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The demand for power, which has increased tremendously over the
last few decades, has forced the power engineers to establish reliable
network in order to supply quality power to the consumer. Over the
years lot of research has been carried out for the supply of quality power
to the consumers. This research got a tremendous boost with the strides
made in the miniaturization of the electrical industry. The power
electronic devices are very versatile devices capable of delivering power
as high as 10KW. These devices are capable of working at frequencies in
the range of hundreds of KHz and at the same time the control being only
at the gate terminal of the devices, which makes these devices easily
controllable.
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voltage automatically. This property of DCM input circuit can be called
“self power factor correction” because no control loop is required from its
input side. In DCM the input current is nearly sinusoidal waveform with
constant duty cycle switching. Another merit of this mode is that the turn
of the switch occurs at zero current switching (ZCS).Therefore the
switching loss of this converter is very low.
• BACKGROUND
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maintain the ripple in the dc bus to an acceptable level and also to meet
the "hold-up time" requirements. The circuit draws narrow input current
pulses around the line voltage peaks.
Power factor: Power factor (PF), is defined as the ratio of the average power
to the apparent power. Mathematically, it is represented as:
AveragePower Vs I sl cosθ1 I s1
PowerFactor = = = cosθ1
ApparentPower Vs I s Is
Power factor reflects how effectively the given source power is utilized by the
load. It has been assumed that the input voltage is sinusoidal with low
distortion. Here, Vs is the rms input voltage, Is is the rms input current, I s1 is
the rms value of fundamental input current, and θ1 is the phase angle of the
Is
fundamental current. The ratio is the distortion factor; its value reflects the
I s1
effect due to input current harmonics. The cosine of the angle O is the
displacement power factor; its value reflects the conventional power factor when
there is no distortion.
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PFC Techniques
INDUCTIVE FILTER
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Figure: Conventional Rectifier Circuit with inductive filter.
The inductor may also be introduced on the ac side. The position of the
inductance will not affect the PF in DCM operation. Under CCM operation,
however, the circuit behavior itself will be different depending upon the location
of the inductance. For instance, the presence of an infinite inductance on the
ac side (i.e. CCM operation) will result in zero input current and zero voltage
across the bulk capacitor, theoretically. However, the same inductance on the dc
side will result in rectangular blocks of current in the input with the bulk
capacitor charging up to the average value of the rectified input voltage. For
lower power levels, the distribution line inductance will itself act as a good
filter. For an office plug point (15 A), the line inductance is typically in the
range of 1 to 4 mH.. An estimate of this value can be obtained from the
assumption that the ac side reactance Xs (=ωLs) is 5% of the ratio of nominal
rated voltage to the maximum current rating of the plug point.
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Figure: Rectifier circuit with input capacitor Cs
The Figure shows the series filter arrangement for power factor correction,
which results in good power factors as high as 0.94. Thus, harmonic
performance is also good. However, the power factor depends upon the
resonant quality factor which is load dependent. Here the band pass filter is
designed with a centre frequency equal to the supply frequency. The quality
factor "Q" determines the bandwidth and hence the harmonic content of the
supply current. High "Q" (narrow bandwidth) will result in reduced
harmonic content and close to unity power factor. This circuit arrangement
is popularly used in applications where the supply frequency is high. One
such application is the space platform, with supply frequency up to 25 kHz.
Use of parallel resonant filter for PF improvement has also been suggested.
With this arrangement power factor close to 0.95 is achieved. The filter is
tuned to offer very high impedance to the third harmonic component (the
most predominant). The high value parallel resistor is added to damp out
circuit oscillations. The figure for such arrangement is shown below.
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ACTIVE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
The active PFC technique, which involves the shaping of the line current
using switching devices such as MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistors) and IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar junction transistors), is a
result of advances in power semiconductor devices and microelectronics. For
low and medium power ranges up to a few kilowatts (<5 kW), MOSFETs are
by far the popular choice for PFC because of their switching speed, ease of
driving and ruggedness. BJTs and more recently IGBTs are used for high
voltage medium power applications which MOSFETs are unable to contend
with owing to their large on-state resistances. For achieving good input
current wave shaping using active techniques, typically the switching
frequency should be at least an order of magnitude greater than 3 kHz (= 50
x 60 Hz = 50th harmonic of line frequency). With modern advances in
MOSFETs and IGBTs, this is feasible.
The use of active PFC techniques results in one or more of the following
advantages.
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in this paper as "Conventional active PFC techniques". They are typically
followed by a dc-dc downstream converter which caters to the demands of
the load.
(2)Active PFC techniques with fast load dynamics. Here, the PFC unit is
capable of meeting the fast dynamic requirement of a typical load.
Conventional active PFC techniques
Here, there are basically two approaches. One approach is to use
current-source-type circuit, in which the PFC acts as a current source
feeding the load. Though the voltage source type circuits are more popular,
the current source type circuits are useful in certain niche applications. In
the following subsections both types of circuits and schemes are
discussed.
Topologies:
The current-source-type PFC converter is usually of buck type.
However, for the voltage-source-type PFC converter, any one of the basic dc to
dc converter switching cells, such as buck, boost, buck-boost and Cuk
converter, can be used. Among these, the boost and the buck-boost
topologies are more popular. In the following subsections the notable
features of these topologies (both current and voltage source types) and
certain critical issues related to these topologies are presented. These
topologies are described briefly below and the diagrams are given below.
