FUNGI

* Medical Mycology study of human diseases caused by fungi. * Eukaryotic microbes devoid of chlorophyll * Larger than bacterial cells * Unicellular or multicellular * Well developed nucleus with nuclear membrane and paired chromosome * Rigid cell wall containing chitin, mannan and other polysaccharides * Cytoplasmic membrane contain sterols * Reproduction asexual or sexual * They are resistant to antibiotics CLASSIFICATION A. BASIDIOMYCETES ( MUSHROOMS) B. ASCOMYCETES ( YEAST ) C. MOULDS OR FILAMENTOUS FUNGI D. DIMORPHIC/LICHENS Human fungal disease( mycoses) Location: cutaneous subcutaneous systemic Fungal cell wall Composed of chitin Fungal membrane- ergosterol Ergosterol Target of chemotherapeutic agents drugs that disrupt membrane function: Amphotericin B Nystatin Clotrimazole Ketoconazole miconazole Habitat and nutrition Heterotrophic (preformed organic carbon source for growth) Dont ingest food particles but depend upon transport of soluble nutrients across their cell membranes. Saprophytic

Some parasitic if in contact with soil, except Candida Fungal Growth 1. Filamentous ( mold-like) fungi vegetative body (thallus), mycelium, hyphae and reproduce by formation of different types of spores. Ex. Dermatophytes 2. Yeast like fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae ex. Candida albicans 3. Yeast- spherical or ellipsoid cells, reproduce by budding 4. Dimorphic grow as yeast in soil or in cultures, or moulds or filaments ex. Histoplasma capsulatum and other causing systemic infections. Cutaneous Mycoses Also known as dermatophytoses, characterized by itching, scaling skin patches ( scalp, pubic area or feet) 1. tinea pedis ( athletes foot) Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Epidermophyton floccosum 2. Tinea corporis ( ringworm) Epidermophyton floccosum Several species of Trichophyton and Microsporum 3. Tinea capitis ( scalp ringworm) Trichophyton and Microsporum 4. Tinea cruris ( jock itch) 5. Tinea Unguim ( onychomycosis) Trichopyton rubrum Subcutaneous Mycoses Sporotrichosis Sporothrix sp(dimorphic) Chromomycosis Mycetoma Infection of the dermis, subcutaneous tissues and bone Systemic Mycoses 1. Coccidiodomycosis 2. Histoplasmosis 3. Blastomycosis

Candida Important human pathogens that are best known for causing opportunist infections in immunocompromised hosts (e.g. transplant patients, AIDS sufferers, cancer patients). Infections are difficult to treat and can be very serious: C. albicans Aspergillus Some Aspergillus species are pathogenic and can cause serious disease in humans and animals. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. A. flavus-produce aflatoxin Aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain or breathlessness. Usually, only patients with weakened immune systems or with other lung conditions are susceptible. Cryptococcus Cryptococcus neoformans can cause a severe form of meningitis and meningoencephalitis in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. Histoplasma Histoplasmosis, also known as Darling's disease, is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis, and it can be fatal if untreated. Histoplasmosis is common among AIDS patients because of their lowered immune system

VIRUS
DO VIRUS CONSIDERED NON LIVING? Ans: according to majority of virologist, they do not meet all the criteria of the generally accepted definition of life. o Do not posses a cell membrane or metabolise on their own.

o Can reproduce by creating a multiple copies of their own but they do not posses a cell structure. VIRUS Latin word means poison or toxin Submicroscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism. Do not metabolise on their own and therefore require a host cell to replicate and synthesize a new product. Why virus hard to kill? Parasites incapable of reproducing on their own. Inactive form, not unless they burrow into a host cell, taking over its functions in order to replicate and thereby destroying the host. Vulnerable to drugs only after they invade a cell, but any treatment may damage the cell as well. Viruses can suddenly mutate.Potentially becoming deadlier and even tougher to eliminate with effective vaccine or anti viral drugs. How long does it take for HIV to cause AIDS? HIV develops AIDS within 10 years after becoming infected. Varies greatly from person to person and can depend on many factors, including a person's health status and their health-related behaviours. MORPHOLOGY VIRUS Smaller in size 20 to 300 nm Either DNA or RNA No cellular organization No enzyme for synthesis of protein and nucleic acid Obligate intracellular parasites not affected by antibiotics Filterable through bacterial filters Too small to be seen under light miccroscope and are called ultra microsopic INFECTIOUS AGENT VIRUS VIRAL COMPONENTS 1. NUCLEIC ACID Genome either DNA or RNA, but not both

