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Background Evolved Packet System Architecture LTE Radio Interface Radio Resource Management LTE-Advanced
From the operator perspectives, an evolved UMTS will make business sense if it:
The combination of HSDPA and E-DCH provides very efficient packet data transmission capabilities, but UMTS should continue to be evolved to meet the ever increasing demand of new applications and user expectations. 10 years have passed since the initiation of the 3G programme and it is time to initiate a new programme to evolve 3G which will lead to a 4G technology. From the application/user perspectives, the UMTS evolution should target at significantly higher data rates and throughput, lower network latency , and support of always-on connectivity. Provide significantly improved power and bandwidth efficiencies Facilitate the convergence with other networks/technologies Reduce transport network cost Limit additional complexity
Evolved-UTRA is a packet only network there is no support of circuit switched services (no MSC) Evolved-UTRA started on a clean state everything was up for discussion including the system architecture and the split of functionality between RAN and CN Led to 3GPP Study Item (Study Phase: 2005 4Q2006) 3G Long-term Evolution (LTE) for new Radio Access and System Architecture Evolution (SAE) for Evolved Network
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
UMTS Networks
Low Latency
< 5ms user plane (UE to RAN edge) <100ms camped to active < 50ms dormant to active
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
Selection of OFDM for the air interface Less receiver complexity Robust to frequency selective fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI) Access to both time and frequency domain allows additional flexibility in scheduling (including interference coordination) Scalable OFDM makes it straightforward to extend to different transmission bandwidths Integration of MIMO techniques Pilot structure to support 1, 2, or 4 Tx antennas in the DL and MU-MIMO in the UL
Simplified network architecture Reduction in number of logical nodes flatter architecture Clean separation of user and control plane
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
After Study Phase: Two Lines in 3GPP EVOLUTION of HSPA to HSPA+ (enhanced W-CDMA incl. MIMO) REVOLUTION towards LTE/SAE (OFDM based) Stage 2 (Principles) completed in March 07 Stage 3 (Specifications) completed in Dec 07 Test specifications completed in Dec 08
RAN 38 Dec 07 Stage 3 Technical Specs L3 RAN 42 Dec 08 Test Specs Corrections Phase (2008 and beyond)
LTE
RAN 32 March 06 WI agreed, concepts approved RAN 35 March 07 Stage 2 Technical Specs
2006
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2007
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
2008
Q2 Q3 Q4
R7 HSPA+
RAN 34 Dec 06 NEW WI (64/16 QAM) RAN 35 Mar 07 WI Completion (inc 64QAM) RAN 36 Jun 07 WI Completion 16QAM UL RAN 37 Sept 07 WI Completion (performance)
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
From set of requirements it was clear that evolution work would be required for both, the radio access network as well as the core network LTE would not be backward compatible with UMTS/ HSPA ! RAN working groups would focus on the air interface and radio access network aspects System Architecture (SA) working groups would develop the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Note on terminology In the RAN working groups term Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) are used interchangeably. In the SA working groups the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) was used to signify the broad framework for the architecture For some time the term LTE/SAE was used to describe the new evolved system, but now this has become known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS)
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
3GPP architecture
4 functional entities on the control plane and user plane 3 standardized user plane & control plane interfaces
User plane
Control plane
Control plane
User plane
GGSN
ASGW S-GW
MME MMF
SGSN
RNC
NodeB
eNodeB S-GW: Serving Gateway MME: Mobility Management Entity eNodeB: Evolved NodeB
3GPP LTE architecture 2 functional entities on the user plane: eNodeB and S-GW SGSN control plane functions S-GW & MME Less interfaces, some functions will disappear 4 layers into 2 layers Evolve GGSN integrated S-GW Moving SGSN functionalities to S-GW. RNC evolutions to RRM on a IP distributed network for enhancing mobility management. Part of RNC mobility function being moved to S-GW & eNodeB
