Sei sulla pagina 1di 62

3G Long-term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

Background Evolved Packet System Architecture LTE Radio Interface Radio Resource Management LTE-Advanced

3GPP Evolution Background

Discussion started in Dec 2004 State of the art then:

From the operator perspectives, an evolved UMTS will make business sense if it:

The combination of HSDPA and E-DCH provides very efficient packet data transmission capabilities, but UMTS should continue to be evolved to meet the ever increasing demand of new applications and user expectations. 10 years have passed since the initiation of the 3G programme and it is time to initiate a new programme to evolve 3G which will lead to a 4G technology. From the application/user perspectives, the UMTS evolution should target at significantly higher data rates and throughput, lower network latency , and support of always-on connectivity. Provide significantly improved power and bandwidth efficiencies Facilitate the convergence with other networks/technologies Reduce transport network cost Limit additional complexity

Evolved-UTRA is a packet only network there is no support of circuit switched services (no MSC) Evolved-UTRA started on a clean state everything was up for discussion including the system architecture and the split of functionality between RAN and CN Led to 3GPP Study Item (Study Phase: 2005 4Q2006) 3G Long-term Evolution (LTE) for new Radio Access and System Architecture Evolution (SAE) for Evolved Network
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

LTE Requirements and Performance Targets

High Peak Data Rates


100 Mbps DL (20 MHz, 2x2 MIMO)
50 Mbps UL (20 MHz, 1x2)

Improved Spectrum Efficiency


3-4x HSPA Rel6 in DL* 2-3x HSPA Rel6 in UL 1 bps/Hz broadcast

* Assumes 2x2 in DL for LTE, but 1x2 for HSPA Rel6

Improved Cell Edge Rates


Support Scalable BW
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz 2-3x HSPA Rel6 in DL*

2-3x HSPA Rel6 in UL


Full broadband coverage

Low Latency
< 5ms user plane (UE to RAN edge) <100ms camped to active < 50ms dormant to active

Packet Domain Only


High VoIP capacity
Simplified network architecture

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

Key Features of LTE to Meet Requirements

Selection of OFDM for the air interface Less receiver complexity Robust to frequency selective fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI) Access to both time and frequency domain allows additional flexibility in scheduling (including interference coordination) Scalable OFDM makes it straightforward to extend to different transmission bandwidths Integration of MIMO techniques Pilot structure to support 1, 2, or 4 Tx antennas in the DL and MU-MIMO in the UL

Simplified network architecture Reduction in number of logical nodes flatter architecture Clean separation of user and control plane

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

3GPP / LTE R7/R8 specifications timeline

After Study Phase: Two Lines in 3GPP EVOLUTION of HSPA to HSPA+ (enhanced W-CDMA incl. MIMO) REVOLUTION towards LTE/SAE (OFDM based) Stage 2 (Principles) completed in March 07 Stage 3 (Specifications) completed in Dec 07 Test specifications completed in Dec 08
RAN 38 Dec 07 Stage 3 Technical Specs L3 RAN 42 Dec 08 Test Specs Corrections Phase (2008 and beyond)

LTE
RAN 32 March 06 WI agreed, concepts approved RAN 35 March 07 Stage 2 Technical Specs

RAN 37 Sept 07 Stage 3 Technical Specs- L1 & L2

2006
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

2007
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

2008
Q2 Q3 Q4

R7 HSPA+
RAN 34 Dec 06 NEW WI (64/16 QAM) RAN 35 Mar 07 WI Completion (inc 64QAM) RAN 36 Jun 07 WI Completion 16QAM UL RAN 37 Sept 07 WI Completion (performance)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

Terminology: LTE + SAE = EPS

From set of requirements it was clear that evolution work would be required for both, the radio access network as well as the core network LTE would not be backward compatible with UMTS/ HSPA ! RAN working groups would focus on the air interface and radio access network aspects System Architecture (SA) working groups would develop the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Note on terminology In the RAN working groups term Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) are used interchangeably. In the SA working groups the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) was used to signify the broad framework for the architecture For some time the term LTE/SAE was used to describe the new evolved system, but now this has become known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

Network Simplification: From 3GPP to 3GPP LTE

3GPP architecture

4 functional entities on the control plane and user plane 3 standardized user plane & control plane interfaces
User plane

