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This practice establishes guidelines and reconmends procedures for design of driLLed pier foundations. A drilLed pier is also referred to as a driLLed shaft 1 beLIed pier, and underreani foundation. ScOPE This practice incLudes the foLlowing:
a a
APPLICATIOW
Methods for conputing axial and Lateral capacities of driLLed piers. Brief discussion of settlement, group efficiencies, special requirements in high seismic areas, and potential pier buckling. Sanple conputations.
Drilled piers should be used when reconinended by the Geotechnical Consultant for a particular site or when they are the most economical of several alternatives alLowed by the Geotechnical Consultant. The Lead Structural Engineer will decide when and in which areas drilled piers wilt be used for a specific Project.
GEOTECHNICAL COWSULTANT The design of driLLed piers is a very coaplex subject. Successful design of deep drilled piers requires close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant.
Report
Feasibility of using drilled piers. Suitability of soil for drilling and a subsurface soil profile.
Recommended methods of construction and a discussion on potential problems.
Suitability for underreams and recommended bell to shaft diameter ratios. Suitable diameter of piers. SuitabLe depths of straight piers and underreams. Axial capacities, both conpression and uplift, for suitable diameters and Lengths. These axial capacities should list separately end bearing and skin friction capacities and factor of safety used. Estimated settlements for these capacities, spacing, and group efficiency factors will be given. Group effects of adjacent foundations will be addressed. Methods to conpute axial capacities will be given. Lateral capacities for different pier diameters 0 depths, and eccentricities such as moments at top of shaft. Group effects can significantly reduce allowable Lateral capacity. The report will provide recommended spacing and group effect factors. The soil Lateral capacity will be given for a maximum allowable deflection of 0.25 inches at working loads at the top of pier. Deflection at ultimate soil resistance will be greater.
STRUCTULP
ENGINEERING
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FCJJIDATIOWS
Recoamiendations for Lateral toad anaLysis using nonUnear corputer program and P-y curves if appLicable. KoduLus of Lateral sigrade reaction, k,. Soil modulus CE,), density (y), Poissons ratio (i), 50 percent strain (c50), and undrained shear strengths (C,) for cLays. Adhesion coefficient (a,) for cohesive soils for coaputation of skin friction if appLicabLe. Angle of internal friction for sand and pier () for cohesiontess soiL for conputation of skin friction. For cohesiontess soils, uncorrected field vaLues on standard penetration tests, N.
GENERAL
Single piers may be used to support individuaL coLLIIrIs such as pipe racks, structures, and T supports. In seismic areas, UBC (Uniform BuiLding Code) pier cap interconnection requirements wilt be reviewed. A group of piers with a pier cap or grade beams may be used to support structures or vertical and horizontal vessels similar to driven piers. Advantages DriLLed piers are economicaL since no forming and very Little excavation and backfiLL are required. Drilled piers can be designed and constructed to support large axial and lateraL Loads. The diameter can be Large and the pier extended to great depths requiring fewer piers. Pier caps may be eliminated. DrilLed piers can carry Large Loads with minimaL settlement. Larger diameter driLLed piers aLLow direct inspection of bearing area and soil at base. DriLLed piers eLiminate imich of the vibration and noise associated with pier driving affecting nearby existing instaLLations. DriLled piers can go through a boulder soil where driven piers might be defLected. BouLders can be removed directly or broken with speciaL tools and then removed using teoporary casing. UnsuitabLe soil may cave in during underream operation. Bad weather conditions may make drilling and concreting difficult. Need to dispose spoils from driLLing, belting, and slurry operations. In envirorinentaL sensitive areas, cost may be prohibitive due to locaL regulations. SLurry method of construction in an existing plant area is messy and increases cLeanup costs. For large diameter piers in weak soiLs, there may be ground Loss in the vicinity of the drilled hole if adequate precautions are not taken. DriLled piers in groups require special sequencing for drilLing and concreting and may result in additionaL costs. Successful coaptetion depends on drilling operator skills.
Disadvantages
a a
0
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Because of their Larger diameters 1 spacing wilt generalLy be greater than for driven piers resulting in Larger pier caps when used in groups.
PIER DETAILS Shaft diameters wilt be sized to agree with equipment available to the Drilling Contractors in the vicinity of the jobsite that are likely to be doing the work. On a specific site, the ni,rber of different shaft diameters wiLl be reduced to a minieun to speed construction. Belts wILL be sized in 6 inch increments. The belL to shaft diameter ratio wiLt be a maximiin of 3. Quite often soil conditions wiLl restrict this ratio to 2. The mininun toe height of the belL wiLL be 6 Inches. According to ACI (American Concrete Institute) 336.3R 72, for shafts Larger than 30 inches, the mininun slope of the side of the bell wilt be 55 degrees.