These power factor correction circuits are of conventional type and are
useful in certain applications.
Figure: Circuit variations of the boost PFC topology. Single-switch (a), two-
switch (b), four- switch (c), and half-bridge (d) boost PFC's.
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THE BOOST POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CONVERTER
The figure shows the proposed ac-dc boost converter. The proposed
ac-dc boost converter consists of step up inductor, switches S1, S2.The
proposed converter switches operates at soft switching condition by partial
resonant condition by control of constant duty cycle. The turn on of the
switches is done under zero current switching (ZCS) and turn off of the
switches is worked under zero voltage switching (ZVS) by partial resonant
method. Therefore the proposed converter is operated with high efficiency.
MODES OF OPERATION
There are four modes of operation during one switching cycle. At the
beginning the current flowing through the inductor Lr is zero. Both the
switches remain in off condition and the capacitor charges up to the same
voltage at the dc output side. The equation of input voltage and output
voltage of full bridge rectifier is given below.
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MODE1: ( t 0 ≤ t ≤ t1 )
Mode 1 begins with the turning on of two switches. The input voltage
Vin and capacitor voltage Vcr are added and applied to the inductor. Now the
capacitor starts discharging through inductor Lr forming a series LC
resonant circuit.
Thus at this mode the turning on off the switches occur at zero current
switching (ZCS).Under ZCS the equation of Vr and i Lr is given by;
Vcr = (Vr + Vdc ) cos ω r t − Vr ............(3)
(Vr + Vdc )
i Lr = − sin ω r t..................(4)
X
Where, ωr = Lr C r
When Vcr = 0, the inductor current at the end of this mode is given by;
1 2
I1 = (Vdc + 2VrVdc ) ...............(5)
X
MODE2: t1 ≤ t ≤ t 2
Mode 2 begins when voltage across Cr becomes zero and diodes d1
and d2 begins to conduct. The inductor current equation is linearly
increased given by;
Vr
i Lr = t + I 1 ..................................(6)
Lr
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This mode ends when both the switches turn off and the inductor current
is given by the equation;
Vr
I 2 = I1 + {TON − ( Lr C r ) cos −1 (v)}..........(7)
Lr
MODE3: t 2 ≤ t ≤ t 3
Mode 3 begins by turning of both the switches at same time. The
current flows through path Lr -d1- C r -d2, thus charges the capacitor. This
mode takes of a series resonant circuit. Turning of both the switches
occurs at ZCS condition when voltage across capacitor is zero. When
voltage across capacitor reaches “ Vdc ”, then the diode d3 start conducting.
The inductor current at this mode is assumed to be a constant value I 3 ,
because of short period of this mode.
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MODE4: t 3 ≤ t ≤ t 4
Mode 4 begins when diode d3 start conducting and the inductor
current flows into the load .Here the inductor current decreases linearly is
given by the equation:
Vr − Vdc
i Lr = t + I 2 .....................(8)
Lr
This mode ends when the inductor current reaches Zero value.
SIMULATION RESULTS
A diode rectifier bridge can be used to supply the input AC voltage. The
PFC converter is constructed by use of a boost chopper circuit with a
switching device in the dc side of the diode bridge rectifier circuit. A
sinusoidal current waveform in phase with the ac line voltage and the
constant dc voltage can be obtained from the PFC converter.
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• Resonant Capacitor Cr=91nF
• Output capacitor =2000
• Resistive load R=400
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The waveform below shows the input and output voltages of the PFC
boost converter.
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The input ac voltage waveform and the sinusoidal input current is given
below
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CONCLUSION
• From simulation
The input current waveform got to be sinusoidal in proportion to
supply voltage waveform with constant duty cycle i.e. 30% operation. The
DCM method reduces the complicacy of designing control circuit. Therefore
the input current waveform got to be sinusoidal without any control circuit
.The circuit switches operate under partial resonant soft switching method,
thus it increases the efficiency of the circuit. The proposed converter
achieves unity power factor with high efficiency from the above result.
• Limitations of PFC
The main switch Si operates in ZVS mode and reverse recovery of D1 is
gradual. Hence the switching losses of Si and D1 decrease notably. The turn-
off loss of S2 is similar to that Si, while its turn-on loss is caused by discharge
of the body capacitor and transient voltage dropping. Since S2 only conducts a
short period, its power rating can be much smaller than S 1's and so does its
body capacitor. As a result, the discharge loss caused by body capacitor of S2
in a soft-switched converter will be much smaller than Si in its hard-switched
counterpart.
By suppressing the diode recovery current and utilizing the energy stored
in the main switch's body capacitance, the soft-switching technique reduces
PFC's loss obviously when switching frequency is not very high. As penalty,
the soft switching makes converter be more complex.
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It is not realistic that the switching frequency could be as high as DC/DC
converter's level (1MHz), though maybe it is useful to enhance the efficiency
by employing ZVS auxiliary switch.
On the other hand, the limitation in the soft-switching PFC will not be a
serious problem if the input voltage is lower (e.g. 85-120VAc) or the output
voltage is higher (e.g. higher than 400VDC). Alternatively by changing the
topology of PFC to enlarge minimum duty ratio, the soft switching can also
avoid being affected by this limitation.
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