Control plane

Control plane

User plane

GGSN

ASGW S-GW

MME MMF

SGSN

RNC

NodeB

eNodeB S-GW: Serving Gateway MME: Mobility Management Entity eNodeB: Evolved NodeB

3GPP LTE architecture 2 functional entities on the user plane: eNodeB and S-GW SGSN control plane functions S-GW & MME Less interfaces, some functions will disappear 4 layers into 2 layers Evolve GGSN integrated S-GW Moving SGSN functionalities to S-GW. RNC evolutions to RRM on a IP distributed network for enhancing mobility management. Part of RNC mobility function being moved to S-GW & eNodeB

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

Evolved UTRAN Architecture


Key elements of network architecture No more RNC RNC layers/functionalities moves in eNB X2 interface for seamless mobility (i.e. data/ context forwarding) and interference management Note: Standard only defines logical structure/ Nodes !

MME/S-GW

MME/S-GW

EPC

S1 S1 S1

S1

S1

S1

E-UTRAN

eNB X2 eNB

X2

eNB

X2
EPC = Evolved Packet Core

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

EPS Architecture Functional description of the Nodes


eNB Inter Cell RRM

eNodeB contains all radio access functions Admission Control Scheduling of UL & DL data Scheduling and transmission of paging and system broadcast IP header compression Outer ARQ (RLC)

RB Control Connection Mobility Cont. MME Radio Admission Control NAS Security eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP S-GW RLC MAC S1 PHY Packet Filtering Mobility Anchoring UE IP address allocation P-GW Idle State Mobility Handling EPS Bearer Control

MME control plane functions Idle mode UE reachability Tracking area list management S-GW/P-GW selection Inter core network node signaling for mobility bw. 2G/3G and LTE NAS signaling Authentication Bearer management functions

internet E-UTRAN EPC

Serving Gateway Local mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers Mobility anchor for inter-3GPP handovers Idle mode DL packet buffering Lawful interception Packet routing and forwarding

PDN Gateway UE IP address allocation Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non-3GPP access Connectivity to Packet Data Network

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

EPS Architecture Control Plane Layout over S1

NAS sub-layer performs: Authentication Security control Idle mode mobility handling Idle mode paging origination

UE NAS RRC PDCP RLC


PDCP sub-layer performs: MAC Integrity protection & ciphering

eNB

MME NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY


RRC sub-layer performs: Broadcasting Paging Connection Mgt Radio bearer control Mobility functions UE measurement reporting & control

PHY

UE
UMTS Networks

eNode-B
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

MME
10

EPS Architecture User Plane Layout over S1


Physical sub-layer performs: DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA FEC UL power control Multi-stream transmission & reception (i.e. MIMO) PDCP sub-layer performs: Header compression Ciphering

UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY

eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY

S-Gateway
RLC sub-layer performs: Transferring upper layer PDUs In-sequence delivery of PDUs Error correction through ARQ Duplicate detection Flow control Segmentation/ Concatenation of SDUs MAC sub-layer performs: Scheduling Error correction through HARQ Priority handling across UEs & logical channels Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of RLC radio bearers into/from PhCHs on TrCHs

UE
UMTS Networks

eNode-B
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

MME
11

EPS Architecture Interworking for 3GPP and non-3GPP Access

GERAN

SGSN
S3

HSS
S6a

non-3GPP Access PCRF


Gxc

UTRAN
S1-MME S12

MME
S10 S11

S4

Gx

E-UTRAN
S1-U

Serving GW
S5

PDN GW
SGi

Internet

EPS Core
Home

Subscriber Server (HSS) is the subscription data repository for permanent user data (subscriber profile). Policy Charging Rules Function (PCRF) provides the policy and charging control (PCC) rules for controlling the QoS as well as charging the user, accordingly. S3 interface connects MME directly to SGSN for signaling to support mobility across LTE and UTRAN/GERAN; S4 allows direction of user plane between LTE and GERAN/ UTRAN (uses GTP)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

12

LTE Key Radio Features (Release 8)

Multiple access scheme


DL: OFDMA with CP UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM (optional for UE) Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver.

Adaptive modulation and coding

ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer. Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques

(2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and 1x(2 or 4) uplink supported. Multi-layer transmission with up to four streams. Multi-user MIMO also supported.