-
Use of this criteria requires a 60 series underreamer. A 60 series underreamer for shafts Larger than 30 inches does not fit on a rig without jacking and is not preferred by contractors. Also, the time required to form a 60 degree belt is Longer; therefore, the cost is increased. Use of 45 degree belL slope is permitted provided concrete stress in unreinforced belL is less than aLLowable for pLain concrete and provided the soiL can stand the flatter slope without caving. Use of 45 degree slopes requires approvaL by the Lead Structural Engineer. Details of stresses in plain underreams are found in Plain Concrete Iinderream for Drilled Shafts, by J.S. Farr, L.C. Reese, ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) StructuraL Journal, June 1980. Mininun vertical reinforcement in shafts is 0.005 times the gross area. The reinforcement will preferably extend fuLl Length of the shaft. For very deep shafts without tension, reinforcement may not be necessary for Lower section. Mininun clear distance of vertical reinforcement wiLt be 3 inches. Mininun cover to verticaL reinforcement is 3 inches and 4 inches in cased piers where casing is to be withdrawn. At pier caps, the shaft will extend a mininun of 4 inches into the cap. shaft is considered free headed for this condition. Pipe cap edge distance from the shaft will be at least 6 inches. For high seismic areas (Zones 3 and 4), the upper part of shaft and the cap wilt be subjected to high moments and shear. The reinforcement splices at this interface and the cap reinforcement require speciaL spiral and hoop reinforcement. For additional details, refer to the Latest ACI code. The
L(DING Drilled piers wilt be designed for axial and lateral loads, including group effects. Static The design procedure presented herein is for static loading and repeated loading. Live and wind loads are usually considered as static equivalents in analysis. Seismic In high seismic areas, cyclic loading has a severe effect on soil behavior. In particular, the lateral capacity could be drastically reduced. The lateral subgrade modulus could be reduced to 30 percent of the initial value. Cyclic Load cdoined with group action may reduce the initial lateral subgrade modulus to 10 percent of its value. Close collaboration with the Geotechnicat Engineer is required in high seismic areas. Field tests may also be required.
STRUCTLAL ENGINEERING
CCII1UTER DESIGN
Soil pier interaction is nonlinear and semi-espiricaL. For sites with high wind speeds or high seismic areas, some structures may require use of very deep drilled piers. These structures may require use of nonLinear conputer programs. Use of conputer programs, although easy to use, should be with close collaboration with the Geotechnical Engineer. The Lead Structural Engineer wilL decide which structures require detailed conputer analysis. Note! I I A thorough understanding of the conputer programs and method used is essential. The Geotechnical Engineer should provide all the necessary data and review results in some cases.
NOTATIONS
Base area. Bell or underrearn diameter. C, Cohesive soils cohesion determined from undrained triaxial, direct shear, or vane tests. (This is also called unconfined conpressive strength or undrained shear strength). Cohesion at depth z. Cohesion 1 to 2 bell diameter below base. Pier or shaft diameter. Modulus of elasticity of pier material. Modulus of elasticity of soil. Reduction factor for bearing resistance for Large bells. Moment of inertia of pier section. Cohesionless soils I rankine coefficient of passive lateraL earth pressure.
C,,
COb
D E E, F,
Ethenent depth such as from grade to bottom of pier or bell. Unfactored moment capacity of pier section. pier section capacity. This should be obtained from ultimate
Unfactored maxinun negative moment in a short fixed headed pier. Unfactored maxinLln positive moment in a short or intermediate fixed headed pier. N P Cohesionless soil
-
Actual lateraL load at top of pier. Ultimate lateral load at top of pier at which soil failure occurs. soil resistance. It is not ultimate load for concrete design. This is ultimate
Pa
AlLowable (service load) Lateral load at top of pier. Ultimate soil corpression capacity in base resistance.
Os
TC 0
Ultimate soil side or skin resistance (friction). Ultimate soil conpression capacity of drilled pier foundation. and base resistance. This is total of side
STRUCTtAL ENGINEERING
Ultimate soil tension capacity of driLLed pier foundation. and base resistance.
BELL
Sc
Weight of concrete and soiL above belt. Deflection at grade at aLLowable or actual appLied Load. a b d, e f,, k k ri Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to Large beLL diameter. Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to large belt diameter. Cohesive soil
-
Lateral Load eccentricity (Refer to Attachment 4). ULtimate toad transfer in skin friction at depth z. Cohesive soils
.
Cohesionless soils
-
Cohesiontess soiL coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction for a Long pier with a width of unity at a depth of unity. This coefficient is independent of pier Length and stiffness. It depends on soiL reLative density and ground water table. Surcharge such as soil density times depth. Ultimate soil end bearing stress.
qb,
Reduced uLtimate soiL end bearing stress. diameter. Depth below ground surface.
z a
Cohesive soiL for Alpha method of skin friction, this is an empirical factor that varies with depth. Refer to Attachment 14.
-
Cohesive soiL
Soil angle of internal friction. Cohesionless soil Cohesionless soil. times depth).
