Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Nationalism in the Middle East Nationalism in Africa and Asia Revolutionary Chaos in China Nationalism in Latin America
Objectives: 1. Explain how nationalism led to the creation of the modern states of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia 2. Specify how the Balfour Declaration made Palestine a national jewish homeland
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire The empire of the Ottoman Turks had been growing steadily weaker the sick man of Europe France seized Algeria and Tunisia and Great Britain took control of Egypt; Greece also declared its independence in the 19th century
reformers seized control of the empires government and adopted a constitution *Abdulhamid II, suspended the new constitution and ruled by authoritarian means He feared of assassination and had pets taste all his food
1.5 million Armenians had been killed and 500,000 deported *genocide or *ethnic cleansing the deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group
Men were forbidden to wear the fez, the brimless cap worn by Turkish Muslims Women were forbidden to wear the veil (also given the right to vote in 1934) The Turkish Republic was the product of Atatrks efforts
The Beginnings of Modern Iran A similar process of modernization was underway in Persia The discovery of oil in the southern part of the country in 1908 In 1921, Reza Khan led a military mutiny that seized control of *Tehran, the capital city
*Reza Shah Pahlavi tried to follow the example of Kemal Atatrk in Turkey; Persia became the modern state of *Iran in 1935 He created a Westernstyle education system Reza Shah Pahlavi drew closer to Nazi Germany
Arab Nationalism
Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan were assigned to Great Britain; Syria and Lebanon to France For the most part, Europeans created these Middle Eastern states; Europeans determined the nations borders and divided the peoples. *Ibn Saud united Arabs in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula*Saudi Arabia
The Problem of Palestine In Palestine, the nationalism of Jews and Arabs came into conict because both groups viewed the area as a potential national state Zionist movement and the Jewish state *Balfour DeclarationBritain expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine
Objectives: 1. Explain how nationalism led to the creation of the modern states of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia 2. Specify how the Balfour Declaration made Palestine a national jewish homeland
Objectives: 1. Describe how peoples in Africa and Asia began to agitate for independence 2. Relate how Japan became an aggressive military state 3. Characterize how Soviet agents worked to spread communism around the world
Movements toward Independence in Africa Black Africans had fought in World War I in British and French armies. Many Africans hoped they would be rewarded with independence after the war Germany was stripped of its African colonies and transferred to Great Britain and France Britain and France now governed a vast portion of Africa
African Protests
Africans became more active politically, learning new ideas about freedom and nationalism in the West (liberty and equality) Reform movements in *Kenya in 1921 organized by Harry Thuku A struggle against Italian rule in Libya also occurred in the 1920s guerrilla warfare against the Italians Some reforms were made by was too latethey wanted independence, not reform
New Leaders
New Leaders emerged inuenced by *W.E.B. Du Bois African American; Harvard University, leader if a movement of uniting africans and make them aware of their cultural heritage
*Marcus GarveyJamaican who lived in Harlem, New York City Stressed the unity of all Africans and *Pan-Africanism Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya British rule was destroying the traditional culture of the peoples of Africa
The Movement for Indian Independence *Mohandas Gandhi Indias Great Soul or *Mahatma
A Push for Independence The Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 Under its new leader, Motilal Nehru, the INC wanted to push for full independence Gandhi taught that hate could only be overcome by love, not through force Home spun and Salt March
The Rise of A Militarist Japan A Zaibatsu Economy The Japanese economy concentrated the zaibatsu, a large nancial and industrial corporation Ination in food prices led to food shortages and riots
The Great Depression struck, workers and farmers suffered the most hardships called for a return to traditional Japanese values Many demanded that Japan use its own strength to dominate Asia and meet its needs
The Rise of Militarism Japan moved toward a more democratic government New problems led to the emergence of militant forces that encouraged Japan to become a militaristic state Some of the militants were civilians convinced that the parliamentary system had been corrupted by Western ideas
1930s civilians formed extremist patriotic organizationsBlack Dragon Society One group of middle-level army ofcers invaded *Manchuria without government approval in 1931 All political parties were merged into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Nationalism and Revolution in Asia The Marxist doctrine of social revolution had no appeal for Asian intellectuals After the revolution in Russia in 1917, the communist ideal had become more attractive and a Worldwide Organization of Communist Parties advanced the communist revolution
Objectives: 1. Report how internal tensions led Chiang Kaishek to violently end the Communist-Nationalist alliance 2. Discuss Mao Zendongs belief that revolution in China would be led by peasants, not the urban working class
Nationalists and Communists By 1920, central authority had almost ceased to exist in China. Two political forces began to emerge as competitors for the right to rule China: *Sun Yat-sens Nationalist Party and the *Chinese Communist Party
In 1921, Staff from the Beijing University founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in *Shanghai *Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Nationalists welcomed their cooperation In 1923, these parties formed an alliance to drive the imperialist powers out of China
They mobilized and trained a revolutionary army to march north and seize control of China By 1926, they took control of all of China south of the *Chang Jiang (Yangtze) river Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and was succeeded as head of the Nationalist Party by the general *Chiang Kai-shek
In 1927, he struck against the Communists and their supporters in Shanghai, killing thousands*Shanghai Massacre In 1928, Chiang Kaishek founded a new Chinese republic at *Nanjing
The Communists in Hiding After the Shanghai Massacre, most of the Communist leaders went into hiding in the city They were led by the young Communist organizer *Mao Zedong. He was convinced that a Chinese revolution would be driven by the povertystricken peasants
Though outnumbered by Chiangs forces, Mao made effective use of *guerrilla tacticsusing unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to ght the enemy
The Peoples Liberation Army (*PLA) broke through the Nationalist lines and began its famous Long March Moving on foot through mountains, marshes, and deserts, the PLA traveled 6,000 milesmany froze or starved 90,000 to 9,000
New Life Movement the goal was to promote traditional Confucian social ethics (integrity, propriety, and righteousness) *redistribution of wealth the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority
Objectives: 1. Report how internal tensions led Chiang Kaishek to violently end the Communist-Nationalist alliance 2. Discuss Mao Zendongs belief that revolution in China would be led by peasants, not the urban working class