Implicit support for interference coordination Support for both FDD and TDD

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

13

LTE Frequency Bands

LTE will support all band classes currently specified for UMTS as well as additional bands

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

14

OFDM Basics Overlapping Orthogonal


OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple-Access FDM/ FDMA is nothing new: carriers are separated sufficiently in frequency so that there is minimal overlap to prevent cross-talk.
conventional FDM

frequency

OFDM: still FDM but carriers can actually be orthogonal (no cross-talk) while actually overlapping, if specially designed saved bandwidth !

OFDM
saved bandwidth

frequency
UMTS Networks
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

15

OFDM Basics Waveforms


Df = 1/T

Frequency domain: overlapping sinc functions Referred to as subcarriers Typically quite narrow, e.g. 15 kHz

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 4 5 6 7 8 9

x 10

freq
5

Time domain: simple gated sinusoid functions For orthogonality: each symbol has an integer number of cycles over the symbol time fundamental frequency f0 = 1/T Other sinusoids with fk = k f0

T = symbol time
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

time

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

16

OFDM Basics The Full OFDM Transceiver

Modulating the symbols onto subcarriers can be done verry efficiently in baseband using the FFT algorithm OFDM Transmitter

bit stream

Encoding + Interleaving + Modulation

Serial to Parallel

IFFT

Parallel to Serial

add CP

D/A

RF Tx

...

...

Estimated bit stream

Demod + De-interleave + Decode

Parallel to Serial

FFT

Serial to Parallel

remove CP

A/D

RF Rx

...

...

Channel estimation & compensation

OFDM Receiver

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

17

OFDM Basics Cyclic Prefix


ISI (between OFDM symbols) eliminated almost completely by inserting a TG guard time TG
OFDM Symbol

OFDM Symbol

OFDM Symbol

Within an OFDM symbol, the data symbols modulated onto the subcarriers are only orthogonal if there are an integer number of sinusoidal cycles within the receiver window

Filling the guard time with a cyclic prefix (CP) ensures orthogonality of subcarriers even in the presence of multipath elimination of same cell interference

CP Useful OFDM symbol time CP Useful OFDM symbol time CP Useful OFDM symbol time OFDM symbol
UMTS Networks

OFDM symbol
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

OFDM symbol
Nov. 2012

18

OFDM Basics Choosing the Symbol Time for LTE

Two competing factors in determining the right OFDM symbol time: CP length should be longer than worst case multipath delay spread, and the OFDM symbol time should be much larger than CP length to avoid significant overhead from the CP On the other hand, the OFDM symbol time should be much smaller than the shortest expected coherence time of the channel to avoid channel variability within the symbol time
LTE is designed to operate in delay spreads up to ~5 s and for speeds up to 350 km/h (1.2 ms coherence time @ 2.6 GHz). As such, the following was decided: CP length = 4.7 s OFDM symbol time = 66.6 s(= 1/20 the worst case coherence time)

Df = 15 kHz

~4.7 s

~66.7 s

CP

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

22

Scalable OFDM for Different Operating Bandwidths

20 MHz bandwidth 10 MHz bandwidth

5 MHz bandwidth

With Scalable OFDM, the subcarrier spacing stays fixed at 15 kHz (hence symbol time is fixed to 66.6 s) regardless of the operating bandwidth (1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz) The total number of subcarriers is varied in order to operate in different bandwidths This is done by specifying different FFT sizes (i.e. 512 point FFT for 5 MHz, 2048 point FFT for 20 MHz)

3 MHz bandwidth common channels 1.4 MHz bandwidth centre frequency

Influence of delay spread, Doppler due to user mobility, timing accuracy, etc. remain the same as the system bandwidth is changed robust design
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

23

LTE Downlink Frame Format


Radio frame = 10ms

subframe = 1.0ms slot = 0.5ms slot = 0.5ms

OFDM symbol

Subframe length is 1 ms consists of two 0.5 ms slots 7 OFDM symbols per 0.5 ms slot 14 OFDM symbols per 1ms subframe In UL center SC-FDMA symbol used for the data demodulation reference signal (DM-RS)
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

24

Multiple Antenna Techniques Supported in LTE

SU-MIMO Multiple data streams sent to the same user (max. 2 codewords) Significant throughput gains for UEs in high SINR conditions
MU-MIMO or Beamforming Different data streams sent to different users using the same time-frequency resources Improves throughput even in low SINR conditions (cell-edge) Works even for single antenna mobiles

Transmit diversity (TxDiv) Improves reliability on a single data stream Fall back scheme if channel conditions do not allow SM Useful to improve reliability on common control channels

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

25

MIMO Support is Different in Downlink and Uplink

Downlink Supports SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, TxDiv

Uplink Initial release of LTE does only support MU-MIMO with a single transmit antenna at the UE Desire to avoid multiple power amplifiers at UE

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

26

LTE Duplexing Modes

LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) to provide flexible operation in a variety of spectrum allocations around the world. Unlike UMTS TDD there is a high commonality between LTE TDD & LTE FDD

Slot length (0.5 ms) and subframe length (1 ms) is the same than LTE FDD with the same numerology (OFDM symbol times, CP length, FFT sizes, sample rates, etc.)