-
a parameter to compute dimensionLess Length. vertical effective stress at depth z. (This is soil density
LOAD Allowable axial compression Load strongly depends on allowabLe settlements. Short term settLements should be restricted to 1 inch. For some piping systems, it may be necessary to restrict short term settlement to 1/2 of an inch.
STRUCT1AL ENGilIEERING
Methods presented here are based on corputetiori of ultimate soiL resistance and application of safety factors. For good, dependabLe soil data, the factor of safety wiLL be 2.5 to 3 for coapression Load. The generaL equation for corputing the uLtimate coapression capacity of a drilLed pier is:
ULtimate coapression capacity of driLLed pier fo.mdation. ULtimate capacity of the base resistance. ULtimate capacity in side or skin resistance.
For short rigid piers, a substantiaL portion of the Load wiLt be resisted at base. For intermediate and Long piers, a substantial portion of toad wilt be resisted by skin friction or side resistance. Usually, at a relatively smaLL downward movement, the fulL skin friction resistance is mobilized. For piers in cLays, a vertical movement on the order of 0.25 inches will mobiLize fuLl skin resistance. In sands, vertical movement on the order of 0.4 inches wiLl mobilize full skin resistance. The amount of dispLacement necessary to mobilize full base resistance is a function of the base diameter and is on the order of 10 percent of the base diameter. Settlements may be too excessive for devetopaent of fuLl base resistance.
For skin friction resistance, the Alpha (a) method is used beLow.
=aCs5.5ksf 1 f
where f,. a
= =
Ultimate load transfer in skin friction at depth z, ks Undrained shear strength at depth Z, ksf EapiricaL factor that varies with depth
dA
For Lateral defLections greater than 0.2 inches, the skin friction down to the point of zero deflection is negLected. Base Resistance (End Bearing) For end bearing resistance, the general bearing capacity equation is used here.
,Sd+g 1 qb=5.14
0
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
where
=
Ultimate soil end bearing stress, ksf. Average undrained shear strength 1 to 2 bell diameters below base, kaf. Shape factor Depth factor
6 S
Ecu
diameter, feet.
For a pier at least 2.5 beLL diameters beLow grade and using net capacities (weight of drilled pier not considered as load).
g
=
80 ksf
q, will be reduced when the base diameter Bb is greater than 75 inches to reduce excessive short term settlements.
Reduced q, where 2.5 F 1 r [i2aB, + 2.5b a=0.0071+0.0021(L/Bb) b
F, q,
10 a0.015
0.45f
0.5b1.5
Note!!!
Above reduction equation is from tests in very stiff cLays, soft clay shates, and restricts a, to a settLement of 2.5 inches. If end bearing constitutes more than 50 percent of design Load, a minimtin factor of safety of 2.5 wiLL be used to restrict settlements at alLowabLe Loads to 1 inch.
where Ab Cdiesiontess SoiLs () Side Resistance (Skin Friction) For skin friction, the Beta
=
4.0 ksf
where
=
ULtimate toed transfer in skin friction at depth Z, ksf. Depth beLow grade, feet. Vertical effective stress at depth z, ksf (soil density x depth)
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
1.5
0.135
1.2
0.25
f
= =
dA
where
dA Differential area of the perimeter, square feet.
E,rbedoent depth below ground surface, feet.
For lateraL deflections greater than 0.2 inches, the skin friction down to the point of zero deflection is negLected.
a
For end bearing resistance, short term settLements are the governing criteria. Sand tends to Loosen at the bottom of an excavation. Also there appears to be some densification beneath the base. Since a Large amount of settLement cannot be tolerated, the Limiting values for end bearing resistance is restricted to a downward base movement of 5 percent of base diameter. Note!!! Bells are not recomnended in cohesionLess soils. difficuLt to construct. They are
UlZimate end bearing stress, a,, is a function of the uncorrected field vaLues on standard penetration tests, N. Fr 5 percent base diameter settLement: 0N75 NTh q=1.2Nksf. o=90.0ksf.
q, wiLl be reduced when the base 1 diameter Bb, is greater than 50 inches. Reduced q
= =
(Z
V
l2Bb
where Ab
V
= =
Base area, square feet. BeLL diameter, feet A mininun factor of safety of 2.5 will be used to restrict settLement to 1 inch.
Bb
Note!!!
For axial tension Load or uplift, field test results are limited. factor of safety wilL be used.
A higher
The general equation for coffputing the uLtimate tension capacity of drilled pier is as foLLows:
=
Q+Qi+Wc
a
.TRUCThRAL ENGINEERING
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS
where
= =
ULtimate tension capacity of drilLed pier fowidation. Ultimate capacity in side or skin resistance. ULtimate belL puLlout resistance
To obtain service Load aLLowable, a gLobal factor of safety of 3 to 4 wiLl be applied. Alternatively individual factors of safety could be used.
-
Safety factor skin resistance = 4. Safety factor belt pultout= 3 to 5. Safety factor weight of pier= 1.5.