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
MME/S-GW
MME/S-GW
EPC
S1 S1 S1
S1
S1
S1
E-UTRAN
eNB X2 eNB
X2
eNB
X2
EPC = Evolved Packet Core
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Nov. 2012
eNodeB contains all radio access functions Admission Control Scheduling of UL & DL data Scheduling and transmission of paging and system broadcast IP header compression Outer ARQ (RLC)
RB Control Connection Mobility Cont. MME Radio Admission Control NAS Security eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) RRC PDCP S-GW RLC MAC S1 PHY Packet Filtering Mobility Anchoring UE IP address allocation P-GW Idle State Mobility Handling EPS Bearer Control
MME control plane functions Idle mode UE reachability Tracking area list management S-GW/P-GW selection Inter core network node signaling for mobility bw. 2G/3G and LTE NAS signaling Authentication Bearer management functions
Serving Gateway Local mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers Mobility anchor for inter-3GPP handovers Idle mode DL packet buffering Lawful interception Packet routing and forwarding
PDN Gateway UE IP address allocation Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non-3GPP access Connectivity to Packet Data Network
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
NAS sub-layer performs: Authentication Security control Idle mode mobility handling Idle mode paging origination
eNB
PHY
UE
UMTS Networks
eNode-B
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
MME
10
S-Gateway
RLC sub-layer performs: Transferring upper layer PDUs In-sequence delivery of PDUs Error correction through ARQ Duplicate detection Flow control Segmentation/ Concatenation of SDUs MAC sub-layer performs: Scheduling Error correction through HARQ Priority handling across UEs & logical channels Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of RLC radio bearers into/from PhCHs on TrCHs
UE
UMTS Networks
eNode-B
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
MME
11
GERAN
SGSN
S3
HSS
S6a
UTRAN
S1-MME S12
MME
S10 S11
S4
Gx
E-UTRAN
S1-U
Serving GW
S5
PDN GW
SGi
Internet
EPS Core
Home
Subscriber Server (HSS) is the subscription data repository for permanent user data (subscriber profile). Policy Charging Rules Function (PCRF) provides the policy and charging control (PCC) rules for controlling the QoS as well as charging the user, accordingly. S3 interface connects MME directly to SGSN for signaling to support mobility across LTE and UTRAN/GERAN; S4 allows direction of user plane between LTE and GERAN/ UTRAN (uses GTP)
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Nov. 2012
12
DL: OFDMA with CP UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM (optional for UE) Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver.
ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer. Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques
(2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and 1x(2 or 4) uplink supported. Multi-layer transmission with up to four streams. Multi-user MIMO also supported.
Implicit support for interference coordination Support for both FDD and TDD
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Nov. 2012
13
LTE will support all band classes currently specified for UMTS as well as additional bands
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Nov. 2012
14
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple-Access FDM/ FDMA is nothing new: carriers are separated sufficiently in frequency so that there is minimal overlap to prevent cross-talk.
conventional FDM
frequency
OFDM: still FDM but carriers can actually be orthogonal (no cross-talk) while actually overlapping, if specially designed saved bandwidth !
OFDM
saved bandwidth
frequency
UMTS Networks
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
15
Frequency domain: overlapping sinc functions Referred to as subcarriers Typically quite narrow, e.g. 15 kHz
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 10
freq
5
Time domain: simple gated sinusoid functions For orthogonality: each symbol has an integer number of cycles over the symbol time fundamental frequency f0 = 1/T Other sinusoids with fk = k f0
T = symbol time
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time
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Modulating the symbols onto subcarriers can be done verry efficiently in baseband using the FFT algorithm OFDM Transmitter
bit stream
Serial to Parallel
IFFT
Parallel to Serial
add CP
D/A
RF Tx
...
...
Parallel to Serial
FFT
Serial to Parallel
remove CP
A/D
RF Rx
...
...