UL/ DL switching points designed to allow coexistance with UMTS-TDD (TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

27

LTE Half-Duplex FDD

In addition to FDD & TDD, LTE supports also Half-Duplex FDD (HD-FDD) HD-FDD is like FDD, only the UE cannot transmit and receive at the same time

Note, that the eNodeB can still transmit and receive at the same time to different UEs; half-duplex is enforced by the eNodeB scheduler Reasons for HD-FDD Handsets are cheaper, as no duplexer is required More commonality between TDD and HD-FDD than compared to full duplex FDD Certain FDD spectrum allocations have small duplex space; HD-FDD leads to duplex desense in UE

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

28

LTE Downlink

The LTE downlink uses scalable OFDMA Fixed subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz for unicast

Symbol time fixed at T = 1/15 kHz = 66.67 s

Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that they remain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)

bit stream

Encoding + Interleaving + Modulation

Serial to Parallel

IFFT

Parallel to Serial

add CP

...

20 MHz: 2048 pt IFFT 10 MHz: 1024 pt IFFT 5 MHz: 512 pt IFFT

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

...

Nov. 2012

29

Physical Channels to Support LTE Downlink


Allows mobile to get timing and frequency sync with the cell

Carries basic system broadcast information

Carries DL traffic

DL resource allocation

eNodeB

Time span of PDCCH

HARQ feedback for DL CQI reporting MIMO reporting

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

30

Mapping between DL Logical, Transport and Physical Channels


LTE makes heavy use of shared channels common control, paging, and part of broadcast information carried on PDSCH
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

PCCH: paging control channel BCCH: broadcast control channel CCCH: common control channel DCCH: dedicated control channel DTCH: dedicated traffic channel

Downlink Logical channels

PCH: paging channel

BCH: broadcast channel


DL-SCH: DL shared channel
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH

Downlink Transport channels

Downlink Physical Channels


PCFICH PBCH PHICH PDSCH PDCCH PMCH

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

31

LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme (1/2)

To facilitate efficient power amplifier design in the UE, 3GPP chose single carrier frequency domain multiple access (SC-FDMA) in favor of OFDMA for uplink multiple access. SC-FDMA results in better PAPR

Reduced PA back-off improved coverage

SC-FDMA is still an orthogonal multiple access scheme UEs are orthogonal in frequency Synchronous in the time domain through the use of timing advance (TA) signaling

UE A

UE B Node B UE C

Only need to be synchronous within a fraction of the CP length 0.52 ms timing advance resolution

a b g

UE A Transmit Timing UE B Transmit Timing UE C Transmit Timing

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

32

LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme (2/2)

SC-FDMA implemented using an OFDMA front-end and a DFT pre-coder, this is referred to as either DFT-pre-coded OFDMA or DFT-spread OFDMA (DFTSOFDMA) Advantage is that numerology (subcarrier spacing, symbol times, FFT sizes, etc.) can be shared between uplink and downlink Can still allocate variable bandwidth in units of 12 sub-carriers Each modulation symbol sees a wider bandwidth

bit stream

Encoding + Interleaving + Modulation

Serial to Parallel

DFT

Subcarrier mapping

IFFT

Parallel to Serial

add CP

...

...

..

..

