HANDOUT 3.

1
100 10 1 1000 100 10
APPROX. MOLEC. WT.

GRAVEL POLYMER POWDERS -LUCITE -GEON -ETC. HUMAN HAIR

MACRO

Radio waves

VISIBLE TO EYE

8 7 6
MICRO

1 Millimeter

BEACH SAND

PARTICLE FILTRATION

MICROSCOPE

Infrared
OPTICAL

COAL DUST MILLED FLOUR TOBACCO SMOKE COLLOIDAL SILICA VIRUS

YEAST CELLS BACTERIA PAINT PIGMENT

POLLEN RED BLOOD CELLS TALC CLAY

Visible Ultraviolet

MACRO MOLECULAR

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

4 1000 1 Micron1 100 3

10 1 1 Nanometer

MICROFILTRATION

200k

MOLECULE

2 1 0
X-rays

CARBON BLACK PYROGEN

ALBUMIN PROTEIN

ULTRAFILTRATION

20k

200 100

SUGARS METAL IONS ATOMS

AQUEOUS SALTS

1 Angstrom

ELECTROPARTICLE SIZE MAGNETIC PARTICLE RANGE LOG SCALE SPECTRUM

IONIC

REVERSE OSMOSIS

COMMON MATERIALS

SEPARATION PROCESS

HANDOUT 3.2 STANDARD MESH SIZE

Tyler
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 28 32 35 42 48 60 80 100 150 200 250 325 400

US
4 6 8 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 80 100 140 200 230 325 400

mm
4.70 3.33 2.36 1.65 1.40 1.17 0.991 0.833 0.701 0.589 0.495 0.417 0.351 0.295 0.246 0.175 0.147 0.104 0.074 0.061 0.043 0.038

Inches
0.185 0.131 0.094 0.065 0.056 0.047 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.023 0.020 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.0097 0.0069 0.0058 0.0041 0.0029 0.0024 0.0017 0.0015

HANDOUT 3.3
Taken from Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.7 in L. Svarovsky, Solid-Liquid Separation, 3rd Ed., Butterworths, London, 1990. DEFINITIONS OF EQUIVALENT AND STATISTICAL DIAMETERS. Symbol Name Definition DEFINITIONS OF EQUIVALENT SPHERE DIAMETERS xv Volume diameter Diameter of sphere with the same volume as the particle. xs Surface diameter Diameter of sphere with the same surface area as the particle. xd Drag diameter Diameter of sphere that has the same resistance to motions at the same velocity as the particle. xf Free-falling diameter Diameter of sphere of same density as the particle with the same free-falling speed in the same liquid. xSt Stokes diameter Same as xf but for when Stokes Law applies (Re < 0.2) xA Sieve diameter Largest diameter sphere that can pass through the square aperture of the sieve screen. xSV Surface to Volume Ratio Diameter of sphere that has the same surface area to volume ratio as the particle. DEFINITIONS OF EQUIVALENT CIRCLE DIAMETERS xz Projected area diameter Projected area if the particle is resting in a stable position. xp Projected area diameter Projected area if the particle is randomly oriented. xc Perimeter diameter Diameter of a sphere with the same projected perimeter as the perimeter of the projected outline of the particle. DEFINITIONS OF STATISTICAL DIAMETERS xF Ferets diameter Distance between two tangents on opposite sides of the particle. xM Martins diameter Length of the line which bisects the projected image of the particle (the two halves of the image have equal areas). xSH Shear diameter Particle width obtained with an image shearing eyepiece. xCH Maximum chord Maximum length of a line limited by the contour of the projected diameter image of the particle.