Q
UpLIrr
3to5
1.5
Straight Pier Betted Pier Fotmdation One coninonly used method is the assLJition of a vertical fictitious cyLinder of soil of belt diameter 8 b above the belt and then copputirig skin (frictional) resistance along this surface. The copputation of skin resistance is same as for conpressive Loading. By this method,
=
The uLtimate capacity is coaputed from skin resistance and weight of pier. The coapitation of skin resistance is the same as for coppressive Loading.
Q+Ws+W
where
SB 0
Ultimate capacity in friction or skin resistance using belt diameter Bb aLong entire cylinder Length. Weight of soil within the assuned fictitious cylinder. Weight of concrete.
= =
A minimun factor of 3 wilL be used with no increase in allowable for transient loads. Note!!! Axial resistance due to skin friction must neglect any skin friction for the depth of frost. Frost causes jacking forces on piers. The minimun depth to prevent this must be 2 1/2 times the frost depth.
LATERAL L(1) General The analysis of lateralLy loaded piers is a copplicated soil structure interaction problem. Closed form solutions to predict deflection and reaction are available. However, these solutions assi.sne a Linear elastic soil response which may resuLt in erroneous results. In order to correctly model the soil response, a nonlinear Load transfer method is required. One such method is the P-y curve method.
Pier behavior (Attachment 4) jider Lateral Load is governed by the fLexureL stiffness of the pier relative to the stiffness of the soiL surrounding the upper portion of the pier. A stiff or a short pier, rotates as a rigid element around a fixed point beLow grade. Failure for a stiff or short pier occurs when the uLtimate passive resistance of soil is exceeded. For a flexibLe or Long pier, the fLexuraL capacity of the pier is the Limiting criteria. Failure for a Long pier occurs when the bending moment in the pier is equal to the moment capacity of pier. The fulL passive resistance in the soiL along the entire Length of pier is not deveLoped for Long piers. The Lateral capacity of a pier also depends on the fixity at the top of the pier. At working Load Levels, belLs, or jderreams have no infLuence on aLLowabLe LateraL capacity. At uLtimate soil resistance, bells have a marginaL and insignificant effect on LateraL resistance. Cooputation of pier Lateral capacity is based on uLtimate soiL resistance with a factor of safety applied for aLLowable Loads. The miriins.sn factor of safety is 2. Also, a Limiting factor in co1putation of LateraL capacity is the pier deflection at grade. This should be Limited to 0.25 inches at working Loads. (Higher values will reduce axial skin friction capacity).
This is a sinple but conprehensive method for coffputing the LateraL capacity of piers by hand. This method uses the Linear theory of subgrade reaction and gives an approximate solution that is good for substantiaL portion of driLled piers designed at Fluor Daniel. The method uses uLtimate soiL resistance and application of a factor of safety. The results are corparabLe to nonlinear conputerized solution at Loads of one-third to one-haLf of the ultimate soiL resistance. At these Loads, deftections at the ground Line are small and the linear theory of subgrade reaction (P = ky) is valid. This method characterizes pier behavior as short or Long and faiLure modes depends on pier head fixity according to Attachment 4.
The P-y curve is a mathematicaL representation of the soil reaction versus pier defLection. SoiL reaction is a function of pier defLection and pier deflection depends on soiL reaction. Therefore, the soLution invoLves equations of equilibrhjn and cocpatibility that need to be satisfied. This solution is difficult to soLve by hand and requires use of conputer programs. Attachment 13 shows a modeL of LateraLLy Loaded deep pier. SoiL is replaced by a series of mechanisms that models soil response. Soil response, P, is a function of Lateral defLection, y and depth, x. P-y curves for soil will be obtained from the GeotechnicaL Report. From experimental results and theory, P-y curves, both for static and cyclic Loading are available for the folLowing situations:
-
Soft Clay BeLow Water (Matlock, 1970). Stiff CLay Below Water (Reese, 1973). Stiff Clay above Water Table (Welch and Reese, 1972). Sand (Cox, 1974). Unified Criteria for Clay (SuLLivan, 1979).
The Geotechnicat Report should cLarify if the above P-y curves are applicable.
C
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231 PiELicaticn Date 08Apr94 Page 11 of 21 FLUOR DANIEL DRILLED PIER F(XJN)ATIONS
The P-y method wiLL be used for structures carrying significant Loads. The Lead Structural Engineer wilt decide the structures that require detailed Lateral Load analysis. CLose coLlaboration with the Geotechnical ConsuLtant is very essentiaL. Coaputer progr allow investigation of the influence of a Large n4.Iiter of parameters such as Loading, geometry, pier penetration, soil properties, pier/superstructure interaction, and buckLing with miniasri difficulty.
