.78dB.
An example of an Interference Table can be found, along with a description of its File Format, in the ENTERPRISE Technical Reference Guide.
Page 47
Description For non-frequency hopping networks sums all of the adjacent channel C/I levels for an interfering frequency. Each pixel presents the total C/I level, server and interfering sub-cells and interfering frequency.
The worst connection and the worst interferer calculations are the same in the case of a non-frequency hopping network.
Where: For each non-hopping carrier fi in the serving sub-cell, C/I(fi) is calculated. For the hopping frequency group in the serving sub-cell, a single C/I(FH) is calculated.
(2) Where: is the averaged C/I for the hopping carriers. is the number of hopping frequencies. is the number of non-hopping frequencies. is frequency Diversity Gain.
Page 48 ASSET Technical Reference Guide Version 6.1
, where
are the non-hopping frequencies. For each non-hopping carrier fri in the serving sub-cell, C/I(fri) is calculated. For the hopping frequency group in the serving sub-cell, a single C/I(FH) is calculated. The denominator in the equation above can never be zero ( and cannot both be 0 at the same time). This is because ASSET does not allow you to set the total number of TRX allocated to a sub-cell to zero, if at least one carrier layer is allocated.
If
, then
Where: For each (non-hopping) carrier f1 in the serving sub-cell, C/I(f1) is calculated. The worst interferer is calculated as follows:
Page 49
Where: For each (non-hopping) carrier fi in the serving sub-cell, C/I(fi) is calculated.
Page 50
Bit Error Rate 0.0200000000 0.0150000000 0.0120000000 0.0080000000 0.0060000000 0.0040000000 0.0020000000 0.0007000000 0.0001000000 0.0000070000 0.0000004000 0.0000000100 0.0000000001 0.0000000000
1 is used if Where:
C/I(i) SSC(i) i,j N n m SIC(K,i) K L(K,j) V(K,j) = = = = = = = = = =
, is used if
C/I ratio for frequency i
, 0 is used otherwise
Signal strength from frequency i for serving cell A particular frequency Number of interfering cells Number of frequencies in serving cell Number of frequencies in interfering cell K Signal strength from frequency i for interfering cell K Interfering cell Load in interfering cell K on frequency j DTX factor in interfering cell K on frequency j
Page 51
f (i)
= =
Fractional loading for frequency i for interfering cell Adjacent interference factor
Each C/I(i) is converted to a Bit Error Rate, BER(i) The following graph shows the relationship between the Probability of Bit Error and the C/I:
BERAV(serving cell) is calculated as the average BER(i) for all frequencies in the cell:
Where: x Number of FH frequencies per TRX mFH nTRX Number of FH frequencies/serving cell Number of TRX/serving cell
BERAV(serving cell) is then converted back to dB to give C/I (FH)(serving cell). If frequency diversity gain GFDIV(m) is enabled, you also need to add a given gain figure to the hopping C/I. For more information on this, see the ASSET User Reference Guide.
Page 52
Where: is the number of TRX allocated to the hopping carrier layers is the number of hopping carriers
, is used if
, 0 is used otherwise
P(i) is the Probability of interference, and is calculated from the cumulative normal distribution of combined standard deviation of serving and interfering cell models.
Page 53
Page 54
Random changes can be made by ILSA if only low improvement rates are being achieved, or if a dead end is reached. The algorithm monitors its own progress and will behave differently depending on how quickly the cost is decreasing at a given time. This intelligent behaviour enables it to continue finding improvements over long periods of time. The principle behind ILSA's algorithm is that a single number (the cost) measures the effectiveness of any particular frequency plan. The algorithm then tries to minimise the cost over the set of all possible plans. The cost function measures how much interference exists in the network, and what separations have been broken, while taking account of any user-specified 'importance' weightings for different sub-cells. As an optional add-on to ASSET, ILSA is licensed separately.