+1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1

DFT precoding
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

33

Physical Channels to Support LTE Uplink


Carries UL Traffic Random access for initial access and UL timing alignment

UL scheduling request for time synchronized IEs

eNodeB
Allows channel state information to be obtained by eNB

UL scheduling grant

HARQ feedback for UL

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

34

Mapping between UL Logical, Transport and Physical Channels

CCCH

DCCH

DTCH

CCCH: common control channel DCCH: dedicated control channel DTCH: dedicated traffic channel

Uplink Logical channels

RACH: random access channel

UL-SCH: UL shared channel

RACH

UL-SCH

Uplink Transport channels

PUSCH: physical UL shared channel


PUCCH: physical UL control channel PRACH: physical random access channel
PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

Uplink Physical Channels

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

35

Downlink Peak Rates

# of parallel streams supported bandwidth

1
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 5.4 MBps 13.5 MBps 22.5 MBps 45 MBps

2
10.4 MBps 25.9 MBps 43.2 MBps 86.4 MBps

4
19.6 MBps 50 MBps 81.6 MBps 163.2 MBps

15 MHz 20 MHz

67.5 MBps 90 MBps

129.6 MBps 172.8 MBps

244.8 MBps 326.4 MBps

assumptions: 64QAM, code rate = 1, 1OFDM symbol for L1/L2, ignores subframes with P-BCH, SCH

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

36

Uplink Peak Rates


Highest Modulation bandwidth

16 QAM
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 2.9 MBps 6.9 MBps

64QAM
4.3 MBps 10.4 MBps

5 MHz
10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

11.5 MBps
27.6 MBps 41.5 MBps 55.3 MBps

17.3 MBps
41.5 MBps 62.2 MBps 82.9 MBps

assumptions: code rate = 1, 2PRBs reserved for PUCCH (1 for 1.4MHz), no SRS, ignores subframes with PRACH, takes into account highest prime-factor restriction

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

37

LTE Release 8 User Equipment Categories

Category Peak rate Mbps DL UL

1 10 5

2 50 25

3 100 50

4 150 50

5 300 75

Capability for physical functionalities

RF bandwidth
Modulation DL

20MHz
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

UL

QPSK, 16QAM

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Multi-antenna 2 Rx diversity 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO


UMTS Networks

Assumed in performance requirements. Not supported Not supported


Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

Mandatory Mandatory
39

Scheduling and Resource Allocation (1/2)

Basic unit of allocation is called a Resource Block (RB) 12 subcarriers in frequency (= 180 kHz) 1 timeslot in time (= 0.5 ms, = 7 OFDM symbols) Multiple resource blocks can be allocated to a user in a given subframe

12 sub-carriers (180 kHz)

The total number of RBs available depends on the operating bandwidth


Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

Number of available resource blocks


UMTS Networks

15

25

50

75

100

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

40

Scheduling and Resource Allocation (2/2)


LTE uses a scheduled, shared channel on both the uplink (UL-SCH) and the downlink (DL-SCH) Normally, there is no concept of an autonomous transmission; all transmissions in both uplink and downlink must be explicitly scheduled
Downlink Scheduling
Frequency

14 OFDM symbols
<=3 OFDM symbols for PDCCH

UE A
UE B UE C

12 subcarriers Slot = 0.5ms


Slot = 0.5ms

Time

LTE allows "semi-persistent" (periodical) allocation of resources, e.g. for VoIP

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

41

Uplink Power Control

Open-loop power control is the baseline uplink power control method in LTE (compensation for path loss and fading)

Open-loop PC is needed to constrain the dynamic range between signals received from different UEs Unlike CDMA, there is no in-cell interference to combat; rather, fading is exploited by rate control

Transmit power per PRB TxPSD(dBm) = aPL(dB) + P0nominal(dBm)


PLdB: pathloss, estimated from DL reference signal P0nominal (dBm) = nominal (dB) + Itot (dBm) Sum of SINR target nominal and total interference Itot sent on BCH Fractional compensation factor a 1 (PUSCH) only a fraction of the path loss is compensated

Target SINR on PUSCH is now a function of the UEs path loss: SINR(dBm) = nominal (dB) + (1a)PL(dB)

Target SINR

Additionally, (slow) closed loop PC can be used


June 2010 LTE Training

Page 42

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

42

Interference Coordination with Flexible Frequency Reuse


Full Transmission Bandwidth

b b g a b g a b g a b b

Cell edge
Reuse > 1

b
0 1

F1

F2

F3

10

11

b g a

b g a

Sector a

Sector b

Sector g

b g a

g b

b g a

b g a

g g a

b g a

Cell centre
g

Reuse = 1

Scheduler can place restriction on which PRBs can be used in which sectors

Cell edge users with frequency reuse > 1,


Achieves frequency reuse > 1

eNB transmits with higher power


Improved SINR conditions eNB transmits with reduced power Less interference to other cells

