OPEN EDUCATION RESOURCES

Name of OER Developer : Pankaj Shirke Email: pankajshirke@vigyanashram.com Course: Water Conservation Subject: Water Conservation Topics: Water Conservation Methods Sr No 1 Sections Concepts Description Introduction,facts and definition of terms involved in watershed management Occurrence in nature and society Context and meaning - Need of water conservation - Types of water conservation - Watershed Management - Water flow measuring - Tools like rain guage - Groundwater Study Processes and Procedures Experiments Theories Applications Relationships Creative activities 2 Activities Learning activities Ilustrated Assignments Projects like - Construction of Vanrai dam - Contours preparation - Use of Dumpy level and Plain Table Survey - Selecting a site for construction of check dam/bund

Evaluation

Assesment of the practical done Questions on topics in watershed management Fact Findings post assignment

Selection of concept for OER Development

Levels in OER Development
Level 1 2 3 Target Audience For Learner For Trainer Evaluator Objective Self learning Facilitation of training Assesment/Evaluation of training

Concept Map for the OER

Introduction Water Resources on our earth are gradually decreasing on our planet.Total amount of freshwater available on earth surface is limited to hardly 2 percent.Now considering about Indian climatic conditions,the rainfall amount is quite good because even in drought prone areas,rainfall quantity is more than developed nations.There is need to conserve water because almost 60% of rainwater is drained through rivers into the oceans and as time progresses,need for water is more due to increase of population thus producing strain on agriculture and further on our countrys economy This document focusses on conservation of water resources,methods with concepts explained with practical assignments

Outline of the concept Concept of water conservation Study of various equipments used like rain guage,dumpy level,plain table survey Measuring flow of water Selecting a site for construction of dam/bund Practical :- To construct a contour Practical:- To build a check Dam/Vanrai bandhara/bund Objectives The learner will be able to select catchment site,building a contour, measuring water flow. The learner will be able to use equipments involved in building a contour,selecting catchment,building bund,check dam. The learner will be able to select a site for small dam/bund The learner will able to select appropriate water conservation methods and techniques suitable for his region Software tools used MS Powerpoint,MS Word ,Adobe Acrobat Reader , Media Player

Instructor Instructions Please read the powerpoint slides and pdf/word documents with this documents

Scenario Kanhur is a village situated around 35 kms from a major town and this village has very less source of water .Only one small stream is present and one canal situated 6 kms away.There is no problem till month of october.Other times,from october till june, people have to rely on wells and tube wells and irregular water supply from canals.Kanhur receives annual rainfall of 600 mm and major crops are jowar and literacy ratio is around 30% and total farm land in village is around 200 hectares Kanhur has population of 1100 with 250 houses . Vijay and Sanjay are two friends who are well educated are discussing about water scarcity problems faced by villagers and they see need for water harvesting in their village.They discuss about Farm Tank construction, building a check dam on the stream, conserving water collected from rooftop into a small tank. Vijay learns watershed development,catchment areas, tools like plain table for contour marking, construction of farm tank,Gabian type bund, Check dam,Rain water harvesting methods and calculating volume of rain water which can be harvested in a particular structure and measuring water flow After learning this techniques, Vijay after discussing with sanjay decides to implement it in the village to solve the water scarcity problem in his village and he explains it to Sanjay and other villagers.

Introduction on Water shed development

This section introduces the need of water conservation .in this section,there are embedded powerpoint slides which describes about watershed development Aim of this section is that the learner will be able to understand basics of watershed and will be able to gain knowledge on catchment area,water conservation and management Catchment : This is an area defined with a particular boundaries in a basin of river/stream of any such water source, where maximum amount of water can be collected Water conservation :- Efficient usage of water resources leads to conservation of water There are many ways of water conservation techniques which will be discussed further Some of them are - Water Budgeting and Auditing :- This is useful because this decides how much water is required per person exactly - Check dam : Usually built on small streams with locally available materials like stones,cement ,gravel etc.These are built in less amount of time,skills and satisfies local village water needs - Small Lake It is built in village by use of local available material.This lake can be small in size or larger depending on local needs - Plantation of more trees on slopes :- Plant leaves releases water as a part of transpiration process thus keeping climate cool and helpful in maintaining moisture - Larger dams built on rivers with huge catchment areas and require engineering skills This slide describes about Catchment Areas and development Please Click Here for viewing this slide

