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Update on MW Radio Rain Fading Estimation George Kizer

Major Topics

MW Path Design
Point Rain Attenuation Point to Path Conversion Factor Rain Fading Variability

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Rain Fading

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Microwave Path Design Parameters

North America
Quality (one way) (worst month) Availability (two way) (annual)
Not Calculated (tested) Multipath Rain Interference

Europe (ITU-R)
Multipath Short Term Interference Rain Long Term Interference Hardware

Calculations are typical (median) estimates, not worst case.

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Microwave Path Rain Design


North America
Rice and Holmberg (ITS, 1973)* Lin (Bell Labs, 1977)** Crane (1980)* Crane (1996)* Crane (2003)**
* Rain Zones ** Specific Locations

Europe (ITU-R)

ITU-R P.530-1 (1978)* ITU-R P.530-10 (2001)**

Crane is de facto standard in North America ITU-R is standard in Europe

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How Are Crane 2003 and ITU-R P.530 Different


Crane 2003
Based upon 5 minute integration (commonly available) Works for all probabilities

ITU-R P.530
Based upon 1 minute integration (less available) Only works for 0.001% to 1% (two 9s to five 9s, not possible to extend range) Rain curves are predetermined (one for > 300 latitude, one for < 300 latitude, uses 0.01% unavail. value based upon 3 interpolated parameters)

Curves based upon actual rain data (based upon 5 parameters derived from actual site data)

Point to Path conversion factors are quite different


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Crane Model Based Upon Two Components San Francisco Miami

Low Density Rain (debris) Contribution = exponential distribution (two parameters) Intense Rain Cell (cell) Contribution = lognormal distribution (three parameters)

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ITU-R P.530 Based Upon Shapes and Offsets Zone D3

1 2

Rain Distribution Shape 1 for latitude 300 Rain Distribution Shape 2 for latitude < 300 Shape shifted up or down from 0.01% rain rate Rain rate for 0.01% determined by three geographically based parameters Only applicable for probability between 0.001% and 1%
Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Major Topics

MW Path Design

Point Rain Attenuation


Point to Path Conversion Factor Rain Fading Variability

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Microwave Path Rain Design


M = R deff M = path flat fade margin (dB) R = single location (point) rain attenuation (dB/km) deff = effective path length (km) = d Fpp d = actual path distance Fpp = point to path conversion factor

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

10

Microwave Path Rain Design

R = point rain attenuation = KR (db/km) K and frequency dependant


R = site or zone rain rate (mm/hr) for specific outage probability (e.g., 0.01%)

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11

Point Rain Attenuation

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Need for Current Point Rain Attenuation

More than 100 years of NOAA rain data


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Typical Rain City Data

(99.9999%)

(99.999%)

(99.99%)

typical measurement limit


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Why create curves for parameter model


(rather than actual measurements) ?

North American 11 GHz calculations for high availability require rain availabilities as high as 99.99995% (0.00005% unavailability) For 5 minute integrated data, that is one measurement in 20 years Actual data does not have reliable values for high availabilities (those rain events are too rare) Only the model can give reliable high availability estimates (it is based upon the underlying physical mechanisms)

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Rain City Data


Crane 2003 data has been augmented with Segal (CRC) and Kizer (NOAA) data Data represents 282 cities in Canada and the United States Curves derived from curve fits of actual data to Crane 5 parameter rain model

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Why Migrate to Site Specific Rain Data?

Crane 1996
All zones are averages of a wide range of specific site data Some zones misrepresent some locations

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Crane 1996 Rain Regions

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Site Data Different than Zone Average

Zone C

Zone F

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Zone Average Misrepresents Site Rain Rates

Zone D2

Zone C

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Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Data Crane Zone B1 Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Point Data Crane Zone C Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Point Data Crane Zone D1 Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Point Data Crane Zone D2 Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Point Data Crane Zone D3 Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Point Data Crane Zone E Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences in Crane and ITU-R Site Point Data Crane Zone F Crane 2003 ITU-R P.530

ITU rain curves are simplified to eliminate frequency dependency This introduces about 10% error for frequencies between 11 and 23 GHz

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Major Topics

MW Path Design Point Rain Attenuation

Point to Path Conversion Factor


Rain Fading Variability

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Microwave Path Rain Design


M = R deff M = path flat fade margin (dB) R = single location (point) rain attenuation (dB/km) deff = effective path length (km) = d Fpp d = actual path distance Fpp = point to path conversion factor

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

29

Differences in Point to Path Factor

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Differences Due to Point to Path Factor Crane Zone C Average Rain Rates
(low rain rate region)

ITU-R methods not valid for 99.9999% path availabilities


Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences Due to Point to Path Factor Crane Zone D2 Average Rain Rates
(typical rain rate region)

ITU-R methods not valid for 99.9999% path availabilities


Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Differences Due to Point to Path Factor Crane Zone E Average Rain Rates
(high rain rate region)

ITU-R methods not valid for 99.9999% path availabilities


Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Major Topics

MW Path Design Point Rain Attenuation Point to Path Conversion Factor

Rain Fading Variability

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Rain Fading Variability

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Philidelphia Example (2008-2009)

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Rain Fading Variability

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Major Topics

MW Path Design Point Rain Attenuation Point to Path Conversion Factor Rain Fading Variability

Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

george.kizer@alcatel-lucent.com

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