OFDM Receiver
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Nov. 2012
17
OFDM Symbol
OFDM Symbol
Within an OFDM symbol, the data symbols modulated onto the subcarriers are only orthogonal if there are an integer number of sinusoidal cycles within the receiver window
Filling the guard time with a cyclic prefix (CP) ensures orthogonality of subcarriers even in the presence of multipath elimination of same cell interference
CP Useful OFDM symbol time CP Useful OFDM symbol time CP Useful OFDM symbol time OFDM symbol
UMTS Networks
OFDM symbol
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim
OFDM symbol
Nov. 2012
18
Two competing factors in determining the right OFDM symbol time: CP length should be longer than worst case multipath delay spread, and the OFDM symbol time should be much larger than CP length to avoid significant overhead from the CP On the other hand, the OFDM symbol time should be much smaller than the shortest expected coherence time of the channel to avoid channel variability within the symbol time
LTE is designed to operate in delay spreads up to ~5 s and for speeds up to 350 km/h (1.2 ms coherence time @ 2.6 GHz). As such, the following was decided: CP length = 4.7 s OFDM symbol time = 66.6 s(= 1/20 the worst case coherence time)
Df = 15 kHz
~4.7 s
~66.7 s
CP
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Nov. 2012
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5 MHz bandwidth
With Scalable OFDM, the subcarrier spacing stays fixed at 15 kHz (hence symbol time is fixed to 66.6 s) regardless of the operating bandwidth (1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz) The total number of subcarriers is varied in order to operate in different bandwidths This is done by specifying different FFT sizes (i.e. 512 point FFT for 5 MHz, 2048 point FFT for 20 MHz)
Influence of delay spread, Doppler due to user mobility, timing accuracy, etc. remain the same as the system bandwidth is changed robust design
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
UMTS Networks
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OFDM symbol
Subframe length is 1 ms consists of two 0.5 ms slots 7 OFDM symbols per 0.5 ms slot 14 OFDM symbols per 1ms subframe In UL center SC-FDMA symbol used for the data demodulation reference signal (DM-RS)
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
UMTS Networks
24
SU-MIMO Multiple data streams sent to the same user (max. 2 codewords) Significant throughput gains for UEs in high SINR conditions
MU-MIMO or Beamforming Different data streams sent to different users using the same time-frequency resources Improves throughput even in low SINR conditions (cell-edge) Works even for single antenna mobiles
Transmit diversity (TxDiv) Improves reliability on a single data stream Fall back scheme if channel conditions do not allow SM Useful to improve reliability on common control channels
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25
Uplink Initial release of LTE does only support MU-MIMO with a single transmit antenna at the UE Desire to avoid multiple power amplifiers at UE
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
26
LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) to provide flexible operation in a variety of spectrum allocations around the world. Unlike UMTS TDD there is a high commonality between LTE TDD & LTE FDD
Slot length (0.5 ms) and subframe length (1 ms) is the same than LTE FDD with the same numerology (OFDM symbol times, CP length, FFT sizes, sample rates, etc.)
UL/ DL switching points designed to allow coexistance with UMTS-TDD (TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA)
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Nov. 2012
27
In addition to FDD & TDD, LTE supports also Half-Duplex FDD (HD-FDD) HD-FDD is like FDD, only the UE cannot transmit and receive at the same time
Note, that the eNodeB can still transmit and receive at the same time to different UEs; half-duplex is enforced by the eNodeB scheduler Reasons for HD-FDD Handsets are cheaper, as no duplexer is required More commonality between TDD and HD-FDD than compared to full duplex FDD Certain FDD spectrum allocations have small duplex space; HD-FDD leads to duplex desense in UE
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Nov. 2012
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LTE Downlink
The LTE downlink uses scalable OFDMA Fixed subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz for unicast
Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that they remain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)
bit stream
Serial to Parallel
IFFT
Parallel to Serial
add CP
...
UMTS Networks
...
Nov. 2012
29
Carries DL traffic
DL resource allocation
eNodeB
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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PCCH: paging control channel BCCH: broadcast control channel CCCH: common control channel DCCH: dedicated control channel DTCH: dedicated traffic channel
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Nov. 2012
31
To facilitate efficient power amplifier design in the UE, 3GPP chose single carrier frequency domain multiple access (SC-FDMA) in favor of OFDMA for uplink multiple access. SC-FDMA results in better PAPR
SC-FDMA is still an orthogonal multiple access scheme UEs are orthogonal in frequency Synchronous in the time domain through the use of timing advance (TA) signaling
UE A
UE B Node B UE C
Only need to be synchronous within a fraction of the CP length 0.52 ms timing advance resolution
a b g
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Nov. 2012
32
SC-FDMA implemented using an OFDMA front-end and a DFT pre-coder, this is referred to as either DFT-pre-coded OFDMA or DFT-spread OFDMA (DFTSOFDMA) Advantage is that numerology (subcarrier spacing, symbol times, FFT sizes, etc.) can be shared between uplink and downlink Can still allocate variable bandwidth in units of 12 sub-carriers Each modulation symbol sees a wider bandwidth
bit stream
Serial to Parallel
DFT
Subcarrier mapping
IFFT
Parallel to Serial
add CP
...