Where:
= = = = = = = = = The adjacent channel interference caused on allocation i by allocation j (Units: 200*mE or 20,000*km) The co-channel interference caused on allocation i by allocation j (Units: 200*mE or 20,000*km) The frequency allocated at allocation i Members of the set of all frequency allocations The retune cost associated with allocation i The fixed or forbidden carrier cost associated with allocation i The separation costs (from equipment, neighbours, exceptions or close separations) between allocations i and j The handover count and intermodulation interference costs associated with allocation i The weighting factor applicable to carrier allocation i
Page 55
and and
are traffic and area percentages are traffic and area associated with sub-cell c and are interference matrix coefficients
is the C/I or C/A separation count for all TRX combinations on subcells
The number of TRX required is determined using the Channel to Transceiver Map by increasing the number of TRX from 1 until the maps and is greater than or equal to is equal to or greater than .
Page 56
determined using the average Circuit Switched TS requirement channel occupation efficiency (e) as follows:
Where:
is total shared traffic channels required is average (long term) number of TS required for Circuit Switched traffic (= is average (long term) number of TS required for HSCSD traffic (= ) )
The channel occupation efficiency (e) is determined by first calculating ( ) without dividing by e and then using the result to look up e in the Channel Occupation table. The number of TRX required and are determined using the channel to transceiver map by increasing the number of TRX from the result of the previous section until the number of available TS for traffic (NCS allocation) is equal to or greater than .
Page 57
Summary blocking is the average of the four separate blocking values weighted by the known distribution.
Page 58
GPRS Data Rate The GPRS data rate for the current allocation of TRX is determined by first calculating the number of TS required for CS and HSCSD. The remaining TS are available for GPRS. That is:
Where:
e is the efficiency from the Channel Occupation table determined from N is the number of TS from the Channel Carrier Map for the current allocation of TRX
Page 59
FCC Calculations
This section describes the algorithms used to calculate the data provided in the FCC report. Antenna Height AAT The Antenna Height AAT is calculated in metres. The calculation is: Antenna height + Site ground height + Radial average terrain elevation The Radial average terrain elevation is the average ground height mapped along a radial of between 3 km and 16 km from the site. If the mapping data prevent this then it will not be calculated and this will be flagged in the FCC report. Feature height data and clutter heights are ignored in the calculation. The best available resolution of the map data is used for this calculation. If the best map data is 1000 m resolution then you will receive a warning noting that the map data is of insufficient resolution for the FCC form. Used Antenna Height The Used Antenna Height AAT (metre) is subject to some minimum values according to the FCC category and, the ERP.
Category 32dBu Served 32dBu Unserved ERP (if necessary) N/A ERP>=10 W ERP<=10 W Gulf of Mexico N/A Minimum Minimum of 30 metres Minimum of 30 metres Minimum of 3 metres Minimum of 8 metres
You will receive a warning if the Average Radial distance exceeds 40.2 km (79.1 km for Gulf of Mexico cells). Transmitting ERP Watts The transmitting ERP for a cardinal radial is the radiated power in Watts taking into account the antenna gain for the azimuth, the downtilt and the base station powers/losses. You will receive a warning if the ERP exceeds 500W.
Page 60
Used ERPS This is the value of the transmitting ERP which is used in the calculations, it is the Transmitting ERP subject to certain minima. Used ERP is the maximum of: 0.1 W Maximum ERP/500 Transmitting ERP for the radial Area within the Service Area Boundary This will be calculated by finding the distance to the SAB for each degree by linear interpolation of distance as a function of angle, hence dividing the area into triangular sectors, joining at the site. The total area is then calculated by adding up the areas of each of the triangles. Heron's Formula for calculation of area of scalene triangle: A = SQR(S (S-a) (S-b) (S-c)) SQR - Square Root a, b, c sides of the triangle S half the perimeter of triangle, that is (a+b+c)/2 Distance to Service Area Boundary The distance to the SAB is calculated as shown here:
For: 32dBu Served and 32 dBu Unserved Gulf of Mexico The distance to the SAB is: D = 2.531 x Used Antenna Height(m) ^ 0.34 x Used ERP for Radial in Watts ^ 0.17 Subject to a minimum distance of 5.4 km D = 6.895 x Used Antenna Height(m) ^ 0.30 x Used ERP for Radial (W) ^ 0.15 There is no minimum distance for this SAB
Page 61
Frequency Calculations
Two frequency calculations are used when you create a Frequency Plan report. Effective Frequency Re-use The effective frequency re-use is an approximate indication of the quality of the hopping network. It can be calculated for each sub-cell and also the average of these calculated to give a figure for the network as a whole.