LATERAL L(D DESIGN USING SRMS *TH
Linitatione This method assunes a uniform soiL profile. This method uses the Linear theory of s.tgrade reaction and is applicable to isolated piers such as 6 to 8 pier diameter spacing. This method wiLl be used on existing sites where previous Geotechnicat Reports have not adequately addressed allowable lateral toad capacity. This method will be used with cLose collaboration with the Geotechriicat Consultant. The required parameters will be obtained from the Geotechnical Report. This method does not give shear, moments, and deflections along the pier Length at allowable Loads. The method uses the concept of ultimate soil resistance at failure and an application of factor of safety to obtain aLLowable Lateral load. Concrete design is on the conservative side. For additional discussion, refer to sanpLe corputations.
Cohesive SoiLs
(Clays)
General
Broms assi.anes soil and pier as elastic materials and the forimitation is based on results from saturated cohesive cLays that are over consoLidated. The method assi.res ultimate soil resistance as 9 times the undrained soiL shear strength (C,) times the pier diameter CD) such as 9 C,D, regardless of depth. Soil resistance at top 1.5 pier diameters is negLected. (Refer to Attachment 5). The ultimate shear strength of fissured clays is less than 9 C,; hence, this procedure may lead to sLightly unconservative answers for such soils.
O.2S
k D E I, L
= =
=
= =
Modulus of subgrade reaction for cohesive soil, Lbs/ct*ic inch. Pier diameter, inch. Pier modulus of elasticity, Lbs/square inch. Pier moments of inertia, inch . 4 Pier eobednent length, inch.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
I ()
Terzaghis recceriendations for k are as foLLows: Unconfined Conressive Strength (Tons/Square Feet) 1-2 2-4 >4 For Free Headed Piers:
-
Short
Long
If L < 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 2) If L > 2.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 3) Transition between L 1.5 to 2.5.
If L 0.5 < If L
< >
0.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 4) < 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 5) 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 6)
Free Headed
The capacity of short pier depends on soiL shear strength, whereas capacity of Long pier depends on uLtimate concrete capacity of pier section. Pier behavior is governed by soiL properties at the top. the top wiLL be used. Average vaLues at
(E)
Refer to Attachments 5, Figure 2 (short) and Figure 3 (Long). Short Pier For a short pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 2) faiLure takes pLace when the pier rotates and uLtimate soiL resistance has deveLoped aLong entfre pier Length. Point of maximun moment and zero shear is at distance (1.5D From statics:
+
f) beLow grade.
9CD
(e 1 ?
i.5D
0.5f)
Substituting wiLL produce a quadratic equation in PULT which can be soLved. ALternativeLy, Attachment 6 couLd be used. A factor of safety wiLL be appLied to obtain aLLowabLe P,. The LateraL defLection at ground Line is as foLLows:
4Pa(1
+
1.5)
kDL
Long Pier For a Long pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 3), failure occurs with the formation of a pLastic hinge in the pier (materiaL faiLure) at a depth of (1.50 + f) beLow ground surface. From statics:
f = p
-
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, unfactored.
Substituting wiLt produce a quadratic equation in 1 P which can be soLved. ALternativeLy, Attachment 7 could be used. A factor of safety wiLL be applied to obtain aLlowabLe P,. The LateraL deflection at ground line is as foLLows: 2P_P(e+1)
lcD
ALternativeLy, Attachment 8 couLd be used. Note!!! For 1.5 < < 2.5, coepute ULT as if it were a short pier. Then coapute maximun moment, M,,_a.,. If this exceeds pier moment capacity, then use Long pier equations.
Fixed Headed Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 4 (Short), Figure 5 (Intermediate), and Figure 6 (Long). Short Pier For a short pier (Attachment 5, Figure 4), faiLure takes place when the pier moves horizontalLy and ultimate soiL resistance is deveLoped along entire pier Length. (Except top 1.5 pier diameters).
From statics:
= 9D (L 1.5D)
The maximun moment occurs at the top and wilt be tess than moment capacity of pier section.
(0.5L+0.7D) SM_ax. 7 H_a,=P
where
=
a kDL
STRUCTLAL ENGINEE.. NG
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOMS (___ Intermediate Pier For an intermediate pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 5), failure takes place with the formation of a plastic hinge at the top (material faiLure) aLlowing the pier to rotate. From statics:
DOLT
9Cd
P,,J.(1.SD
+
0.5f
2.25 Dg 2 L 1.5D
+
Substituting wiLL produce a quadratic equation in P which can be solved. A factor of safety will be applied to obtain aLlowable P. The Lateral defLection at groi.rd Line, Long Pier For a Long pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 6), faiLure occurs with the formation of a plastic hinge at the maxinun negative moment (top of pier) and another hinge at the maximun positive moment Located at a distance (1.50 + f) below grade. This mode of failure is material failure of pier section.
From statics:
f
-
UL?
