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Gene Del Fiacco Envirotemp FR3 Marketing John Luksich Envirotemp FR3 Sr. Engineer Kevin Rapp Envirotemp FR3 Sr. Project Engineer Jerry Corkran Transformer Products Staff Engineer
Cooper Power Systems 2300 Badger Drive Waukesha, WI 53188 www.cooperpower.com P: 877.CPS.INFO
Cooper Power Systems, Envirotemp, and FR3 are valuable trademarks of Cooper Industries in the U.S. and other countries. You are not permitted to use the Cooper Trademarks without the prior written consent of Cooper Industries. 2010 Cooper Industries. All Rights Reserved. IEEE Standard C57.104 and IEEE Standard C57.147 are trademarks of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. IEC is a registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Practical Application of DGA to Envirotemp FR3 Fluid-Filled Transformers Cooper Power Systems Version 1.0, July 26, 2010
Practical Application of DGA to Envirotemp FR3 Fluid-Filled Transformers Cooper Power Systems Version 1.0, July 26, 2010
concentrations of 100 ppm are acceptable in new FR3 fluid-filled transformers. As the transformer ages, additional water generated by degradation of cellulose will be driven off from the paper and absorbed in the fluid. C57.147 recommends that maintenance action be considered when water approaches 400ppm (40% relative saturation) in FR3 fluid. Third, while every laboratory report should be referencing IEEE C57.147, many do not. As a result, there are many times unwarranted concerns over the values reported. What methods are used to interpret FR3 fluid DGA reports? Most of the mineral oil diagnostic methods outlined in IEEE C57.104 work well with FR3 fluid since, generally speaking, the gases generated in mineral oil filled transformers (both normally operating and faulted) are the same as gases generated in FR3 fluid-filled transformers. Like mineral oil, the keys to diagnosing the health of FR3 fluid-filled transformers are to establish which gases are present and the rate at which those gases are being generated. In order to calculate the rate of generation of gases, at least two DGA reports are required. Then, applying IEEE C57.104 or IEC 60567 to the data, one can determine fault condition using: o o o o the Key Gases method the IEC Duval triangle (Michel Duval has recently published an FR3 fluid triangle) the Doerenburg ratio (when it applies), and the Rogers ratio (which sometimes gives a false indication of partial discharge)
What should I remember about DGA? Many believe that the condition method outlined in C57.104 applies to all transformers all of the time. The guide specifically states that this method is used to make an original assessment of large power class transformers, and is applicable when no other dissolved gas data exists for the transformer. This quick assessment should be discarded as soon as a second DGA sample is received; the rate of rise of gases should be calculated and appropriate actions based on other methods (key gas or ratios methods, etc.) of interpreting dissolved gases should be undertaken. Regardless of dielectric fluid used in a transformer, using IEEE C57.104 methods of analysis is best suited for diagnosing larger power class transformers than distribution class transformers, as distribution class transformers have much less dielectric fluid. Concentrations of gases increase proportionally as quantity of fluid goes down; small transformers can give a false positive indication of problems if the analysis is solely based on the gas presence/concentrations. For example, a bayonet fuse or a load break switch operations will inject the same types of gases as will a minor transformer fault. The gases do not cause any operational problems and in this case they are not indicators of a problem. With experience and adjustments to IEEE C57.104, the methods may be used to diagnose distribution class equipment. As with any emerging technology, there are many questions yet to be answered. However, CPS has exhaustively tested FR3 fluid in the application of transformers, and users are validating many of its laboratory and field findings. Until IEEE issues its dissolved gas guide for natural ester fluids, please see CPS document R900-20-19 Envirotemp FR3 Fluid Dissolved Gas Guide for additional information. Finally, many events happen over the course of time. DGA may highlight an active, developing, or past fault condition, but it cannot predict the future. As discussed previously, many believe interpreting DGA is now a science. Yet many
These analyses combined with the rate of gas generation should help in determining the next logical course of action.
Practical Application of DGA to Envirotemp FR3 Fluid-Filled Transformers Cooper Power Systems Version 1.0, July 26, 2010
previously identified healthy transformers fail without notice, while many transformers identified as potentially in trouble continue to operate without incident. The reality we must acknowledge is that every transformer is unique, and an event can end a transformers life without notice. DGA is useful for establishing snap shot condition of transformers and identifying fault conditions (arcing, partial discharge, hot metal faults, severe overloading) if they exist within the time frame of the snap shot. DGA cannot predict the next transformer failure. That still requires a wizards hat and a crystal ball.