Where: REFF is the Effective Frequency Re-use for a sub-cell NF is the total number of carriers available to hopping TRX on the sub-cell (note: this is not the MA list length) NTRX is the number of hopping TRX on the sub-cell Frequency Load The average frequency load is another approximate indication of the quality of the hopping network. It can be calculated for each sub-cell and also the average of these calculated to give a figure for the network as a whole.
Where: LFREQ is the Frequency Load of a sub-cell LFRACTION is the Fractional Load of a sub-cell LHW is the Hardware Load of a sub-cell NTRX is the number of hopping TRX on the sub-cell NMA is the MA list length (i.e. all carriers assigned to hopping carrier layers on the subcell) E is the traffic that could be carried by the timeslots of hopping TRX on the sub-cell, at a user specified Grade of Service (GoS), i.e. NCSTS is the total number of timeslots installed this value is derived from the Carrier to Timeslot map using NTRX.
Page 62 ASSET Technical Reference Guide Version 6.1
APPENDIX D
In This Section
Simulation Inputs for QoS Analysis Traffic Generator for QoS Analysis Time Simulator for QoS Analysis Results of QoS Analysis References
ASSET Technical Reference Guide Version 6.1
64 64 71 73 78
Page 63
Preliminary Tests
Some conclusions can be deduced from the input data without running the simulation at all. These are: 100% blocking on any service will result in delays building up to infinity Zero traffic on all services will result in zero delays Zero blocking on all services will result in zero delays These results are immediately updated on the summary page of the QoS Analysis dialog box.
Page 64
The red line represents the mean number of users input from the simulation. The orange blocks represent the number of users varying over time. The blue blocks represent the holding times of the packet sessions produced by the traffic generator. Littles theorem gives us the relation between the arrival rate of packet sessions, the mean number of users in the cell and their mean session holding time. Let = mean session arrival rate
Page 65
.T
The traffic generator therefore generates sessions with mean arrival rate calculated from the mean number of users in the cell, and the mean session holding time, which is determined using the WWW traffic model.
The model requires the generation of six random variables: Session arrival process - The arrival of session set-ups to the network is modelled as a Poisson process. For each service there is a separate process. Number of packet calls per session, Npc - A geometrically distributed random variable* is used, with a mean number of packet calls of 5. Reading time between packet calls, Dpc - A geometrically distributed random variable* is used, with a mean reading time of 4 to 12 s. Number of packets per packet call, Nd - A geometrically distributed random variable* is used, with a mean number of packets of 25.
Page 66 ASSET Technical Reference Guide Version 6.1
Size of packet, Sd - A Poisson distributed random variable is used, with a mean size of 480 Bytes. Inter arrival time between packets, Dd - A geometrically distributed random variable* is used. * (In other words, a discrete representation of the exponential distribution.) The session holding time is modelled implicitly by the number of events during the session. Using the WWW traffic model, the mean holding time of a packet session T is given by:
( N pc 1)D pc
N pc ( N d 1)D d
Packet Model
The traffic generator uses the session arrival and WWW models to produce a list of packets for each service type, for each cell, for each carrier, lasting the duration of the simulation. Each packet is stamped with its arrival time at the cell, and also keeps a record of when it gets transmitted (its departure time), and its randomly generated size. The packet service type lists are then merged and sorted in arrival time order, to produce a single list of packets offered to the cell carrier:
In the diagram, the data contained in the packet boxes is the arrival time, the departure time and the packet size. Initially, the packets departure time is set to be the same as its arrival time. The departure time is updated each time step the packet is queued, until it is successfully transmitted. A histogram of the generated traffic is displayed for each service on each cell and carrier in the graphs tab of the QoS Analysis dialog box.