SCUD 2M (1.5D+0.5f)
ULT
where
= Moment
Substituting wiLt produce a quadratic equation in uLT which can be solved. AlterativeLy, Attachment 7 could be used. A factor of safety will be applied to obtain allowable P. The Lateral deflection at ground Line is as follows: yo
-
aP
General The method is based reaction increases (k,, = n, z/D). Also the passive rankine on the assiJttion that the lateral modulus of subgrede linearly with depth and decreases Linearly with width the ultimate soiL Lateral resistance is equal to 3 times earth pressure.
The assi.ined distribution of Lateral earth pressure at failure is shown on Attachment 9. The uLtimate soiL reaction, Q, per unit length of pier is: 5 Q=3DYZK
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
where D y
= =
Diameter of pier. Unit weight of soil. Depth below ground surface. Rankine coefficient of passive earth pressure Soil angle of internal friction.
-
z
K.,,
I,,
=
= =
Coefficient of LateraL subgrade reaction for a Long pier with a width of unity at a depth of unity, Lbs/cubic inch. Pier moment of inertia, inch . 4 Pier modulus of eLasticity, Lbs/square inch. Coefficient of horizontaL subgrade reaction, Lbs/cubic inch. Pier ethenent Length, inch.
Terzaghis recoomendation for n, are: Sand ReLative Density r, (Tons/cubic feet) Above Ground Water Table 7 30 21 56 r, (Tons/cubic feet) Below Ground Water Table 4 14 34
Loose,4CN<1O
MediLin, 10
Dense, N
>
<
<
30
Short If AL Long If AL
C >
Between AL 2.0 and 4.0, pier behavior is transition for Free Headed and Intermediate for Fixed Headed. (Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 5).
Free Headed
The capacity of short pier depends on soiL properties whereas capacity of Long pier depends on uLtimate concrete capacity of pier section. Pier behavior is governed by soil properties near the top. at 3 to 5 pier diameters from top wilL be used. Average properties
Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 2 (Short) and Figure 3 (Long). Short Pier For a short pier (Attachment 9, Figure 2), failure takes pLace when the pier rotates and ultimate soiL resistance has developed along entire pier Length. Point of maximun moment and zero shear is at a distance f below grade.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
From statics:
I 3 yDL
ULT
2(eL)
I
PULT(e
f)
L=f+g
The above equations can be used for conputing and a factor of safety wILL be appLied to obtain aLLowabLe P. AlternativeLy, Attachment 10 couLd be used. The LateraL defLection at ground Line: = 18P.(1
+
1.33)
2h L ALternatively, Attachment 12 couLd be used. Long Pier For a Long pier (Attachment 9, Figure 3), faiLure occurs with the formation of a pLastic hinge in the pier (materiaL faiLure) at a depth f beLow grade. From statics:
P f=0.816()
C
1/2
ULT
0.544(_)
where = Moment capacity of pier section unfactored. Substituting wiLL produce a quadratic equation in UIT which can be soLved. ALternativeLy Attachment 11 couLd be used. A factor of safety wiLL be appLied to obtain aLLowabLe P,. The LateraL deflection at ground Line:
y0
-
2.40P
5 h
) 1 5 (E
For 2.0
Fixed Headed Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 4 (Short). Figure 5 (Intermediate), and Figure 6 (Long).
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231 PibLicaticn Date 08Apr94 Page 17 of 21 FLUOR DAIIIEL DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOWS
Short Pier For a short pier (Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 4), failure takes place when the pier moves horizontalLy and uLtimate soiL resistance is developed along entire pier Length. From statics:
1.5 y 5 DK 2 L
The maximun moment occurs at the top and wilt be Less then moment capacity of the pier section.
= 0.67 P L
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, unfactored.
A factor of safety wilt be applied to obtain allowable P,. The lateral deflection at ground line:
Y
=
fl 2 L
Alternatively, Attachment 12 couLd be used. Intermediate Pier For an intermediate pier (Attachment 9, Figure 5), faiLure takes place with the formation of a plastic hinge at the top (material failure) allowing the pier to rotate. From statics:
putr0.5YDL2K+
where M,
=
The above equation is valid only if the maximuii positive moment at distance f below grade is less than Mma, = P (e
f
=
+
0.67f)
(...!9L.)i/2
yDK
ULT
The above equation can be used for conputing be applied to obtain allowable P . 1
The lateral deflection at ground, Y 0 can be obtained from Attachment 12. Long Pier For a tong pier (Attachment 9, Figure 6), faiLure occurs with the formation of a plastic hinge at the maxinun negative moment (top of pier) and another hinge at the maximun positive moment Located at a distance f below grade. This mode of failure is material failure of pier section.
STRUCT1AL ENGINEERING
e
where
=
For e
o such as
The previous equation can be used to coipute PULT and a factor of safety wiLt be applied to obtain allowable Pa. ALternativeLy, Attachment 11 couLd be used to cocpute PUIT. The Lateral deflection at grouad Line is as follows: =0.93 0 Y
3
(EI)
atw
z---
EFFECTS
The design methods outlined in previous sections are for single isoLated piers at a spacing of 6 to 8 pier diameters. Group effects significantly reduce aLLowable capacities and are an inortant consideration. The miniimzn recomended pier spacing wiLt be 3 pier diameters. This is also the minimun for constructibitity of pier without significant problems.