Reduced inter-cell interference leads to improved SINR, especially at cell-edge

Cell centre users can use whole frequency band


Reduction in available transmission bandwidth leads to poor overall spectral efficiency

Flexible frequency reuse realized through intelligent scheduling and power allocation

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

43

Random-Access Procedure

RACH only used for Random Access Preamble Response/ Data are sent over SCH Non-contention based RA to improve access time, e.g. for HO

UE

eNB
UE eNB

Random Access Preamble


0 RA Preamble assignment

Random Access Response

2
Random Access Preamble 1

Scheduled Transmission
2 Random Access Response

Contention Resolution

Contention based RA

Non-Contention based RA

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

44

LTE Handover

LTE uses UE-assisted network controlled handover UE reports measurements; network decides when handover and to which cell Relies on UE to detect neighbor cells no need to maintain and broadcast neighbor lists

Allows "plug-and-play" capability; saves BCH resources

For search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells only carrier frequency need to be indicated X2 interface used for handover preparation and forwarding of user data Target eNB prepares handover by sending required information to UE transparently through source eNB as part of the Handover Request Acknowledge message

New configuration information needed from system broadcast Accelerates handover as UE does not need to read BCH on target cell

Buffered and new data is transferred from source to target eNB until path switch prevents data loss UE uses contention-free random access to accelerate handover

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

45

LTE Handover: Preparation Phase

UE
Measurement Control

Source eNB

Target eNB

MME

sGW

Packet Data
UL allocation Measurement Reports HO decision

Packet Data L1/L2 signaling


L3 signaling

User data
HO Request Admission Control HO Request Ack

DL allocation RRC Connection Reconfig. SN Status Transfer

HO decision is made by source eNB based on UE measurement report Target eNB prepares HO by sending relevant info to UE through source eNB as part of HO request ACK command, so that UE does not need to read target cell BCCH
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

46

LTE Handover: Execution Phase


Source eNB Target eNB
Packet Data Detach from old cell, sync with new cell Deliver buffered packets and forward new packets to target eNB DL data forwarding via X2 Buffer packets from source eNB Synchronisation UL allocation and Timing Advance RRC Connection Reconfig. Complete Packet Data

UE

MME

sGW

L1/L2 signaling L3 signaling

User data

UL Packet Data

RACH is used here only so target eNB can estimate UE timing and provide timing advance for synchronization; RACH timing agreements ensure UE does not need to read target cell P-BCH to obtain SFN (radio frame timing from SCH is sufficient to know PRACH locations)
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

47

LTE Handover: Completion Phase


Source eNB Target eNB
DL Packet Data

UE

MME

sGW

DL data forwarding
Packet Data Path switch req User plane update req End Marker Path switch req ACK Release resources Flush DL buffer, continue delivering in-transit packets Switch DL path User plane update response

L1/L2 signaling

End Marker
Release resources

L3 signaling User data

Packet Data

Packet Data

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

48

LTE Handover: Illustration of Interruption Period

UEs stops
Rx/Tx on the old cell UL
U- plane active

UE

Source eNB

Target eNB

Measurement Report HO Command

HO Request HO Confirm

Handover Preparation

DL sync approx 20 ms + RACH (no contention) + Timing Adv + UL Resource Req and Grant
HO Complete
ACK

Handover Interruption (approx 35 ms)

Handover Latency (approx 55 ms)

U-plane active

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

49

Tracking Area

BCCH TAI 2 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1

BCCH TAI 3

BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 2

BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 3

BCCH TAI 3

BCCH TAI 2

BCCH TAI 2

BCCH TAI 3

Tracking Area 2

Tracking Area 3

Tracking Area 1
Tracking Area Identifier (TAI) sent over Broadcast Channel BCCH Tracking Areas can be shared by multiple MMEs One UE can be allocated to multiple tracking areas
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

50

EPS Bearer Service Architecture

E-UTRAN

EPC

Internet

UE

eNB

S-GW

P-GW

Peer Entity

End-to-end Service

EPS Bearer

External Bearer

E-RAB Radio Bearer S1 Bearer

S5/S8 Bearer

Radio

S1

S5/S8

Gi

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

51

LTE RRC States

Establish RRC connection

RRC_IDLE
Release RRC connection

RRC_Connected

No RRC connection, no context in eNodeB (but EPS bearers are retained) UE controls mobility through cell selection UE specific paging DRX cycle controlled by upper layers UE acquires system information from broadcast channel UE monitors paging channel to detect incoming calls