HANDOUT 3.4
LABORATORY METHODS OF PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENTS METHOD APPROX SIZE TYPE SIZE, m Sieving (wet or dry) xA Woven wire 37-4000 Electro formed 5-120 Microscopy Optical 0.8 150 xz, xF, xM xSH, xCH Electron 0.001 5 Gravity sedimentation 2-100 xSt, xf Centrifugal sedimentation 0.01 - 10 xSt, xf Flow Classification xSt, xf Gravity elutriation (dry) 5 - 100 Centrifugal elutriation (dry) 2 - 50 Impactors (dry) 0.3 50 Cyclonic (wet or dry) 5 - 50 Coulter principle (elect. resist.) 0.8 200 xv Field flow fractionation 0.001 100 xd Hydrodynamic chromatography 0.01 50 xd Fraunhofer diffraction (laser) 1 2000 Equiv laser diameter Mie theory light scattering (laser) 0.1 40 Equiv laser diameter Photon correlations spectroscopy 0.003 3 Equiv laser diameter Scanning infrared laser 3 100 Chord length Aerodynamic sizing nozzle flow 0.5 30 xd Mesh obscurtion method 5 25 xA Laser Doppler phase shift 1 10,000 Equiv laser diameter Time of transition 150 1200 Equiv laser diameter Surface area to volume ratio Calculated xSV Permeametry Hindered settling Gas diffusion Gas adsorption Adsorption from solution Flow microcalorimetry TYPE OF SIZE DISTRIBUTION By mass

By number

By mass By mass By mass By mass By mass or by number By mass By number Depends upon detector Depends upon detector By volume By volume By number By number By number By number Mean only By number By number mean

HANDOUT 3.5 ELECTRONIC PARTICLE COUNTER

The electronic particle counters can measure particle sizes ranging from 0.4 to 1200 micrometers. This method requires the particles to be placed in a stirred electrolyte solution. The resistance to the flow of electrical current through a small aperture is calibrated to the change in resistance depending upon the particle size (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Basic components of the Coulter Counter.

As the particles pass through the aperture opening, they bend the current flux lines around the particles, thus causing a longer length for the current to pass and thus a higher resistance to the current (Figure 2). Voltage and current are measured to quantify the resistance using Ohms Law: V = IR.

APERTURE OPENING WITHOUT PARTICLE

APERTURE OPENING WITH PARTICLE

Figure 2. Particles in the aperture bend the electrical current flux lines.

HANDOUT 3.6 EXAMPLE 3-1 A sample of M&Ms with peanuts are weighed as listed in Table 3-1. Using an average density of 1.23 grams per cubic centimeter, the average candy diameter (assuming spherical shape) is calculated. Plot the frequency distribution and the cumulative frequency distribution of the average diameter of the candies. Using the formulas in Eqs.(3-13) and (3-14) the frequency and cumulative frequency distributions are calculated. The particle sizes are added up in x increments of 0.05 cm. The size ranges start with 1.45 to 1.50 cm. All M&Ms of size less than 1.50 are counted in the first increment, all M&Ms with size between 1.5 and 1.55 are in the second increment, and so on. The values for nj are determined by counting the number of M&Ms that fall in a given size increment and are assigned to the average size in the increment. For example, there are 7 M&Ms in the size increment range of 1.5 to 1.55 cm and are assigned to the average size of 1.525 cm. fdx is determined by 7/21=0.33333, f is 0.33333/0.05 = 6.66667. F is determined by cumulative summing the values fdx. The results of the summation are plotted in Figure 3-4.
Table 3-1. Mass and diameter distribution of M&Ms. Grams Dia, cm Size < Avg size No. 2.06 1.473 1.5 1.475 1 2.18 1.501 2.18 1.501 2.21 1.508 2.22 1.511 2.35 1.540 2.36 1.542 2.37 1.544 1.55 1.525 7 2.4 1.550 2.42 1.555 2.47 1.565 2.49 1.570 2.53 1.578 2.57 1.586 2.58 1.588 2.59 1.590 2.63 1.598 1.6 1.575 9 2.71 1.614 1.65 1.625 1 2.94 1.659 2.99 1.668 1.7 1.675 2 3.01 1.672 1.75 1.725 1 fdx f F 0.047619 0.952381 0.047619

0.333333 6.666667 0.380952

0.428571 8.571429 0.809524 0.047619 0.952381 0.857143 0.095238 1.904762 0.952381 0.047619 0.952381 1

Frequency Distribution of M&Ms

Frequency Distribution 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.45 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.75 f F

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

Diameter, cm

Figure 3-4. Plot of frequency and cumulative frequency distributions for M&Ms.