. AxiaL Cohesive
For cohesive soiLs, the capacity of individual pier wilL be reduced to 0.7 at a spacing of 3 pier diameter. For greater spacing, interpolate from 1.0 at 8 pier diameter to 0.7 at 3pier diameter spacing. Group effects also depend on the group configuration and settlements of the group. For exarrle, the capacity of a group of 4 by 4 piers is less than a group of 2 by 2 piers. A sinple block method could be used to conpute group efficiency. The Geotechnicat Report will provide recoewnendations. Where pier caps are used, the cap will be in firm contact with the soil or else the capacity will be further reduced to 0.67 the capacity at 3 pier diameter spacing. For cohesionless soils, the capacity of individual piers is the same at a spacing of 3 pier diameters as an isolated pier. Where pier caps are used, the capacity of individual piers will be reduced to 0.67 the capacity at 3 pier diameter spacing regardless of whether the pier cap is in firm contact with the soil.
For lesser spacing, block method could be used. provide reconinendat ions.
CohesionLess
STRUCTLAL ENGINEERING
Lateral Group effect of lateralLy Loaded pier is a corplex problem and is a fi.riction of geometrical Layout, pier diameter, and spacing. Using the P-y method, the P-y curves could be modified by reducing P by a group efficiency factor. For the Broms method, the Lateral capacity will be reduced by a group efficiency factor. The GeotechnicaL Report will provide reconmendation on group efficiency factors. These factors are normally in the range of 0.62 for a 2 by 2 group at 3 pier diameter spacing to 0.44 for a 4 by 4 group. For high seismic zone, conbination of cycLic Loading and group action could very significantLy reduce allowable Lateral capacity. The P-y method conputer programs are recormended for corputing the Lateral capacity for this case. This will be done with close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant.
SETTLEMENTS One of the advantages of driLLed piers is that they can carry larger Loads with Less settLement than for instance, spread footings. However, cooputation of a corpression Load depends on acceptable settlements. This is more pronounced when more than 50 percent of the load is resisted by the base. Long drilled piers resisting a good percentage of applied loads in skin resistance tend to settle the least and are more acceptable for performance of the structure. The settlement at the top of the pier is due to the elastic shortening of the shaft and the settlement at the base is due to base resistance and skin resistance. Short term settLement is of significant irportance to prevent differential settlements. Si,ipLified methods are available and may be required for long heaviLy loaded piers. Conputer programs normally provide short tern settlements. Long term settlement is conplex to conpute and is done by Geotechnical Consultants using consolidation and elastic half space theories. Both short and long term settLements are of significant irportance for a successful design of driLled pier and close colLaboration with GeotechnicaL Consultant is required.
PIER BUCKLING Potential pier investigated. buckLing under high axiaL Loads in weak soil will be
Normally, soils having a standard penetration value of II equal or greater than 2 may be considered to provide adequate lateral support to prevent buckling. For additional details refer to: U.S. Naval Manual NAVFAC OH 7.2, May 1982.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
REFERENCES
C)
Bowles, I.E.
Woodward, R.J., W.S. Gar&er, and D.M. Greer. DriLLed Pier Fo4xdations, 1st Edition, 1972.
ACI (American Concrete Institute):
Proposed Revisions to Standard Specification for the Construction of Drilled Piers. AC! 336.1-79, AC! StructuraL JournaL. January/February 1989: 94-103.
Suggested Design and Construction Procedures for Pier Foundations: 336-3R-72, Revised 1985. ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers): Baker, C.N., F. Kahn. Caisson Construction Problems and Correction in Chicago. SM2, February 1971: 417-440. Broms, B.B. Design of LateralLy Loaded Piles. SM3, May 1965: AC!
7999.
SM3, May
Brcms, B.B. Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Soils. 1964: 123-157. Broms, B.B. 27-63. Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive SoiLs.
