EE4210

CURRENT TRANSFORMER OPERATION

CALCULATION 1.Magnetization curve for protection current transformer.

We couldnt take measurement for metering current transformer due to a problem of metering CT.

2. Knee Point Voltage:

It is defined as the point at which 10% increase in the secondary voltage produce a 50% exciting current. Slope of magnetization curve at knee point = 10% tan 1 50% Therefore Knee Point is the point at which dydx=0.2 of the graph. Equation of the graph: y = 9.718ln(x) - 27.08 So dy/dx = 9.718/x = 0.2 X = 49.59 mA Y = 10.85 V Knee point voltage for protection CT = 10.85V = tan 1 (0.2) increase in

3. Burden of a CT is the load applied to the secondary of the CT. Normal practice it is expressed in
terms of VA. Burden of current tranformer = (secondary voltage) * (secondary current) = 0.447 * 0.64 = 0.286 VA

DISCUSSION
1) Reason out as to why the secondary resistance of a protective transformer is low compared to that of a measuring transformer Despite the metering CT which is used for measuring activities with a specified limited range of current, protective CT is used in protection purposes where needs wide range of current. As the short circuit current may rises to the few times of full load current, the protective current must be designed to withstand it. The measure of this characteristic is known as the Accuracy Limit Factor (A.L.F). A protection type CT with an A.L.F. of 10 will produce a proportional current in the secondary winding [subject to the allowable current error] with primary currents up to a maximum of 10 times the rated current. Thus the secondary resistance of the protection CT need to be lower which can be achieved by making larger the cross sectional area of the conductors.

2) Explain the significance of knee point voltage of the magnetizing curve The magnetizing curve gives the overall operating characteristic for a CT. There are three regions transformer works. They are: Linear reigion Knee point region Saturation region Knee point voltage is a point on the magnetizing curve of a transformer. A 10% increase in flux density (voltage) will bring in an increase of 50% in the Magnetization (Current). After the knee point voltage the transformer enters saturation region for which there is infinite Magnetization (Current), but voltage remains at the same level. This is ideal to the open circuited condition of the secondary, which reduces the life time of the transformer. It is a main indicator of the characteristic of a particular current transformer (CT) because the voltage level reflects the structural integrity of the CT. If a CT has a low knee point voltage, it mentions deterioration in the core material (delimitation, crack, etc.) or a defect in the winding (inter-turn shorting).

1) Discuss about the selection of a current transformer for a given application The application of the ratings current transformer varies with the situation because the Current transformers should not saturate while in the operation. So there are several factors to consider when selecting a current transformer. There are CT ratio, CT burden and the accuracy class etc.

CT Ratio CT ratios are defined as a ratio of the rated primary current to the rated secondary current. For example, a CT with a ratio of 300:5 is rated for 300 primary amps at full load and will produce 5 amps of secondary current when 300 amps flow through the primary. If the primary current changes the secondary current output will change accordingly. The most common CT secondary full-load current is 5 amps which match the standard 5 amp full-scale current rating of switchboard indicating devices, power metering equipment, protective relays. When the rated primary amps is exceeded, which is usually the case when a fault occurs on the system, the amount of secondary current will increase but, depending on the magnetic saturation in the CT, the output may not be exactly proportional. CT burden The load, or burden, in a CT metering circuit is the impedance presented to its secondary winding. Typical burden ratings for IEC CTs are 1.5 VA, 3 VA, 5 VA, 10 VA, 15 VA, 20 VA, 30 VA, 45 VA & 60 VA. Items that contribute to the burden of a current measurement circuit are switchblocks, meters and intermediate conductors. The most common source of excess burden in a current measurement circuit is the conductor between the meter and the CT. Often, substation meters are located significant distances from the meter cabinets and the excessive length of small gauge conductor creates a large resistance. This problem can be solved by using CT with 1 ampere secondarys which will produce less voltage drop between a CT and its metering devices.

Accuracy class:
In the case of metering CT s, accuracy class is typically, 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 3. This means that the errors have to be within the limits specified in the standards for that particular accuracy class. The metering CT has to be accurate from 5% to 120% of the rated primary current, at 25% and 100% of the rated burden at the specified power factor. In the case of protection CT s, the CT s should pass both the ratio and phase errors at the specified accuracy class, usually 5P or 10P, as well as composite error at the accuracy limit factor of the CT.

Accuracy limit factor:

The value of primary current which the CT complies with composite error requirements. This is typically 5, 10 or 15, which means that the composite error of the CT has to be within specified limits at 5, 10 or 15 times the rated primary current.

4. Vector diagram of current transformer.

Es = Secondary induced e.m.f Vs = Secondary output voltage Ip = Primary Current Is = Secondary current = Phase angle error = Flux IsRs = Secondary resistance voltage drop IsXs = Secondary reactance voltage drop Ie = Exciting current Ir = Component of Ie in phase with Is Iq = Component of Ie in quadrature with Is

5. Reasons for the secondary should never be open circuited in a CT If open the secondary of a loaded CT, the secondary tries to develop enough voltage to push the secondary current. Since the secondary is "open" or has infinite resistance the secondary voltage increases to the maximum. Depending on the CT type, ratio, primary current level, etc it is possible to get 3000V or more across the open secondary terminals.

6. Types of CTs Donut or Window-Type CT -

When using the window type current transformer the secondary is passed through the window of the CT. This conductor is considered to be the primary turn of the CT. Often it is necessary to take more than one turn through the window (each additional turn reduces the ratio). For example, two turns through a 400/5 CT makes it equivalent to a 200/5 ratio. To calculate the ratio when multiple turns are present, divide the ratio as usual and then divide your answer by the total number of turns. Bar-Type Bar type CTs are just window CTs with a solid bar installed. Connectors on each end of the bars also allow easy access for picking up voltage for the potential coils in the meter. Some bar type CTs are designed with a removable bar, which allows the CT to be converted to a window type.