Mobi l e c ommuni c at i on net wor k s

Mast er f or i nt er nat i onal st udent s

Pol i t ec ni c o di Tor i no
Year 2013
Enrico Buracchini
Bruno Melis
2
Enrico Buracchini received, with full marks, the degree in Electronic
Engineering from the University of Bologna in October 1994. In December 1994,
he was employed in the Mobile Services Division of CSELT (R&D labs of
Telecom Italia Group), now TILab, as a Research Engineer. His activity concerns
the study of multiple access methods (TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA) for mobile
communications systems.
He was part of Italian Delegation to ITU R TG8/1 group dedicated to IMT 2000
standardisation and he is currently 3GPP RAN1 delegate.
He managed, in 2000-2003 period, several consultancy projects for international
Telecom Italia activities in Austria, Greece and Spain on UMTS planning.
He was involved in several European research programs (COST, ACTS, IST)
dedicated to 3G and future mobile systems. He published several papers on third
and future generation mobile systems, smart antennas, SWradios and Cognitive
Radios. Since 2003, he has managed the R&D projects dedicated to Systems
beyond 3G including TILab E2R I & II and E3 activities.
He did several lectures @ Telecom Italia School (SSGRR) on GSM, UMTS,
HSDPA, SDMA and SDR, several lectures in Universities (Bologna, Catania,
UPRC, UOA) on Evolution of mobile systems and several tutorials in
conferences on SDR.
3
Bruno Melis received, with full marks, the degree in Electronic
Engineering fromPolitecnico di Torino in 1995. In the same
year, he was employed in CSELT (today TILAB) Mobile
Division. His activity concerns the study of multiple access
methods (TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA) for mobile
communications systems. .
He matured a significant experience in analysis and
dimensioning of digital radio systems such as GSM, UMTS,
HSPA, LTE and WIFI by numerical simulation techniques.
He is autor of several papers and IPRs related to digital signal
processing and MIMO techniques.
4
Mobile Communications the course
1. Basic concepts
2. GSM/GPRS radio access
3. GSM/GPRS architecture and protocols
4. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System radio access
5. UMTS radio resource management
6. UMTS architecture and protocols
7. High Speed Down Link Packet Access and Long Term Evolution
8 LTE
9. LTE ADVANCED
10. Mobile Network Engineering
5
Mobile Communications
1.1 Basic concepts of mobile communications
1. Basic Concepts
6
1. Basic concepts
1.1 Basic concepts of mobile Communications
channel models
radio coverage
frequency re-use
static and dynamic frequency allocation
extensions:
propagation models
e1.2
e1.3
interference behavior
e1.4
digital transmission
e1.1
channel models
7
Some wireless history hints
8
Some wireless history hints
1947 Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular communications
with the police car technology.
The basic concept of cellular phones began, when researchers looked at crude
mobile (car) phones and realized that by using small cells (range of service area)
with frequency reuse they could increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones
substantially. However at that time, the technology to do so was nonexistent.
AT&T proposed that the FCC allocate a large number of radio-spectrum frequencies
so that widespread mobile telephone service would become feasible.
The FCC decided to limit the amount of frequencies available, the limits made only
twenty-three phone conversations possible simultaneously in the same service area.
1968 AT&T and Bell Labs proposed a cellular system to the FCC of many
small, low-powered, broadcast towers, each covering a 'cell' a few miles
in radius and collectively covering a larger area. Each tower would use
only a few of the total frequencies allocated to the system. As the
phones traveled across the area, calls would be passed from tower to
tower.
FCC reconsidered its position by stating "if the technology to build a better mobile
service works, we will increase the frequencies allocation, freeing the airwaves for
more mobile phones."
1973 (April)The first call on a portable cell phone is Made by Dr Martin
Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola,
who is also considered the inventor of the first modern portable
handset.
1977 AT&T and Bell Labs had constructed a prototype cellular system. A
year later, public trials of the new system were started in Chicago with
over 2000 trial customers.
9
Some wireless history hints
1979 The first commercial cellular telephone system began operation in
Tokyo.
1980 Analog cellular telephone systems were experiencing rapid growth
in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia, United Kingdom, France and
Germany. Each country developed its own system, which was
incompatible with everyone else's in equipment and operation
1981 Motorola and American Radio telephone started a second U.S.
cellular radio-telephone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area.
1982 FCC authorizes commercial cellular service for the USA.
1982 The Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed
a study group called the Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) to study and
develop a pan-European public land mobile system. 1983The first
American commercial analog cellular service or AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Service) was made available in Chicago by Ameritech.
1987 Cellular telephone subscribers exceeded one million and the
airways were crowded.
1989 GSM responsibility was transferred to the European
Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)
1990 Phase I of the GSM specifications were published.
1991 Commercial launch of cellular service based on GSM standard in
Finland.
2000 Pre-commercial UMTS network in Tokyo, JAPAN
October 1, 2001 NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial WCDMA 3G
mobile network.
10
Some wireless history hints
LINKS for History FANs
- http://www.coai.com/history.php
- http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htm
11
A wireless mobile system
PSTN / ISDN
Other Networks
IN
MSC (Switching & MM)
Control of
Radio Stations (BSC/RNC)
Radio
Coverage
(BTS,
Node B)
Radio
Access
Web, Internet
12
ACCESS TECHNI QUES FOR
MOBI LE COMMUNI CATI ONS
P - Power
T - Time
F - Frequency
P
T
P
T
F
P
T
F
FDMA (TACS)
TDMA (GSM)
CDMA (UMTS)
F
13
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
OFDM as modulation
Spectrum is divided in several sub-carriers orthogonal: f=1/Ts
Information flow is divided over the sub-carriers
Mo-demodulation by FFT/iFFT
OFDM as mulitple access (OFDMA)
A group of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users inside the available
bandwidth
f
f
single-carrier mod.
f
conventional multi-
carrier modulation
OFDM
14
OFDM: Characteristics