Protein containing structure ( capsid), design to protect the genome Additional structural features Envelope protein containing lipid bilayer, can be present of absent 2. CAPSID Protein shell that encloses nucleic acid ( genome) Protection of nucleic acid/genome Promotion of attachment of virus to the susceptible host cell 3. ENVELOPE a membrane covering surrounding the capsid May possess projections called spikes or peplomers which function as haemagglutinin Confers chemical, antigenic and biological properties RNA VIRUS HIV( human immunodeficiency virus) HIV is so hard to kill: it's a virus that uses evolution within the host to adapt to its local environment. Infects the T cells(T4 lymphocyte cells) or helper cells infection with HIV can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty fighting off certain infections.

Blood Semen vaginal fluid breast milk other body fluids containing blood How does the HIV Virus infect The T Cell? First the virus binds to the cell via the CD4 receptor on the cell membrane. After it binds to the cell, the virus penetrates the cell membrane and releases the HIV RNA into the cell. Within the cell, the HIV RNA undergoes reverse transcription where the RNA codes for the HIV DNA. This new DNA strand then enters the cell's nucleus where it codes for more RNA. These RNA strands are then released into the cytoplasm where they are translated into protein, which then form the capsoid that carries the new HIV RNA. In the final step the new HIV virus' collect along the cell membrane budding on the edge of the membrane. Finally, when the cell membrane can no longer hold all of the HIV, it explodes releasing the HIV into the body. CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUS Four main characteristics : Nature of the nucleic acid: RNA or DNA Symmetry of the capsid Presence or absence of an envelope Dimensions of the virion and capsid STRUCTURE Helical Icosahedral Enveloped Complexed HELICAL Helical capsids are composed of a single type of capsomer stacked around a central axis to

These body fluids have been proven to spread HIV:

form a helical structure, which may have a central cavity, or hollow tube Ex. Tobacco mosaic virus ICOSAHEDRAL Most animal viruses are icosahedral or nearspherical with icosahedral symmetry. The minimum number of identical capsomers required is twelve, each composed of five identical sub-units. Capsomers on the triangular faces are surround by six others and are call hexons. ex: rotavirus ENVELOPED Some species of virus envelope themselves in a modified form of one of the cell membranes, either the outer membrane surrounding an infected host cell, or internal membranes such as nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum, thus gaining an outer lipid bilayer known as a viral envelope. CLASSIFICATION Based on Type of nucleic acid: 1. Ribovirus containing RNA these are called RNA viruses 2. Deoxyriboviruses viruses containing DNA these are DNA viruses RNA VIRUSES 1. Picornaviridae family Enteroviruses ex. Polivirus Rhinovirus ex. Rhinoviruses Hepatovirus ex. Hepatitis A virus 2. Orthomyxoviridae ex. Influenza virus 3. Paramyxoviridae ex. Mumps, para infuenza, respiratory syncytial 4. Rhabdoviridae ex. Rabies 5. Coronaviridae ex. Coronavirus 6. Reoviridae ex. Rotavirus 7. Retroviridae ex. HIV 8. other families like Arbovirus, Hantavirus, and many other virus DNA VIRUS 1. Poxviridae- ex. Poxvirus

2. Herpesviridae- ex. Herpes viruses 3.Adenoviridae ex. Adenovirus 4. hapadnavirus ex. Hepatitis B 5. Papoviridae ex. Papilomavirus and polyomavirus 6. Parvoviridae- ex. parvovirus

VIRAL REPLICATION A. LYSOGENIC CYCLE -A viral replication cycle in which the virus does not destroy the host cell but coexists within it. B. LYTIC CYCLE - A viral replication cycle in which the virus destroys the host cell. BACTERIOPHAGE Viruses that affect bacteria are called bacteriophages, or simply phages (pronounced FAY-jez). AIDS Caused by human immunodeficiency virus belonging to retrovirus Spherical enveloped virus RABIES Caused by rabies virus( Rhabdovirus) Bullet shape RNA surrounded by a membranous envelope with spikes HEPATITIS A Non envelope virus Infection occurs bye ingestion ( mouth) INFLUENZA Caused by Orthomyxoviruses Enveloped and posses two spikes Acute respiratory disease characterized by abrupt onset of chills, fever, sore throat, cough MEASLES Caused by Paramyxovirus Spherical German measles is caused by Rubella virus LIFE CYCLE