...
..
..
+1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1
DFT precoding
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
UMTS Networks
33
eNodeB
Allows channel state information to be obtained by eNB
UL scheduling grant
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
34
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH: common control channel DCCH: dedicated control channel DTCH: dedicated traffic channel
RACH
UL-SCH
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35
1
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 5.4 MBps 13.5 MBps 22.5 MBps 45 MBps
2
10.4 MBps 25.9 MBps 43.2 MBps 86.4 MBps
4
19.6 MBps 50 MBps 81.6 MBps 163.2 MBps
15 MHz 20 MHz
assumptions: 64QAM, code rate = 1, 1OFDM symbol for L1/L2, ignores subframes with P-BCH, SCH
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
36
16 QAM
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 2.9 MBps 6.9 MBps
64QAM
4.3 MBps 10.4 MBps
5 MHz
10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
11.5 MBps
27.6 MBps 41.5 MBps 55.3 MBps
17.3 MBps
41.5 MBps 62.2 MBps 82.9 MBps
assumptions: code rate = 1, 2PRBs reserved for PUCCH (1 for 1.4MHz), no SRS, ignores subframes with PRACH, takes into account highest prime-factor restriction
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
37
1 10 5
2 50 25
3 100 50
4 150 50
5 300 75
RF bandwidth
Modulation DL
20MHz
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL
QPSK, 16QAM
Mandatory Mandatory
39
Basic unit of allocation is called a Resource Block (RB) 12 subcarriers in frequency (= 180 kHz) 1 timeslot in time (= 0.5 ms, = 7 OFDM symbols) Multiple resource blocks can be allocated to a user in a given subframe
15
25
50
75
100
Nov. 2012
40
14 OFDM symbols
<=3 OFDM symbols for PDCCH
UE A
UE B UE C
Time
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Nov. 2012
41
Open-loop power control is the baseline uplink power control method in LTE (compensation for path loss and fading)
Open-loop PC is needed to constrain the dynamic range between signals received from different UEs Unlike CDMA, there is no in-cell interference to combat; rather, fading is exploited by rate control
Target SINR on PUSCH is now a function of the UEs path loss: SINR(dBm) = nominal (dB) + (1a)PL(dB)
Target SINR
Page 42
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b b g a b g a b g a b b
Cell edge
Reuse > 1
b
0 1
F1
F2
F3
10
11
b g a
b g a
Sector a
Sector b
Sector g
b g a
g b
b g a
b g a
g g a
b g a
Cell centre
g
Reuse = 1
Scheduler can place restriction on which PRBs can be used in which sectors
Flexible frequency reuse realized through intelligent scheduling and power allocation
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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Random-Access Procedure
RACH only used for Random Access Preamble Response/ Data are sent over SCH Non-contention based RA to improve access time, e.g. for HO
UE
eNB
UE eNB
2
Random Access Preamble 1
Scheduled Transmission
2 Random Access Response
Contention Resolution
Contention based RA
Non-Contention based RA
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
44
LTE Handover
LTE uses UE-assisted network controlled handover UE reports measurements; network decides when handover and to which cell Relies on UE to detect neighbor cells no need to maintain and broadcast neighbor lists
For search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells only carrier frequency need to be indicated X2 interface used for handover preparation and forwarding of user data Target eNB prepares handover by sending required information to UE transparently through source eNB as part of the Handover Request Acknowledge message
New configuration information needed from system broadcast Accelerates handover as UE does not need to read BCH on target cell
Buffered and new data is transferred from source to target eNB until path switch prevents data loss UE uses contention-free random access to accelerate handover
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
45
UE
Measurement Control
Source eNB
Target eNB
MME
sGW
Packet Data
UL allocation Measurement Reports HO decision
User data
HO Request Admission Control HO Request Ack
HO decision is made by source eNB based on UE measurement report Target eNB prepares HO by sending relevant info to UE through source eNB as part of HO request ACK command, so that UE does not need to read target cell BCCH
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
UMTS Networks
46
UE
MME
sGW
User data
UL Packet Data
RACH is used here only so target eNB can estimate UE timing and provide timing advance for synchronization; RACH timing agreements ensure UE does not need to read target cell P-BCH to obtain SFN (radio frame timing from SCH is sufficient to know PRACH locations)
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
UMTS Networks
47
UE
MME
sGW
DL data forwarding
Packet Data Path switch req User plane update req End Marker Path switch req ACK Release resources Flush DL buffer, continue delivering in-transit packets Switch DL path User plane update response
L1/L2 signaling
End Marker