Sub-carriers
FFT
Time
Symbols
N subcarriers in W
Bandwidth
Guard Intervals

Frequency
f=1/Ts
15
Positioning of different systems wrt user mobility
and maximum user data rate
16
An overall view of the mobile service needs
Service area
homogeneous area:
QoS constraints
traffic density
propagation characteristics
% of coverage
homogeneous area efficiency
service dependent
B
R M
efficiency

=
required
bit rate
potential users
bandwidth
available
17
Need for orthogonal channels
channel
Rxn Txn
Tx2
Tx1
Rx2
Rx1
distinction on the basis of orthogonal
functions constructed over:
time, frequency, code
the receiver has to use some
correlation function
TDMA, FDMA
CDMA
filtering
time
synchronisation
correlation
limits: adjacent channel overlapping (FDMA)
time dispersion (TDMA)
non-adequate correlation (CDMA)
18
Three kinds of efficiency pursued
N: # of orthogonal functions
B: bandwidth
B
0
: B/N bandwidth needed for each active user
M: potential users (active and non-active)
M
N
: potential users related to N
N
N
M
M
N
M
B
R
B
R M
efficiency =

=
0
frequency [bit/s/Hz] time [users/Hz] space [users/users]
modulation synchronisation re-use
19
The communication system
Basic issues:
how to transmit a signal between two point of the space
how to deal with the modifications induced by the channel on the signal
how to recognise the transmitted signal on the receiving side
Noise characterisation
Signal to Noise Ratio (powers)
) ( ) ( ) ( t n t As t r + =
received transmitted
channel
amplification
noise + ..
thermal addictive
co-(adjacent) channels
fading
non-linearity
source transmitter
transmission
channel
receiver user
B
t
t
average power of s(t) (amplified)
average noise power
20
Communication system roles and issues
Source: generator of the original signals to be transmitted
how to represent the signal
how to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted by maintaining the
information content (source coding):
Transmission channel : thermal addictive + co-(adjacent)
interference + fading + non-linearity
Transmitter: transforms the source-generated signal in the signal to be sent over
the channel (modulation)
frequency content in relation to the channel bandwidth
channel coding (redundancy)
Receiver: extracts from the received signal the one transmitted by the
source (demodulation)
how to reduce the error probability
source transmitter
transmission
channel
receiver user
21
The channel model time and frequency selectivity
Time and frequency selective (continuous time)
}
+ = ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( t n d t x t h t y t t t
}
+ = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t n d t x h t y t t t
Time invariant and frequency selective channel
Time invariant and
non frequency selective channel
) ( ) ( ) ( t n t hx t y + =
) ; ( t t h
channel response at time t
to a unit impulse
transmitted at t-
) ( o
time selectivity: channel dependency
on time
frequency selectivity: input-output
relation dependent on the convolution
between x(t) and the impulse response
22
Cellular System - Frequency Reuse
Theoretical Cluster
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
bandwidth
23
Cluster & channel grouping
A B C D A B D
1 2 3 4 5 6 N
A = { 1, 5, 9, ....}
24
Frequency reuse concept
B
A
B
A
B
B
A
B
A
B A
A
B
A
B
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
25
Choosing The Cluster Size
C
S
C
A
P
A
C
I
T
Y
Q
U
A
L
I
T
Y
26
Choosing The Cell Size
C
S
= CONSTANT
R
C
A
P
A
C
I
T
Y
C
O
S
T
27
Cell Size
a)
b)
C C
B B
B
B
C
C
C
C C
C
C C
A A A
A A A
A A
B B
B B
B B B
A A
A
28
The cluster topology
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
The axes may define
the reuse distance (the distance
between co-channel cells)
i
j
Number of cells belonging to the cluster
ij j i M + + =
2 2
29
Carrier to Interference ratio evaluation
1
1
1
d
r
2
4
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
|
.
|

\
|

=
t

o
r
B G m G C P
C P
m T
R
2
4
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
|
.
|

\
|

=
t

o
d
B G m G B P
I P
i i T
i R
o
|
.
|

\
|
= =

r
d
I P
C P
I C
i
i R
R
6
1
) (
) (
/
uniform conditions and selection of the (6)
closest co-channel stations
o
1
min
6 3
(

|
.
|

\
|
= =
I
C
M
r
d
(C/I)
min
used to evaluate the cluster
dimension M
30
Antenna solutions for cellular coverage
a) b)
31
Planning the cell size and layout
a matter of channel/Km2 requirements (traffic constraint)
tuning the cell size
over a single layer
adopting overlapping coverage
solutions (umbrella cells)
32
Microcellular environment
new conditions for propagation