Self assesment Questions 1) What are the causes of soil erosion 2) Landslides are caused due to Catchment Area Development True/False 3) Considering the above scenario,write a short note on selection of catchment area

Tools used in watershed development

This section focusses on selection of site for a dam/bund , preparation of contour lines ,use of survey tables,A Level and dumpy level Information about Rain Guage and measuring of rainfall Aim of this section is that the learner will be able to use the above mentioned tools and will be able to gain required knowledge to select a site for constructing a small dam/bund The learner will be able to gain knowledge about measuring rainfall The following slide describes about monsoon and drought conditions, the hydro cycle, rainfall and water budget Please click here for Referring Monsoon and Droughts presentation to understand the climatic conditions of our country Please click on the following slide for description on contour lines and use of A Frame which are important for selection of a catchment site Please click here on the following slide for information on contour lines

Please click here for the following slide for Dumpy level usage.

Please click here for following slide for Maps and Plain table surveying

Thus with end of this session,the learner can use various tools like plain table survey,dumpy level for selecting a watershed site Self assesment Questions 1) What is transpiration processes in trees?What is the relation between high transpiration and rainfall? 2) How can soil erosion in catchment areas controlled? 3) Why should the catchment area not too big or too small? 4) List out the essential factors to select a catchment site

Practical applications of watershed management

This section explains about watershed management practical applications where there are various techniques used for rural and urban areas. In rural areas,the types of water conservation spans farm tank,check dam,contours,bunds,ground water source strengthening In urban areas,rainwater on rooftop is harvested by collecting it ,filtering and storing in a tank

Rain Water harvesting

There are various types of techniques depending on rural and urban areas In Urban Areas,usually water harvesting is done by collecting rain water from rooftops and storing it in an tank In rural areas,there are types of techniques like A ) Farm tank B) Contour C) Check Dam(Nala Bund / Gabian type etc) Contours and Check dam are already explained earlier Following document explains about importance of Rainwater Harvesting which is useful for urban as well as semi-urban and rural residential areas. Please click here to refer to the presentation on Rain Water Harvesting Question 1) Calculate rainwater harvesting Potential for a 1000 sq meters land having rainfall 450 mm yearly and with 20% leakage 2) Why first time rain in season not collected and allowed to flow? Following document ellaborates about farm tank and its construction process.It is useful and cost effective method in rural areas to satisfy water needs of a farm especially in dry season Please click here to view presentation on Farm Tank details

Practical assignment for building a contour line

- Contour line is the line connecting places of equal height - it is a technique used in hilly area slopes - A small streak is dug out on the contour line - Many parallel contour lines are constructed from top of hill to bottom - Water flowing from top to bottom is percolated in ground due to this contour lines Advantages of contour lines -Increase in ground water level - Moisture of soil is retained - Useful for plantation on slopes - Soil erosion is controlled Tools used for Contour lines :- A Frame/ Dumpy Level / Survey Table

Question:
Area of a barren hill in kanhur is around 40 hectares having gentle slope of 35 degrees from base and highest point on this hill is 32 meters from ground and width of the hill is 100 meters.considering these measurements,design a hill structure and then design a cross secton of contour on paper .

Now with end of this OER,The Learner is familiar with techniques like -Watershed -Knowledge of selection of dam sites -Knowledge of using tools like A-Frame,Dumpy level and plain survey tables -Knowledge of various structures like Contours,Dams,Lake

Practical Assignments By Applying this knowledge,The Learner can do following things to expand knowledge base
1) Use of A Level/Plain Table/Dumpy level for preparing Contours 2) Perform Leveling of ground 3) Selection of catchment Area 4) Participate Constructing a Check Dam 5) Constructing a farm tank

Additional Activities
1) Prepare a 1 month water audit for a single house 2) Explore measurement of rain fall by use of rain guage.

Additional references
Ground water source strengthening unconventional techniques
The following slide from department of Directorate of Groundwater Survey Agency, Government of Maharashtra describes about unconventional techniques of groundwater drinking water sources strengthening, hydrofracturing Please click here to view the presentation from Groundwater Survey , Government of India for your additional references