HANDOUT 3.7 MODE HARMONIC MEAN ARITHMETIC MEAN MEDIAN f QUADRATIC MEAN CUBIC MEAN

x Figure 3.5. Comparison of mean size distributions where the various means are defined by:
g( x ) = g ( x )dF
1 0

g(x) = x x2 x3 log x 1/x

NAME OF MEAN ARITHMETIC MEAN, x a QUADRATIC MEAN, CUBIC MEAN, x c GEOMETRIC MEAN,

xq

xg

HARMONIC MEAN, x h

HANDOUT 3.8
Sieve analysis of a sample of particles. Mass, number, and area fractions are calculated. Sieve analysis of a sample of particles. Mass, number and area fractions are calculated. Note 1 Note 2 VOLUME AREA SIEVE AVG SIEVE MASS ON VOLUME V1 NUMBER NUMBER A1 TRAY AREA SIZE, MASS, TRAY, MM SIZE, MM g FRAC MM^3 FRAC MM^3 FRAC MM^2 MM^2 FRAC pan 0 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.03 38.46 0.03 0.00 67293.01 0.44 0.01 518.00 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.40 0.11 153.85 0.11 0.00 58141.16 0.38 0.02 1243.20 0.25 0.10 0.14 0.70 0.19 269.23 0.19 0.01 21045.58 0.14 0.06 1286.65 0.26 0.18 0.24 0.90 0.25 346.15 0.25 0.06 5660.10 0.04 0.17 982.00 0.20 0.30 0.36 0.70 0.19 269.23 0.19 0.21 1266.29 0.01 0.40 504.18 0.10 0.42 0.50 0.50 0.14 192.31 0.14 0.60 320.67 0.00 0.79 254.88 0.05 0.59 0.71 0.20 0.06 76.92 0.06 1.69 45.42 0.00 1.59 72.13 0.01 0.83 0.92 0.10 0.03 38.46 0.03 3.63 10.60 0.00 2.64 27.98 0.01 1.00 TOTAL MASS 3.60 1.00 1384.62 1.00 153782.82 1.00 4889.01 1.00

Comparison of the fractional distributions of the particle size distributions.

0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 Fraction 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mass & Volume Frac Number Frac Area Frac

Avg Particle Size, mm

HANDOUT 3.9

100000 Expl curve 10000 Stokes Intermediate 1000 Newton Law

Cd

100

10

0.1 0.001

0.01

0.1

10 Re

100

1000

10000

100000

Figure 3.9. Drag coefficient for spheres versus Reynolds number. The three approximate curves from left to right are C D = 24 / Rep (Stokes Law range for Rep<1), C D = 18.5 / Rep (Intermediate range for
3/ 5

1<Rep<1000), and C D = 0.44 (Newtons Law range 1000<Rep<100,000).

HANDOUT 3.10

Table 3-3 Sphericity of Some Common Materials (McCabe & Smith, 5th ed, pg928; Perrys Handbook 6th ed, pg 5-54). PARTICLE MATERIAL SPHERICITY Sphere 1.0 Cube 0.81 Short Cylinder (Length=Diameter) 0.87 Berl saddles 0.3 Raschig rings 0.3 Coal dust, natural (up to 3/8 inch) 0.65 Glass, crushed 0.65 Mica flakes 0.28 Sand Average for various types 0.75 Flint sand, jagged 0.65 Sand, rounded 0.83 Wilcox sand, jagged 0.6 Most crushed materials 0.6 to 0.8

HANDOUT 3.11
1.E+10

1.E+09

1.E+08

1.E+07

Plot to determine drag coefficients of irregularly shaped particles at terminal velocity. The particles are randomly oriented relative to the flow direction. Shape is accounted for by the sphericity.

SPHERICITY 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.E+06

CdRep^2

1.E+05

1.E+04

1.E+03

1.E+02

1.E+01

1.E+00 1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

Rep

Where

2 C d Rep =4 3 N GA

Rep =

d p u

N GA =

3 dp ( p )g

D p is the equivalent diameter of a sphere with the same volume as the particles, xv.

HANDOUT 3.12
100 Sphericity = 1.0 0.9 ... 0.5

10

0.23 0.123 0.043 0.026 Sphericity for Disks only

ut*

0.1

0.01 1 10 100 dp* 1000 10000

Date taken from Kunii & Levenspiel Fluidization Engineering, 2ed Butterworth, Boston, 1991, page 81 Where
2 g ut * = ut ( s g )g 1/ 3

and

g ( s g )g d p* = d p 2

1/ 3