Page 67
In order to calculate the block size, the coding scheme allocated to each connection needs to be input from the simulation (a mean number of MS connections per coding scheme, per bearer, per service type, per sub-cell array will be required as input). The block size can be inferred directly from the GPRS coding schemes, however, the following mapping is used to calculate the block size for the first transmission attempt for the link adaptation families: A 592 bits B 448 bits C 352 bits There are no default BLER versus C/I curves for MCS 7, 8 and 9. In the retransmission model, the lower bitrates of the link adaptation families are used.
Page 68
Precedence Class
Traffic is given a precedence of 1 (premium), 2 (standard) or 3 (best effort), with a precedence of 1 being highest. This precedence is similar to the service type priorities set in the QoS Analysis wizard in ASSET, however the number of priorities needs to be restricted to three and different service types can have equal priorities. The precedence class is used to prioritise the queues. For more information, see Simulation Model on page 72.
Delay Class
GPRS has four different traffic classes. The following table shows the parameters that specify the related QoS requirements:
Traffic Class Conversational Medium Audio Data Streaming Audio Video Data Interactive Audio Data Application Telephony Telnet Streaming (HQ) On-way FTP Voice messaging Web browsing Data Rate (kbit/s) 4-25 <8 32-128 32-384 4-13 One-way Delay <150ms <250ms <10s <10 <10s <1s <4s/page
For background traffic, only bit integrity is required. 3g service types have traffic classes and are used in the packet service types dialog box in 3g to set default www parameters and delay targets. In the ASSET QoS Analysis the achieved 95th percentile delay per service type, per carrier, per cell is compared with the target 95th percentile delay. Traffic class is used to prioritise the queues. For more information, see Simulation Model on page 72.
Page 69
Reliability Class
Applications can request different reliability classes, depending on their ability to handle corrupt and duplicated blocks. The following table shows the reliability classes that can be selected:
Reliability Class 1 2 3 Lost Block Probability 10 10 10
Reliability is only considered in terms of the retransmission delay formula used in ASSET. This uses the block error rate (BLER) to analytically calculate the retransmission delay for packet services. A different approach is proposed for GPRS. The BLER can be calculated using the Average Data Throughput per Timeslot vs Average Connection C/I curves. The formula is:
where: Throughput(C/I) = throughput in kb/s read off the throughput per timeslot graph for the C/I achieved by the link
PeakDataRatePerSlot = peak rate per slot for the given coding scheme (the
asymptote of the throughput per timeslot graph BLER(C/I) = block error rate for the C/I achieved by the link The mean BLER over all the connections made per service type, per sub-cell is required as an input from the simulation, and is reported in the QoS Analysis spreadsheet. Block errors also have implications for the retransmission model. For more information, see Mean Retransmission Delay on page 78.
Throughput Class
Applications can request different mean and peak throughputs, in order to request the desired throughput for bursty IP traffic. Peak throughput applies to short intervals where the transfer rate is at a maximum. Mean throughput describes the data transfer rate over an extended period of time, which could involve many idle periods.
Peak throughput class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Peak throughput (kb/s) 8 16 32 64 128 256 512* Mean throughput class 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean throughput (bytes per hour) 100 200 500 1 000 2 000 5 000
Page 70
In GPRS, the peak throughput is determined by the peak data rate per slot achievable by the coding scheme, and the number of timeslots for which the MS is enabled. The peak throughput is calculated as follows:
PeakThroughput
The coding scheme is identified by the bearer allocated to the connection during the simulation and the maximum number of timeslots enabled on the MS will be a parameter set on the terminal type. It is therefore possible to do a preliminary check prior to running the GPRS QoS analysis to determine the peak throughput achievable for each service type on each sub-cell. The peak throughput is reported in the QoS Analysis spreadsheet. The mean throughput is logged as successful transmissions are made from the queue in the QoS analysis, and are reported in the QoS Analysis spreadsheet.
