06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009 Chapter 4.

2 Fourier Representation for four Signal Classes

Fourier Representation for Continuous Time Signals

4.2.1Introduction Fourier Representation for Continuous Time Vs Discrete Time Signals

Some Important Differences DTFS is a finite series while FS is an infinite series representation. Hence mathematical convergence issues are not there in DTFS. Discrete-time signal x[n] is periodic with period N. i.e x[n] = x[n+N]
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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009 The fundamental period is the smallest positive integer N for which the above holds and o= 2/N and k[n] = ejk on = ejk(2/N)n , k = 0, 1, 2,. Etc.

Harmonically Related complex Exponentials

The DT Complex exponential signals that are periodic with period N is given by k[n] = ejk on = ejk(2/N)n , k = 0, 1, 2,. Etc. All of these have fundamental frequencies that are multiples of 2/N and are harmonically related.

As mentioned there are only N distinct signals in the set given above. This is a consequence of the fact that discrete time complex exponentials which differ in frequency by a multiple of 2 are identical. This differs from the situation in continuous time in which the signals k[t] are all different from one another. As mentioned there are only N distinct signals in the set given above. This is a consequence of the fact that discrete time complex exponentials which differ in frequency by a multiple of 2 are identical. This differs from the situation in continuous time in which the signals k[t] are all different from one another.

The sequences k[n] are distinct only over a range of N successive values of k. Thus the summation is on k, as k varies over a range of N successive integers. Hence the limits of the summation is expressed as k =<N> .

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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009

Discrete time Fourier Series

These Equations play the same role for discrete time periodic signals as the Synthesis and Analysis Equations for Continuous time signals. ak are referred to as the spectral coefficient of x[n]. These coefficients specify a decomposition of x[n] into a sum of N harmonically related complex exponentials. We also observe that the graph nature both in Time domain and frequency domain are both discrete unlike in Fourier Series for continuous times Example 1:Find the Fourier Representation for the following.

Solution: We can expand x[n] directly in terms of complex exponential using the Eulers Formula.
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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009

We get,

The Fourier Series Coefficient for the above Example .

Example 2: Find the Fourier Coefficient for the given waveform.

where

Solution : Select the range conveniently as N1 n N1 and use the Analysis Equation for Discrete time signals
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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009

Let

m=n+N1 or

n=m-N1,

we get

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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009

where
Sketches for different values of N are shown below. Fourier series coefficients for the periodic square wave of example 2. Plots for 2N1+1 = 5 For 2N1+1 = 5 and N = 10

For N=20

For N = 40

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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009

Example 3:

Convergence Issues and comparisons for CT and DT We Observed the Gibbs Phenomenon at the discontinuity CT, whereby as the number of terms increased, the ripples in the partial sum as in eg 3 became
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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009 compressed towards the discontinuity, with the peak amplitude of the ripples remaining constant independently of the number of terms in the partial sum. In DT eg3 with N=9, 2N1+1=5, and for several values of M. For M=4, the partial sum exactly equals x[n]. In contrast to the CT there is no Gibbs phenomenon and no convergence issue in DTFS 4.2.2Properties for DTFS

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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009

Example
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4.2.4 Summary The Response of LTI Systems to Discrete Complex Exponentials. Harmonically Related Discrete Complex Exponentials Convergence Issues of the DT/CT Fourier Series DTFourier Series Representation an Example

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06EC44-Signals and System Chapter 4.2-2009 Properties of Fourier Representation in Continuous Time Domain

References Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from Signals & Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky, 1997 Feng-Li Lian, NTU-EE, Signals and Systems Feb07 Jun07 Text and Reference Books have been referred during the notes preparation.

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