Release resources
Packet Data
Packet Data
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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UEs stops
Rx/Tx on the old cell UL
U- plane active
UE
Source eNB
Target eNB
HO Request HO Confirm
Handover Preparation
DL sync approx 20 ms + RACH (no contention) + Timing Adv + UL Resource Req and Grant
HO Complete
ACK
U-plane active
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
49
Tracking Area
BCCH TAI 2 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1 BCCH TAI 1
BCCH TAI 3
BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 3
BCCH TAI 3
BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 2
BCCH TAI 3
Tracking Area 2
Tracking Area 3
Tracking Area 1
Tracking Area Identifier (TAI) sent over Broadcast Channel BCCH Tracking Areas can be shared by multiple MMEs One UE can be allocated to multiple tracking areas
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
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50
E-UTRAN
EPC
Internet
UE
eNB
S-GW
P-GW
Peer Entity
End-to-end Service
EPS Bearer
External Bearer
S5/S8 Bearer
Radio
S1
S5/S8
Gi
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
51
RRC_IDLE
Release RRC connection
RRC_Connected
No RRC connection, no context in eNodeB (but EPS bearers are retained) UE controls mobility through cell selection UE specific paging DRX cycle controlled by upper layers UE acquires system information from broadcast channel UE monitors paging channel to detect incoming calls
RRC connection and context in eNodeB Network controlled mobility Transfer of unicast and broadcast data to and from UE UE monitors control channels associated with the shared data channels UE provides channel quality and feedback information Connected mode DRX can be configured by eNodeB according to UE activity level
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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ECM_IDLE
Signaling connection released
ECM_Connected
No signaling connection between UE and core network (no S1-U/ S1-MME) No RRC connection (i.e. RRC_IDLE) UE performs cell selection and tracking area updates (TAU)
Signaling connection established between UE and MME, consists of two components RRC connection S1-MME connection UE location is known to accuracy of Cell-ID Mobility via handover procedure
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Nov. 2012
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Attach
EMM_Deregistered
Detach
EMM_Registered
EMM context holds no valid location or routing information for UE UE is not reachable by MME as UE location is not known
UE successfully registers with MME with Attach procedure or Tracking Area Update (TAU) UE location known within tracking area MME can page to UE UE always has at least one PDN connection
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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LTE Status
LTE standard (Rel. 8) is stable Rel. 8 frozen in 2Q2009 Since 2010, LTE has been deployed worldwide Totally new infrastructure First target was often to provide broadband coverage for fixed users Currently, 111 LTE networks in 52 countries are in service (Nov. 2012)* Implemented according to Release 8/9 Mostly FDD, but also some TDD networks Mobile packet data support with fallback to 3G/2G for CS voice service Spectrum allocation in new frequency bands as well as existing 2G/3G bands (refarming) 3GPP continues LTE development Rel. 9: technical enhancements/ E-MBMS Rel. 10/11: LTE-Advanced (cf. next slides)
*http://www.4gamericas.org
-> Statistics
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Nov. 2012
LTE-Advanced
The evolution of LTE Corresponding to LTE Release 10 and beyond Motivation of LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced standardisation process in ITU-R Additional IMT spectrum band identified in WRC07 Further evolution of LTE Release 8 and 9 to meet:
ITU
2008
Circular Letter
2009
Proposals
2010
Evaluation Specification
IMT-Advanced recommendation
3GPP
3GPP WS IMT-Advanced
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Mobility
IMT-2000
Enhanced IMT-2000
Enhancement t Enhancemen
Low
Interconnection
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Peak data rate 1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmission bandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz Peak spectrum efficiency DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced requirement
LTE-Advanced 1 Gbps
IMT-Advanced
1 Gbps(*)
15 6.75
*100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility is one of the key features as written in Circular Letter (CL)
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Support wider bandwidth Carrier aggregation to achieve wider bandwidth Support of spectrum aggregation Peak data rate, spectrum flexibility Advanced MIMO techniques Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink Introduction of single-user MIMO up to 4-layer transmission in uplink Peak data rate, capacity, cell-edge user throughput Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP) CoMP transmission in downlink CoMP reception in uplink Cell-edge user throughput, coverage, deployment flexibility Relaying Type 1 relays create a separate cell and appear as Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs Coverage, cost effective deployment Further reduction of delay AS/NAS parallel processing for reduction of C-Plane delay