Page 71
Page 72
The rule is then applied that if admissions for each service are considered in priority order, and that if any higher priority packets remain queued, no lower priority packets are admitted. By the end of the simulation, the simulator will have produced a list of transmitted packets, each stamped with its arrival and departure times from the cell. A histogram of the queue length throughout the simulation is displayed for each service on each cell and carrier in the graphs tab of the QoS Analysis dialog box.
Page 73
The confidence interval half width H5 is calculated by repeating runs, using a different random number stream for each run (3). Suppose we make k runs (replications), each generating m sample values of the packet delay, Y. Let Y1, Y2, Y3,, Yk be the mean values of the k runs. The mean values are independent, since a different random number stream was used for each run and, for a sufficiently large m, it will be approximately normally distributed. The confidence interval half width Hi is then calculated from the sample mean , and variance
2
k Y i k i 1
k i 1 (Yi Y) 2 (k 1)
Hi
2. m
Page 74
Simulation Duration
This is calculated for each cell and carrier. The value depends on the parameters that you have set for the services supported by that cell, and carrier, and the mean number of users of those services input from the simulation. Using the same notation as the www traffic model section, plus the following definitions:
N req
S req
= required number of packets = number of sessions required to generate = time until the
N req
packets
Treq
S req
session arrives
N pc .N d
packets, so
S req
N req N pc .N d
S req
(1)
The session arrivals are modelled as a Poisson process, and so the expected time until the session arrives is:
Treq
S req
(2)
Treq
N req .T N pc .N d .N
S req
session itself, the simulation duration is:
N req N .N pc .N d
1 .T
Page 75
TP
i 0
ci
P ( n)
cn TP
n
ci CP(n)
i 0
TP
Page 76
N D
Mean delay
F.
n.P(n )
n 0
N
Standard deviation
(F.n n 0
D ) 2 .P(n )
Ttrans
8. S d 1000.b
Page 77
0.01. rt
BLER 1 BLER
1 seconds
References
The following are documents that have been referred to throughout this chapter: Selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS TR 101 112 v3.2.0, p.34 Quality of Service for Multimedia CDMA, N. Dimitriou, R. Tafazolli, G. Sfikas, IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2000 Simulating Computer Systems, M.H. MacDougall, MIT Press, p.114 Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, R.V. Hogg and A.T. Craig, CollierMacmillan Ltd, p.193
Page 78
APPENDIX E
Page 79
Page 80
F
Frequency Planning automatically using ILSA 54
Index
A
Algorithms FCC calculations 60 Frequency hopping 51 Frequency Re-use and Load 62 GPRS and HSCSD capacity 56 ILSA cost function 55 Interference arrays 47 Interference Tables 46 MAIO planning cost function 56 Non-Frequency hopping 53 Packet QoS 63 Prediction file caching algorithm 41 Arrays 2g (GSM Sim) 19 2g and 2.5g (Non-Sim) 8 3g (UMTS and CDMA2000) 21 best server 9, 10, 18 CDMA2000 21 descriptions 7 GSM (Sim) 19 HSDPA 30 interference (2g Non-Sim) 12 LMU 10 measured cells (LMU) 11 pilot coverage 22 types available 7 UMTS 21 WiMAX (Fixed) 34 WiMAX (Mobile) 36 Assignments, carriers 54
G
GPRS algorithms 45 arrays 15, 16 GSM algorithms 45
H
HSCSD algorithms 45
I
iDEN algorithms 45 ILSA about 54 cost function 55 Interference arrays 8, 12, 13, 14
L
LMUs arrays 10
M
Measured cells, arrays 11
P
Packet Quality of Service algorithms 63 Planning frequency 54 PMR algorithms 45 Prediction file management 41 Predictions file caching system 41 file management algorithm 41
B
Best Server arrays 9, 10
C
Caching algorithm for predictions 41 Carriers assignments 54
Q
QoS algorithms 63
E
ECSD algorithms 45 EGPRS arrays 16, 17, 18
S
Serving Cell arrays descriptions 9
Page 81
Page 82