Sociology of Development

FEMINIST DEVELOPMENT THEORY: Female has been excluded in various ways even from sociological knowledge theory, women were not included. So far the discipline is concern the scholars has excluded the approach in dealing with the subject. Feminist means it is an approach used to study the male and female equality to general study and it has the program how to end the feminist. In the theory of development the participation is concern all people should participate in one way or the other in development. The history is that they were excluded in the participation of development and half of the total population in 1 st world country. The history is that feminist were excluded, therefore, the issue is inclusion. Initially how this sociology discipline or thinker have though above women. Auguste Comte opinion is that women shouldnt be allowed to work alone or outside in 19 century. He was a social scientist but he had his view, he was also bio-sociologist have to be objectives but he seem to be conservative, by nature women as a wife has to be satisfy husband needs and secondly when she becomes mother she has to give moral education. Have responsibilities within household. Herbert Spencer, according to him women must have a subordinate and he was not different and was also conservative. He declared that women should not be given higher education. In India women were labeled as Sudra and she do not have any rights even the household itself. He said participation in public should retard, it shows that they have not question in sex stratification. In development theory socialist like Comte and Spencer claim that social does not touch in gender issue. DETERMINISTIC APPROACH: Deterministic approach in Marxian theory he talks about determination. When we come to gender biological determination, the role of men and women are distinct. In the early theory and this assumption has been challenge by Cherry Orthner(1994) even today. Roles are also distinct, education, jobs etc. it is because of the notion of marriage so they have to stay at home. Conservatisms among sociolocism challenge by Orthner, it is cultural rather than biological. Biological is men made role and this is culturally define like religion, tradition etc. it has nothing to do with biological aspect. The process of socialization imparting right from childhood, when children become adulthood carry his socialization culture notion. Karl Marx denied his biological as a system of exploitation, class stratification and system of exploitation. Exploitation can be ended and gender stratification in the sociological this stratification of gender is not taught. Social scientists have not pay attention of gender. Marx denied biological basic and when we come to Origin of the family, private property and the state (1804). Fredrick Engel studied power, root of power in private property and when he used power, power as political or economical power. Here the root of power in private property or means ownership of the private property. In all society the owners of private property or means ownership of the private property. In all society the owners of private property were men or male, even inheritance or kinship only male were given and women were not allowed to sit as a king. Private property is the root of power example political

Sociology of Development

power, in the sense that men members are the representative of political power. We have 33 % seat in Parliament for women but its very few. Soviet Union, USSR women were not made Prime Minister. In political power we dont find women as representative. Who do we find the ownership of power, with private, even in household men are the domination ? Islam doesnt believe in stratification but we do see stratification too, they are not given right to property. In the Marxian class analysis oppression exploitation in the subject matter, in their analysis has understanding of class oppression. No, it is not regards women oppression as class oppression. We identified certain class for example, elite, labour etc all women dont have the feeling of the belongingness, the most important criteria are consciousness, women as a class have not formed. Marxian argues that women oppression is also class oppression. Women belong to exploited class and men belong to exploiter class. In the objective analysis, you have to create the class consciousness. It is not only in industry, it is also in agriculture women were under paid. At government level also their work were not considered. In the census household categories were not included. Now this is being included as household worker. Socialist feminist is different from Marxist feminist. In feminist theory suggest patriarchy power of men domestic sphere. I. Liberal Feminist Theory: Liberal Feminist Theory views feminist subordinated rooted in customary and legal practice, sometime customary practices are allowed. With regard to marriage, divorce, property etc men are privilege, men can give divorce to his wife but not wife to men, in general practice women are not allowed to give divorce to men. The consent of both is taken in Islam. When division of property, women were not given, female subordinate is rooted in culture and custom, it is because they are excluded from market, education, professional world etc therefore, liberal feminist theory put forward the legislative reform, women should be entitled to property, divorce etc liberal Feminist theory said that its a subordination of the female. II. Radical Feminist Theory: It is characterize by power, hierarchy, dominance and competence. Therefore radical feminist theory will not help become the root of exploitation it is institutional practices example, family, marriage, Church etc. Radical feminist theory are critical institution so problem stated from institution and they argue that feminity limit women development. The concept of masculinity is tuff, stony, aggressive, discrimination, dominance etc and feminity as soft, gentle, tender, non-aggressive. There is a problem of women development, womens going out has a problem and its objectified and space are not open for women because certain characteristic which society have created, therefore, certain types of action have been created accordingly. Example, behavior, dressing, talking etc according to masculinity and feminity. This has created women development, the agenda is that women should show masculine character i.e. Androgyny. If women show androgyny her cultural problem would be solved.

Sociology of Development

Racial feminist theory development we see in this way that men domination is men made culture and not biological. III. Existential Feminist Theory (Simon De Beavour) The second sex men could control women have created midst through religions customary practices, through their writing, religious writing, social writing that they have created midst about women have been created by men subordinate. According Simon women have to become. Self means one shouldnt subordinate herself has to show some existence through work like job, becoming intellectual, taking leadership etc self will be created and automatically subordination will come to the end. IV. Global Feminist Theory: In respective of any group they should show unity. Every year there is world level women conference, the 1st conference was held in 1975 and the agenda is prepared and followed by all nation states. V. Ecological Feminist Prospective: This hold prospective of nature, ecology nature relationships between women and nature. Example, women have to fetch water, collect firewood for household management. The concern is that women are oppressed and suffered. There should be a joint project of women nature liberation i.e. social forestry. So, here state should intervene. VI. Inter Sexuality Theory :( Bina Agarwal): He identifies three sections 1. Gender 2. Development 3. Environment. Gender means participation. VII. Feminist Development Theory: It has been development after the first international women conference in 1975. In this theory there are several approaches. i. Women in Development (WID): It is the development of integration, development in politics as rural, agriculture, industry, political development, women were not integrated. In political making and programmed implementation women should be included as a member in every system.

Sociology of Development

ii. Women and Development (WAD): Women are integrated but exploited example industrial sector export processing gone in the 3rd world country in service sector, B.P.O. etc. in the process of integration there is exploitation they are underpaid , over wage work, sexual harassment .So, the law is misused, it is critical of integration. Women and development is critical of integration. There is dominance of man, women are cheap capital labour. iii. Gender and Development (GAD): In this approach men are excluded and are exclusive for women. Here what is emphasis is that the problem of exclusion of development. In this approach equitable development believes in empowering women, for example political empowerment. In article 73 and 74 amendment women are given entitlement which means rights to property according to Amertya Sen. Earlier property were in men name but now a new law is passed that property can be owned by both wife and husband name. Women can be empowering legislative by participation in policy making according to Naila Kabir. It is an alternative approach this have come from the caste group. He attempt to change gender relationship. Feminist development Theory emerged due to current literature. We have to integrate in the process of women development like economy, political etc. In the past they were not made any kind of development they are only in the house i.e. consumer.