Meyerhof, 0.0. Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations. March 1976: 197-228. Federal Highway Adninistration:
Reese, L.C., M.W. ONeiLl. Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods. FHWA-HI-88-042, August 1988. U.S. Naval Manual, NAVFAC DM 7.2, May 1982 Structural Engineering Practice 000.215.1207: Structural Engineering Practice 000.215.1232:
Drilled Caissons
C
STRUCTURA. ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231 Pitlication Date 08Apr94 Page 21 of 21 FLUOR DANIEL DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOWS
ATTACI*IEWTS Attach.amt 1: TypicaL DrilLed Pier Foundation* Attadnt 2: Typical Underream Shape* Attadnt 3: Design Procedure For DrilLed Pier Foundation AttecInt 4: FaiLure Modes For Piles* Attachnt 5: Deflection, SoiL Reaction, And Bending Moment Diagram For Piles In Cohesive Soil* Attactent 6: Cohesive Soils Attach.ent 7: Cohesive SoiLs Attachnt 8: Cohesive Soil Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Short PiLes*
Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Long Piles*
Geotechnical*
Attachent 9: Deflection, Soil Reaction, And Bending Moment Diagram For Piles In CohesionLess Soils* Attactent 10: Cohesionless Soil Attach.ent 11: Cohesionless Soil AttacIent 12: Cohesiontess SoiL
Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Short Piles* Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Long PiLes* Lateral Deflections At Ground Surface*
Attactent 13: Model Of A Deep PiLe Foundation Under Lateral Loading Showing Concept Of Soil Response Curves* Attachent 14: Explanation Of Portions Of Drilled Pier Not Considered In Coupiting Side Resistance* Attachent 15: Crane Mounted Drilling Unit* Attach.ent 16: Sanle Design 1: Attach.ent 17: Sanle Design 2: Attachment 18: Sanpie Design 3: Attachment 19: Sanple Design 4:
*
Straight Pile In Cohesive Soil* BelIed Pier In Mixed Soil Profile* Short Straight Pile In Sand* Short Bet led Pier In Clay*
This material was not created using WordPerfect; the Central Library is the curator of this material.
IRUCTLRAL ENGINEERING
C)
FLUOR DANIEL
Typical Drilled Pier Foundation
AXIAL LOAD
MOMENT
LATERAL LOAD
>-
-J LU
>-
z
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REINFORCING STEEL
LU LU
m
LU
SIZE VARIES MAXIMUM IS THREE TIMES SHAFT DIAMETER. SOIL CONDITIONS AND EMBEDMENT DEPTH WILL DICTATE THIS.
DIAMETER, Bb
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
C,
NOTE: MINIMUM ANGLE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 336 IS 55 45 MAY BE USED IF UNREINFORCED BELL HAS ADEQUATE CONCRETE STRENGTH (SEE SECTION ON PIER DETAILS).
PIER EXTENSION DEPENDS ON REAMER USED UNDERREAM CUT WITH STANDARD REAMER
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
C)
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I XI
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GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANT -[GROUP EFFECTS
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LUOR DANIEL
Failure Modes for Piles
[AFTER BROMS (1964)]
//////
/ /
// /
LONG
SHORT
/ /
LONG
INTERMEDIATE
SHORT
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
C,
C)
FLUOR DANIEL-
Deflection, Soil Reaction and Bending oment Diagram for Piles in Cohesive Soils
[AFTER BROMS (1964)]
3D
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(a) DEFLECTION
(c) SHEAR
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
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FLUOR DANIEL
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FLUOR DANIEL-
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FLUOR DANIEL
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20
40
60
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FLUOR DANIEL
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
C)
FLUOR DANIEl.
Deflection, Soil Reaction and Bending Moment Diagram for Piles in Cohesionless Soils [AFTER BROMS (1964)j
(a) DEFLECTIONS
Figure 2.
Short FreeHeaded
Pile
3D7 L<
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
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LUOR DANIEL
ATTACHMENT 9 ...Sheet 3
3
(c) DEFLECTION (b) SOIL REACTION Cc) BENDING MOMENT
Mmcx Mmcx
3D) LpK (a) DEFLECTIONS (b) SOIL REACTION (c) BENDING MOMENT
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FLUOR DANIEL
A11ACHMENT 10 ...Sheet 1 of 1
Cohesionless Soils
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
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FLUOR DANIEL
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
0*
FLUOR DANIEL
Model of a Deep Pile Foundation Under Lateral Loading Showing Concept of Soil Response Curves
[Federol Highwoy Administrotion (1988)]
LATERAL
LOAD
//////
cxxrxrr)I
//////
:
y
crrmm
P
cmmm I
//////
V
/
y
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
fl
FLUOR DANIEL
RECOMMENDED VALUES OF
FOR DRILLED PIERS IN CLAY VALUE OF az LIMITING VALUE OF LOAD TRANSFER, f sz (ksf)
FROM GROUND SURFACE TO DEPTH ALONG DRILLED PIER OF 5 Fr* BOTTOM PIER OR THE TOP FRICTION 1 DIAMETER OF THE DRILLED 1 PIER DIAMETER ABOVE OF THE BELL (IF SKIN IS BEING USED).
0.55
5.50
THE DEPTH OF 5 FEET MAY NEED ADJUSTMENT IF THE DRILLED PIER IS INSTALLED IN EXPANSIVE CLAY, OR IF THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL GROUNDLINE DEFLECTION FROM LATERAL LOADING, OR IF THE FROST DEPTH EXCEEDS 5 FEET.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FLUOR DAMEL
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1990 PCA Licensed To: Fluor Daniel, Inc., Sugar Land, Tx., TX USA File name: EXAMPLE4.cOL Material Properties:
a
29
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Engineer: E.M.K Date: 11/06/90 Code: ACI 31889 Version: 2.10 Slenderness not considered x-axia
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