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THE ORIGINS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS electromagnetic field, an oscillating electric and magnetic disturbance that spreads as a harmonic wave through space. electric field, a field that acts on charged particles. magnetic field, a field that acts on moving charged particles.
electromagnetic spectrum, the range of frequencies exhibited by the electromagnetic field and its classification into regions. 7.1 The failures of classical physics black body, an object capable of emitting and absorbing all frequencies of radiation uniformly.
D / T
x 4e x
(e
dx .
Debye temperature, D = hvD/k. spectrum, the record of intensity of light transmitted, absorbed, or scattered as a function of frequency, wavelength, or wavenumber. spectroscopy, the detection and analysis of a spectrum. spectroscopic transition, a change of state that gives rise to a feature in spectrum. Bohr frequency transition, the relation between the change in energy and the frequency of the radiation emitted or absorbed: E = hv.
Born interpretation, the value of ||2 at a point is proportional to the probability of finding the particle at that point. probability density, the probability of finding a particle in a region divided by the volume of the region. probability amplitude, the square-root of the probability density (the wavefunction itself). normalization constant, N = 1/{* dx}1/2. spherical polar coordinates, the radius r , the colatitude , and the azimuth . The volume element in spherical coordinates is r2sin drdd. quantization, confinement of a dynamical observable to discrete values.
constraints on the wavefunction, the conditions a wavefunction must obey (be continuous, have a continuous first derivative, be single-valued, and be square-integrable). QUANTUM MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES 7.5 The information in a wavefunction node, a point where a wavefunction passes through zero . operator, something that carries out a mathematical operation on a function. hamiltonian operator, the operator for the total energy of a = E . system, H
= . eigenvalue, the constant in the eigenvalue equation = . eigenfunction, the function in the eigenvalue equation
= . eigenvalue equation, an equation of the form
observable, measurable properties of a system. position operator, x = x . momentum operator, p x = (/i)d/dx. hermitian operator, an operator for which it is true that dx = dx
orthogonal functions, i* j d = 0. linear combination of two functions, c1f + c2g. superposition, a linear combination of wavefunctions. complete set of functions, functions that can be used to express any arbitrary function as a linear combination.
d . expectation value, =
7.6 The uncertainty principle Heisenberg uncertainty principle: it is impossible to specify simultaneously, with arbitrary precision, both the 1 momentum and the position of a particle; pq . 2
wave packet, a localized wavefunction formed by superimposing a series of wavefunctions. complementary observables, observables corresponding to non-commuting operators.
1, 2 = 0. commuting operators, operators for which 1, 2 = 1 2 2 1 commutator,
Atomic Units
SI
atomic unit =
4 0 2 -11 length : Bohr radius a 0 = = 5 . 29177 10 m 1 2 me e vacuum permittivi ty 0 : 4 0 1 energy : 27.21eV = 627.5095kc al/mol = 4.184 627.5095 10 3 J/mol = 1 hartree