RRC connection and context in eNodeB Network controlled mobility Transfer of unicast and broadcast data to and from UE UE monitors control channels associated with the shared data channels UE provides channel quality and feedback information Connected mode DRX can be configured by eNodeB according to UE activity level

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

52

EPS Connection Management States

Signaling connection established

ECM_IDLE
Signaling connection released

ECM_Connected

No signaling connection between UE and core network (no S1-U/ S1-MME) No RRC connection (i.e. RRC_IDLE) UE performs cell selection and tracking area updates (TAU)

Signaling connection established between UE and MME, consists of two components RRC connection S1-MME connection UE location is known to accuracy of Cell-ID Mobility via handover procedure

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

53

EPS Mobility Management States

Attach

EMM_Deregistered
Detach

EMM_Registered

EMM context holds no valid location or routing information for UE UE is not reachable by MME as UE location is not known

UE successfully registers with MME with Attach procedure or Tracking Area Update (TAU) UE location known within tracking area MME can page to UE UE always has at least one PDN connection

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

54

LTE Status

LTE standard (Rel. 8) is stable Rel. 8 frozen in 2Q2009 Since 2010, LTE has been deployed worldwide Totally new infrastructure First target was often to provide broadband coverage for fixed users Currently, 111 LTE networks in 52 countries are in service (Nov. 2012)* Implemented according to Release 8/9 Mostly FDD, but also some TDD networks Mobile packet data support with fallback to 3G/2G for CS voice service Spectrum allocation in new frequency bands as well as existing 2G/3G bands (refarming) 3GPP continues LTE development Rel. 9: technical enhancements/ E-MBMS Rel. 10/11: LTE-Advanced (cf. next slides)

*http://www.4gamericas.org

-> Statistics
55

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

LTE-Advanced

The evolution of LTE Corresponding to LTE Release 10 and beyond Motivation of LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced standardisation process in ITU-R Additional IMT spectrum band identified in WRC07 Further evolution of LTE Release 8 and 9 to meet:

Requirements for IMT-Advanced of ITU-R Future operator and end-user requirements

ITU

2008
Circular Letter

2009
Proposals

2010
Evaluation Specification

IMT-Advanced recommendation

3GPP
3GPP WS IMT-Advanced

Study Item phase

Work Item phase

First submission Final submission

LTE release 10 (LTE-Advanced)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

56

Evolution from IMT-2000 to IMT-Advanced


IMT-Advanced will encompass the capabilities of previous systems
New capabilities of IMT-Advanced
High

Mobility

IMT-2000

Enhanced IMT-2000

New Mobile Access

Enhancement t Enhancemen

Low

New Nomadic / Local Area Wireless Access


1 10 100 Peak useful data rate (Mbit/s) 1000

Interconnection

Nomadic / Local Area Access Systems

Digital Broadcast Systems


5 7

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

57

System Performance Requirements

Peak data rate 1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmission bandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz Peak spectrum efficiency DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced requirement

Rel. 8 LTE DL 300 Mbps 75 Mbps 15 3.75

LTE-Advanced 1 Gbps

IMT-Advanced

Peak data rate


UL DL UL 500 Mbps 30 15

1 Gbps(*)

Peak spectrum efficiency [bps/Hz]

15 6.75

*100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility is one of the key features as written in Circular Letter (CL)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

58

Technical Outline to Achieve LTE-Advanced Requirements

Support wider bandwidth Carrier aggregation to achieve wider bandwidth Support of spectrum aggregation Peak data rate, spectrum flexibility Advanced MIMO techniques Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink Introduction of single-user MIMO up to 4-layer transmission in uplink Peak data rate, capacity, cell-edge user throughput Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP) CoMP transmission in downlink CoMP reception in uplink Cell-edge user throughput, coverage, deployment flexibility Relaying Type 1 relays create a separate cell and appear as Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs Coverage, cost effective deployment Further reduction of delay AS/NAS parallel processing for reduction of C-Plane delay

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

59

Carrier Aggregation

Wider bandwidth transmission using carrier aggregation Entire system bandwidth up to, e.g., 100 MHz, comprises multiple basic frequency blocks called component carriers (CCs)

Each CC is backward compatible with Rel. 8 LTE Carrier aggregation supports both contiguous and non-contiguous spectrums, and asymmetric bandwidth for FDD