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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Carrier Aggregation
Wider bandwidth transmission using carrier aggregation Entire system bandwidth up to, e.g., 100 MHz, comprises multiple basic frequency blocks called component carriers (CCs)
Each CC is backward compatible with Rel. 8 LTE Carrier aggregation supports both contiguous and non-contiguous spectrums, and asymmetric bandwidth for FDD
Frequency
UMTS Networks
Nov. 2012
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Extension up to 8-stream transmission for single-user (SU) MIMO in downlink improve downlink peak spectrum efficiency
Higher-order MIMO up to 8 streams
Max. 8 streams
Enhanced multi-user (MU) MIMO in downlink Specify additional reference signals (RS)
Enhanced MU-MIMO
CSI feedback
Introduction of single-user (SU)-MIMO up to 4-stream transmission in uplink Satisfy IMT requirement for uplink peak spectrum efficiency
SU-MIMO up to 4 streams
Max. 4 streams
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Enhanced service provisioning, especially for cell-edge users CoMP transmission schemes in downlink Joint processing (JP) from multiple geographically separated points
Similar for the uplink Dynamic coordination in uplink scheduling Joint reception at multiple sites
Multipoint reception
UMTS Networks
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
62
Relaying
Type 1 relay Relay node (RN) creates a separate cell distinct from the donor cell UE receives/transmits control signals for scheduling and HARQ from/to RN RN appears as a Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs Deploy cells in the areas where wired backhaul is not available or very expensive
UE
eNB
RN
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Network expansion due to varying traffic demand & RF environment Cell-splitting of traditional macro deployments is complex and iterative Indoor coverage and need for site acquisition add to the challenge Future network deployments based on Heterogeneous Networks Deployment of Macro eNBs for initial coverage only Addition of Pico, HeNBs and Relays for capacity growth & better user experience
Improved in-building coverage and flexible site acquisition with low power base stations Relays provide coverage extension with no incremental backhaul expense Time domain interference management Cell range expansion Interference cancellation receiver in the terminal
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LTE References
Literature: H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, 2nd edition, Wiley 2011 E. Dahlman et al: 3G Evolution, HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 3 rd edition, Academic Press 2011 S. Sesia et al: LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice, Wiley 2011 T. Nakamura (RAN chairman): Proposal for Candidate Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-Advanced Based on LTE Release 10 and Beyond LTEAdvanced), ITU-R WP 5D 3rd Workshop on IMT-Advanced, October 2009 Standards TS 36.xxx series: RAN Aspects TS 36.300 E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2 TR 25.912 Feasibility study for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) TR 25.814 Physical layer aspect for evolved UTRA TR 23.882 3GPP System Architecture Evolution: Report on Technical Options and Conclusions TR 36.912 Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E -UTRA (LTEAdvanced) TR 36.814 Further Advancements for E-UTRA - Physical Layer Aspects
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012
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Abbreviations
CP DFT DRX ECM EMM eNodeB/eNB EPC EPS E-UTRAN FDD FDM FFT HD-FDD HO HOM HSS IFFT ISI LTE MIMO MME MU Cyclic Prefix Discrete Fourier Transformation Discontinuous Reception EPS Connection Management EPS Mobility Management Evolved NodeB Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet System Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Frequency-Division Duplex Frequency-Division Multiplexing Fast Fourier Transformation Half-Duplex FDD Handover Higher Order Modulation Home Subscriber Server Inverse FFT Inter-Symbol Interference Long Term Evolution Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Mobility Management Entity Multi-User
OFDM
OFDMA PCRF PDN P-GW RA RB RRC SAE SCH S-GW SC-FDMA SU TDD TA TAI TAU UE
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple-Access Policy & Charging Function Packet Data Network PDN Gateway Random Access Resource Block Radio Resource Control System Architecture Evolution Shared Channel Serving Gateway Single Carrier FDMA Single User Time-Division Duplex Timing Advance/ Tracking Area Tracking Area Indicator Tracking Area Update User Equipment
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