Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 1/29/09

Review Questions pg. 249 and 253

Page 249
1. Reading Focus
a. What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800s?
i. Medical advances lowered the death rate, and increased the
population. Medical advances by people like Louis Pasteur created
vaccination against rabies and anthrax. Also the discovery of a
process called pasteurization killed disease-carrying microbes in
milk. Soon, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis was identified. By
1914, yellow fever and malaria had been traced to microbes carried
by mosquitoes. As people understood how germs caused disease,
they did things to prevent it, and as a result, the rate of disease and
death lowered.Anesthesia was first used in the 1840s. Overall,
hygiene became a lot better.
b. How had cities changed by 1900?
i. There was the changing city landscape. City planners gouged out
spacious new squares and boulevards. Old roads were destroyed and
replaces with boulevards and public buildings. Gradually, settlement
patterns shifted. Paved streets made urban areas much more livable.
Sewage systems made cities healthier places to live. Soaring
buildings were soon built called skyscrapers. In large cities, single
family middle class homes gave way to multistory apartment
buildings. These radical changes in the development of the city
brought many tourists and people to move into the city. Population
exploded and city life because busy and exciting.
c. How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?
i. Workers protested low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and the
constant threat of unemployment. At first, business owners and
governments tried to silence protestors, but by mid-century, workers
slowly began to make progress. They formed mutual-aid societies,
which were self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. By the
late 1800s, most western counties granted all men the right to vote.
Women won the right to organize unions to bargain on their behalf.
German legalized labor unions. Soon, governments passed laws to
regulate working conditions. Over time, laws were passed outlawing
child labor, and banning employment of women in mines. They also
gave workers disability insurance that became injured or ill.
2. Identify
a. Louis Pasteur
i. A French chemist and the person to clearly show the link between
microbes and disease. Pasteur went on to make other major
contributions, including the development of vaccines against rabies
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 1/29/09

and anthrax, and the discovery of a process called pasteurization

which killed disease-carrying microbes in milk.
b. Robert Koch
i. A German Doctor that identified the bacteria that caused
tuberculosis, a respiratory disease. The search for a tuberculosis
cure, however, took half a century.
c. Florence Nightingale
i. A British nurse and a women that believed the very first requirement
in a hospital is that a hospital should o the sick no harm. She insisted
on better hygiene in field hospitals. She later introduced sanitary
conditions in British hospitals. She also founded the world’s first
school of nursing.
d. Joseph Lister
i. The English surgeon that discovered how antiseptics prevented
infection. He insisted that surgeons washed their hands before
operating and sterilize their instruments. Eventually, the use of
antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infections.
3. Define
a. Germ Theory
i. the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms
b. Urban Renewal
i. Rebuilding the poor areas of a city
c. Mutual-aid society
i. Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
d. Standard of Living
i. A level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available
to someone or some group

Page 253
1. Reading Focus
a. What values shaped the new social order?
i. Although middle-class families had a huge part in choosing who
their children married, young people had more freedom to choose a
marriage partner than ever before. Marriage contracts were set up to
protect a daughter’s property right. The division of labor between
husband and wife changed. Most husbands went to work in an office
or shop, getting enough income to keep the wife at home. Women
spent their hours raising children, directing servants, and perhaps
doing religious or charitable services. Books magazines, and songs
supported the idea of the women and the home.
b. How did women and educators seek change?
i. There were early voices while women sought more rights. Some
women had become leaders in the union movement. Others had
campaigned for the abolition of slavery. Many women broke the
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Period C 1/29/09

barriers that kept them out of universities and some overcame the
opposition to train as lawyer and doctors. There was also the
suffrage struggle. The Seneca Falls Convention demanded that
women be granted the right to vote. In general, women’s suffrage
faced intense opposition.
c. How did science challenge existing beliefs?
i. The new science of geology opened disturbing avenues of debate.
Charles Lyell offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed
over millions of years. His successors concluded that the Earth was
at least two billion years old and that life had not appeared until long
after the Earth was formed. These ideas did not seem to agree with
biblical accounts of creation. Archaeology added other pieces to the
emerging debate. Eventually, people started finding bones of
prehistoric people, which helped develop new ideas about early
human life. To many Christians, the bible contained the only true
account of creation. Darwin’s theory was against religious belief.
d. What role did religion play in urban society?
i. Christian churches and Jewish synagogues remained at the center of
communities. Religious leaders influenced political, social, and
educational developments. In Europe and America, many protestant
churches backed the social gospel, a movement that urged Christians
to social service. They campaigned in reforms for housing, health
care, and education.
2. Identify
a. Atomic Theory
i. Created by John Dalton. The ancient Greeks speculated that all
matter was made up of tiny particles called atoms. Dalton showed
how different kinds of atoms combined to make all chemical
substances.
b. Charles Lyell
i. The new science of geology opened disturbing avenues of debate.
Charles Lyell offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed
over millions of years. His successors concluded that the Earth was
at least two billion years old and that life had not appeared until long
after the Earth was formed. These ideas did not seem to agree with
biblical accounts of creation
c. Natural Selection
i. Natural forces selected those with physical traits best adapted to
their environment. The process of natural selection became known as
“survival of the fittest.” Natural selection was first brought up by
Darwin.
d. Social Darwinism
i. Applying the ideas of survival of the fittest to war and economic
competition. War brought progress by weeding out weak nations,
victory was seen as proof of superiority, and industrial tycoons were
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Period C 1/29/09

more fit than those put out of business. Social Darwinism

encourages racism. By late 1800, many Europeans and Americans
claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the
superiority of the white race.
e. Salvation Army
i. A charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for
the poor and homeless. It was created by William and Catherine
Booth. It both spread Christian teaching and provided social
services.
3. Define
a. Cult of domesticity
i. The Cult of Domesticity or Cult of True Womanhood (named such
by its detractors) was a prevailing view among middle and upper
class white women
b. Temperance Movement
i. A campaign to limited or ban the use of alcohol beverages.
c. Women’s suffrage
i. Women’s right to vote.
d. Racism
i. The belief that one racial group is superior to another.
e. Social gospel
i. A movement that urged Christians to social service.