System bandwidth, e.g., 100 MHz UE capabilities


100-MHz case
40-MHz case

CC, e.g., 20 MHz

Frequency

20-MHz case (Rel. 8 LTE)

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

60

Advanced MIMO Techniques

Extension up to 8-stream transmission for single-user (SU) MIMO in downlink improve downlink peak spectrum efficiency
Higher-order MIMO up to 8 streams

Max. 8 streams

Enhanced multi-user (MU) MIMO in downlink Specify additional reference signals (RS)
Enhanced MU-MIMO

CSI feedback

Introduction of single-user (SU)-MIMO up to 4-stream transmission in uplink Satisfy IMT requirement for uplink peak spectrum efficiency
SU-MIMO up to 4 streams

Max. 4 streams

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

61

Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/ Reception (CoMP)

Enhanced service provisioning, especially for cell-edge users CoMP transmission schemes in downlink Joint processing (JP) from multiple geographically separated points

Coherent combining or dynamic cell selection

Joint transmission/dynamic cell selection

Coordinated scheduling/beamforming (CS/CB) between cell sites


Coordinated scheduling/beamforming

Similar for the uplink Dynamic coordination in uplink scheduling Joint reception at multiple sites

Receiver signal processing at central eNB (e.g., MRC, MMSEC)

Multipoint reception
UMTS Networks
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

62

Relaying
Type 1 relay Relay node (RN) creates a separate cell distinct from the donor cell UE receives/transmits control signals for scheduling and HARQ from/to RN RN appears as a Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs Deploy cells in the areas where wired backhaul is not available or very expensive

Higher node Cell ID #x Cell ID #y

UE

eNB

RN

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

63

Heterogenous Networks (HetNet)

Network expansion due to varying traffic demand & RF environment Cell-splitting of traditional macro deployments is complex and iterative Indoor coverage and need for site acquisition add to the challenge Future network deployments based on Heterogeneous Networks Deployment of Macro eNBs for initial coverage only Addition of Pico, HeNBs and Relays for capacity growth & better user experience

Improved in-building coverage and flexible site acquisition with low power base stations Relays provide coverage extension with no incremental backhaul expense Time domain interference management Cell range expansion Interference cancellation receiver in the terminal

eICIC is introduced in LTE Rel-10 and further enhanced in Rel-11


UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

64

LTE References

Literature: H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, 2nd edition, Wiley 2011 E. Dahlman et al: 3G Evolution, HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 3 rd edition, Academic Press 2011 S. Sesia et al: LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice, Wiley 2011 T. Nakamura (RAN chairman): Proposal for Candidate Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-Advanced Based on LTE Release 10 and Beyond LTEAdvanced), ITU-R WP 5D 3rd Workshop on IMT-Advanced, October 2009 Standards TS 36.xxx series: RAN Aspects TS 36.300 E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2 TR 25.912 Feasibility study for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) TR 25.814 Physical layer aspect for evolved UTRA TR 23.882 3GPP System Architecture Evolution: Report on Technical Options and Conclusions TR 36.912 Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E -UTRA (LTEAdvanced) TR 36.814 Further Advancements for E-UTRA - Physical Layer Aspects
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

UMTS Networks

65

Abbreviations
CP DFT DRX ECM EMM eNodeB/eNB EPC EPS E-UTRAN FDD FDM FFT HD-FDD HO HOM HSS IFFT ISI LTE MIMO MME MU Cyclic Prefix Discrete Fourier Transformation Discontinuous Reception EPS Connection Management EPS Mobility Management Evolved NodeB Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet System Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Frequency-Division Duplex Frequency-Division Multiplexing Fast Fourier Transformation Half-Duplex FDD Handover Higher Order Modulation Home Subscriber Server Inverse FFT Inter-Symbol Interference Long Term Evolution Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Mobility Management Entity Multi-User

OFDM
OFDMA PCRF PDN P-GW RA RB RRC SAE SCH S-GW SC-FDMA SU TDD TA TAI TAU UE

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple-Access Policy & Charging Function Packet Data Network PDN Gateway Random Access Resource Block Radio Resource Control System Architecture Evolution Shared Channel Serving Gateway Single Carrier FDMA Single User Time-Division Duplex Timing Advance/ Tracking Area Tracking Area Indicator Tracking Area Update User Equipment

UMTS Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim

Nov. 2012

66

Potrebbero piacerti anche